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1、EducationalresearchCombinationofPhenomenographywithKnowledgeSpaceTheorytostudystudents’thinkingpatternsindescribingan†atom12ZoltánTóthandLajosLudányi1ChemicalMethodologyGroup,UniversityofDebrecen,Debrecen,Hungary2Berze-NagyJánosHighSchool,Gyöngyös,Hunga
2、rye-mail:tothzoltandr@yahoo.comReceived31December2006,accepted21June2007ththththAbstract:ThisstudycomparesHungarian7to11graders’andAmerican9to11graders’thinkingpatternsindescribinganatom.Anewevaluationmethod,thecombinationofphenomenographyandknowledgesp
3、acetheorywasusedtoexplorestudents’reasoningandtofollowthechangeinstudents’cognitivestructures.Accordingtothephenomenographicanalysisoftheresponses,threemaincategories,‘unitsofmatter’,‘constituentsofatoms’and‘modelofatoms’,wereidentified.Connectionsbetwe
4、enthesecategoriesweredeterminedbyadaptingKnowledgeSpaceTheorytothehierarchyofcategories.Resultsshowedthatduringtheinstruction,theinitialuniformmodelforrepresentationofstudents’knowledgestructurebecamemorediffusebutattheendoftheinstructiontheorganisation
5、ofthecategoriesinstudents’mindscouldberepresentedagainbyasinglemodel.Intheinitialmodel,the‘unitsofmatter’categorywasindependentofthe‘constituentsofatoms’and‘modelofatoms’categories,andthe‘modelofatoms’categorywasbuiltonthecategory‘constituentsofatoms’.S
6、ignificantchangeinconnectionsamongcategoriescouldbedetectedonlyinthecaseofHungarianstudents.InthethreasoningofHungarian11graders,thehierarchybetween‘constituentsofatoms’and‘modelofatoms’wasreversed.[Chem.Educ.Res.Pract.,2007,8(3),327-336.]Keywords:pheno
7、menography,knowledgespacetheory,students’thinkingpatterns,atomIntroductionTheatomichypothesisisaprimaryconceptofscientificknowledge.Whenweteachaboutatoms,wegivethekeytounlockmanyofthedoorsofthesciences.However,thereisalackofagreementaboutwhenstudentssho
8、uldbeintroducedtotheconceptsofanatomandmolecule.Thereisaview(AAAS,2001;Taber,2002)thatsaystheideasshouldbeleftuntilneartheendofthesecondaryschool,becauseonlyafewstudentscancomprehendtheideaofatomicandmolecularparticles.Researchin
