内在激励和外在激励：经典的定义和新的方向[文献翻译]

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1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译原文：IntrinsicandExtrinsicMotivations:ClassicDefinitionsandNewDirectionsRichardM.RyanandEdwardL.DeciUniversityofRochesterIntrinsicandextrinsictypesofmotivationhavebeenwidelystudied,andthedistinctionbetweenthemhasshedimportantlightonbothdevelopmentalandeducationalpractices.Inthi

2、sreviewwerevisittheclassicdefinitionsofintrinsicandextrinsicmotivationinlightofcontemporaryresearchandtheory.Intrinsicmotivationremainsanimportantconstruct,reflectingthenaturalhumanpropensitytolearnandassimilate.However,extrinsicmotivationisarguedtovaryconsiderablyinitsrelativeautonomyandt

3、huscaneitherreflectexternalcontrolortrueself-regulation.Therelationsofbothclassesofmotivestobasichumanneedsforautonomy,competenceandrelatednessarediscussed.Tobemotivatedmeanstobemovedtodosomething.Apersonwhofeelsnoimpetusorinspirationtoactisthuscharacterizedasunmotivated,whereassomeonewhoi

4、senergizedoractivatedtowardanendisconsideredmotivated.Mosteveryonewhoworksorplayswithothersis,accordingly,concernedwithmotivation,facingthequestionofhowmuchmotivationthoseothers,oroneself,hasforatask,andpractitionersofalltypesfacetheperennialtaskoffosteringmoreversuslessmotivationinthosear

5、oundthem.Mosttheoriesofmotivationreflecttheseconcernsbyviewingmotivationasaunitaryphenomenon,onethatvariesfromverylittlemotivationtoacttoagreatdealofit.Yet,evenbriefreflectionsuggeststhatmotivationishardlyaunitaryphenomenon.Peoplehavenotonlydifferentamounts,butalsodifferentkindsofmotivatio

6、n.Thatis,theyvarynotonlyinlevelofmotivation(i.e.,howmuchmotivation),butalsointheorientationofthatmotivation(i.e.,whattypeofmotivation).Orientationofmotivationconcernstheunderlyingattitudesandgoalsthatgiverisetoaction—thatis,itconcernsthewhyofactions.Asanexample,astudentcanbehighlymotivated

7、todohomeworkoutofcuriosityandinterestor,alternatively，becauseheorshewantstoprocuretheapprovalofateacherorparent.Astudentcouldbemotivatedtolearnanewsetofskillsbecauseheorsheunderstandstheirpotentialutilityorvalueorbecauselearningtheskillswillyieldagoodgradeandt