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1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目IntrinsicandExtrinsicMotivation外文出处ReviewofEconomicstudies外文作者RolandbenabouandJesntirole原文:IntrinsicandExtrinsicMotivationROLANDBENABOUPrincetonUniversityandInstituteforAdvancedStudyAndJEANTIROLEIDEI(UniversitedeToulouseI),CERASandMITINTRODUCTIONShouldachildberewarded
2、forpassinganexam,orpaidtoreadabook?Whatimpactdoempowermentandmonitoringhaveonemployees'moraleandproductivity?Doesreceivinghelpboostorhurtself-esteem?Whydoincentivesworkwellinsomecontexts,butappearcounterproductiveinothers?Whydopeoplesometimesunderminetheself-confidenceofothersonwhoseef
3、fortandinitiativetheydepend?Thesequestionswillbestudiedherefromaunifyingperspective,emphasizingtheinterplaybetweenanindividual’spersonalmotivationandhissocialenvironment.Weshallthusmodeltheinteractionsbetweenanagentwithimperfectself-knowledgeandaninformedprincipalwhochoosesanincentives
4、tructure,suchasofferingrewardsandthreateningpunishments,delegatingatask,orsimplygivingencouragement,praise,orcriticism.Itisacentralthemeofeconomicsthatincentivespromoteeffortandperformance,andthereisalotofevidencethattheyoftendo(e.g.Gibbons(1997),Lazear(2000)).Inotherwords,contingentre
5、wardsserveas“positivereinforcers”forthedesiredbehaviour.Inpsychology,theireffectismuchmorecontroversial.Along-standingparadigmclashhasopposedproponentsoftheeconomicviewtothe“dissonancetheorists”,whoarguethatrewardsmayactuallyimpairperformance,makingthem“negativereinforcers”,especiallyi
6、nthelongrun(see,e.g.Kruglanski(1978)foranaccountofthisdebate,andDeci,KoestnerandRyan(1999)forarecentandcomprehensivemeta-analysisofexperimentalresults).REVIEWOFECONOMICSTUDIESIndeed,asubstantialbodyofexperimentalandfieldevidenceindicatesthatextrinsicmotivation(contingentrewards)cansome
7、timesconflictwithintrinsicmotivation(theindividual’sdesiretoperformthetaskforitsownsake).Inanowclassicalexperiment(seeDeci,1975),collegestudentswereeitherpaidornotpaidtoworkforacertaintimeonaninterestingpuzzle.Thoseintheno-rewardconditionplayedwiththepuzzlesignificantlymoreinalaterun