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1、TheLouvreTheLouvreMuseum(MuséeduLouvre)inParis,France,isoneofthelargestandmostfamousmuseumsintheworld.Thebuilding,aformerroyalpalace,liesinthecentreofParis,betweentheSeineriverandtheRuedeRivoli.Itscentralcourtyard,nowoccupiedbytheLouvreglasspyramid,liesintheaxisoftheChamps-Élysées,andthusformsthenu
2、cleusfromwhichtheAxehistoriquesprings.PartoftheroyalPalaceoftheLouvrewasfirstopenedtothepublicasamuseumonNovember8,1793,duringtheFrenchRevolution.ThebuildingThefirstroyal"CastleoftheLouvre"onthissitewasfoundedbyPhilippeIIin1190,asafortresstodefendParisonitswestagainstVikingattacks.Inthe14thcentury,
3、CharlesVturneditintoapalace,butFrancoisIandHenriIItoreitdowntobuildarealpalace;thefoundationsoftheoriginalfortresstowerarenowundertheSalledesCariatides(RoomoftheCaryatids).TheexistingpartoftheChateauduLouvrewasbegunin1546.ThearchitectPierreLescotintroducedtoParisthenewdesignvocabularyoftheRenaissan
4、ce,whichhadbeendevelopedinthechateauxoftheLoire.Hisnewwingfortheoldcastledefineditsstatus,asthefirstamongtheroyalpalaces.J.A.duCerceaualsoworkedontheLouvre.Duringhisreign(1589-1610),KingHenriIVaddedtheGrandeGalerie.Morethanaquarterofamilelongandonehundredfeetwide,thishugeadditionwasbuiltalongtheban
5、koftheSeineRiverandatthetimewasthelongestedificeofitskindintheworld.HenriIV,apromoterofthearts,invitedhundredsofartistsandcraftsmentoliveandworkonthebuilding'slowerfloors.ThistraditioncontinuedforanothertwohundredyearsuntilNapoleonendedit.ArchitectClaudePerrault'seasternwing(1665-1680),crownedbyanu
6、ncompromisingItalianbalustradealongitsdistinctlynon-Frenchflatroof,wasaground-breakingdepartureinFrencharchitecture.HisseveredesignwaschosenoveradesignprovidedbythegreatBernini,whocametoParisforthepurpose.PerraulthadtranslatedtheRomanarchitectVitruviusintoFrench.NowPerrault'srhythmicalpairedcolumns
7、formashadowedcolonnadewithacentralpedimenttriumphalarchentranceraisedonahigh,ratherdefensivebasement,inarestrainedclassicizingbaroquemannerthathasprovidedmodelsforgrandedificesinEuropeandAmericaforcenturies
