写作篇 Chapter Eight Miscelaneous

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1、PartThreePracticalWritingChapterEightMiscelaneousI.summariesII.StatingAcknowledgementsIII.AdvertisementsIV.ContractsV.MedicalInstructionsandDirectionsSummaryAbrief,conciserestatementofthemainfactsorpointsDoesnotexpressthewriter’sideas,butsomeoneelse’sideaReportinformationus

2、ingalotfewerwordsOmitsomedetails,orstatethemmoreconciselyAtruereflectionoftheoriginalI.summaries1.IntroductionI.summaries3.GuidelinesforWritingaSummaryAsummaryforacademicpurposesmustbebriefandconcise.Thefollowingrulesareusuallyobserved.(1)Readoverthesourcematerialquicklytog

3、etthegist.(2)Readitoveragaincarefullytogettheheartofeachparagraph.Identifythemainpointsandimportantsupportpoints.(3)Writeouttheskeletonofthesourcematerial.Includeonlythefactualinformation.Omitthedetailsandminorexamples.I.summaries(4)Writethesummeryinyourownwordsbasedonthesk

4、eletonyouhaveworkedout.Avoidreferringtothesourcematerialsoastoavoidplagiarism.(5)Usequotesjudiciously.Usequotationmarkstoindicatethewordsorphrasesorsentencesusedinthesourcematerialifnecessary.(6)Keeptheorderofthesourcematerialandbeloyaltotheoriginalarticle.Excludeyourowncom

5、ments.(7)Thelengthofasummaryisaboutone-thirdofthesourcematerial.(8)Notethesourceofthematerialisusuallymentionedattheverybeginningofthesummaryorattheendofthesummary.I.summariesNotethatyoushouldadoptdifferentwritingstrategieswhendealingwithdifferentgenreofpassages.(1)Narratio

6、noraNewsArticleAsummaryofapieceofnarrationoranewsarticleshouldcontainanswerstothequestions“who”,“what”,“where”,“when”,“why”,and“how”.Thatistosay,focusesshouldbelaiduponthesixelements:time,setting,characters,event,causeandeffect.I.summaries(2)ExpositionAsummaryofanexposition

7、shouldincludetheanswersto“how”and“why”.Usuallyitiscomposedofthetopicsentenceofeachparagraphandsomeimportantdetails.(3)ArgumentationAsummaryofanargumentationusuallystartswiththethesis,followedbyimportantsupportingdetails.I.summariesAsummaryusuallybeginswiththefollowingexpres

8、sionintroducingthethemeofthewholepassage.Forexample:ThePrinceofWalespointsoutinhis