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1、2006学年秋季《普通语言学教程》讲义――第三章本章共6页Chapter3MorphologyMainpoints:•Whatisword•Classificationofwords•Morphologyandthetypesofwordformation•Lexicalchange3.1ConceptofwordWord,word-form,lexemenWhatisaword?nAcateatsrats.nInvisualterms:awordisameaningfulgroupoflettersprintedorw
2、rittenhorizontallyacrossapieceofpaper.1)---Aphysicaldefinableunit2)Phonologically,awordisviewedasasoundorcombinationofsoundswhicharemadevoluntarilywithhumanvocalequipmenttoconveymeaninganditsboundariesareindicatedbypauses.n[kæti:tsræts]3)Fromanorthographicalpoin
3、tofview,eachoftheformseat,eats,ate,eaten,eatingisa“word”inthesenseofword-form.Semantically,however,thefiveformssharethesamebasicmeaning.Grammaticallythefiveformsaretheinflectionalvariantsintheparadigm(范例)oftheverbEAT.“Word”usedinthissenseisknowninlinguisticsaslex
4、eme,i.e.“aminimalfreeform”inBloomfield’sterminology.---thecommonfactorunderlyingsetofformsnSo,Wordisaunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.Tosumup,Awordis[aminimumfreeformofalanguage].whichh
5、as[agivensound]and[meaning]and[syntacticfunction].nTherearethreefactortoidentifywords1)stability2)aminimumfreeform3)relativeun-interruptiblitynAlexeme(词位)isawordinanabstractsense.Whenit“occurs”(inametaphoricalsenseof“occur”)inacertaincontext,itisaword-form,whichh
6、asaparticularphonologicalororthographicalshape.nTheactualoccurrenceofalexemeinspeechorwritingalwayshasphonologicalororthographicalform.nThephonologicalororthographicalformistherealizationofthelexeme.nLexemeisthestandardformthatentersthedictionary.nSentencesLangua
7、geisnotonlyalinearityn--clausesstructurebutalsoahierarchyn--wordgroupstructure.-1-2006学年秋季《普通语言学教程》讲义――第三章本章共6页n--wordsn--morphemesAccordingtoBloomfield’stheoryn--syllablesSentenceisthemaximumfreeformn--phonemesWordistheminimumfreeform.n--distinctivefeaturesn--su
8、per-segmentalfeatures3.2ClassificationofwordsWordscanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaintodifferenttypes:1)variableandinvariablewords2)grammaticalandlexicalwords
