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1、NEURALNETWORKSINCIVILENGINEERING.hPRINCIPLESANDUNDERSTANDINGBylanFlood,1andNabilKartam,zAssociateMembers,ASCEABSTRACT:Thisisthefirstoftwopapersprovidingadiscourseontheunder-standing,usage,andpotentialforapplicationofartificialneuralnetworkswithincivilengineer
2、ing.Thepresentpaperdevelopsanunderstandingofhowthesedevicesoperateandexplainsthemainissuesconcerningtheiruse.Asimplestructural-analysisproblemissolvedusingthemostpopularformofneural-networkingsystem--afeedforwardnetworktrainedusingasupervisedscheme.Agraphical
3、inter-pretationofthewayinwhichneuralnetworksoperateisfirstpresented.Thisisfollowedbydiscussionsoftheprimaryconceptsandissuesconcerningtheiruse,includingfactorsaffectingtheirabilitytolearnandgeneralize,theselectionofanappropriatesetoftrainingpatterns,theoretic
4、allimitationsofalternativenetworkconfigurations,andnetworkvalidation.Thesecondpaperdemonstratesthewaysinwhichdifferenttypesofcivilengineeringproblemscanbetackledusingneuralnetworks.Theobjectiveofthetwopapersistoensurethesuccessfuldevelopmentandapplicationofth
5、istechnologytocivilengineeringproblems.INTRODUCTIONInrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowinginterestinaclassofcomputingdevicesthatoperateinamanneranalogoustothatofbiologicalnervoussystems.Thesedevices,knownasartificialneuralnetworks,orconnectionistsystems,arefinding
6、applicationsinalmostallbranchesofscienceanden=gineering.Applicationsincivilengineeringonlygobacktothelate1980s(Flood1989),butalreadycoverarangeoftopicsasdiverseasprocessoptimization(Flood1990a;Garrettetal.1993),determiningtheloadsontheaxlesoffast-movingtrucks
7、(Gagarineetal.1992),constructionsimu-lation(Flood1990b),seismichazardprediction(Wongetal.1992),classi-ficationofnondestructiveevaluationsignals(Garrettetal.1993;UpdaandUpda1991),estimatingconstructioncosts(Moselhi1991),andtheselectionofverticalformworksystems
8、(Kamarthietal.1992).Severalfactorshavestimulatedthisinterest,themostnotablebeingtherecognitionoftheprom-iseofcertaininformation-processingcharacteristicsapparentinthebrainthathaveeludedca
