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1、Howtostompoutfoolishbusinessmoves讲外语能避免商业决策出昏招NotetoCEOs:Whenyourstrategyteamismakingabigdecision,askthemtotalkitoverintheirsecondlanguage.致各位首席执行官:当你的战略团队进行重大决策时,要求他们用外语来进行讨论。That'stheupshotofanarticlepublishedintheFebruaryissueofthejournalCognition.这是《认知》(Cognitio
2、n)期刊2月号上一篇文章的结论。Thearticle,whichwastitled"'Piensa'twice:Ontheforeignlanguageeffectindecisionmaking,foundthatwhenpeopleusetheirnon-nativesecondlanguage,thedecisionstheymakearemorelogicalandlessaffectedbyemotionalbiases.Inasense,theyhewclosertoJohnStuartMills'idealize
3、dhomoeconomicus(economicman).这篇文章的题目是《三思而行:外语对决策的影响》('Piensa'twice:Ontheforeignlanguageeffectindecisionmaking)。文章发现,当人们用非母语交谈时,他们做出的决定更符合逻辑,他们也会更少地受到情感倾向的影响。从某种意义上讲,这时他们更接近约翰•斯图尔特•米尔所说的理想型经济人。"Wefoundthatinalmostalleconomicproblemsthatimplysomekindofemotionality,inw
4、hichintuitionleadsustomakedecisionsthataren'tthebest,peopleusingasecondlanguagewerelessaffected,"saidAlbertCosta,oneofthepaper'sleadauthorsandheadoftheSpeechProductionandBilingualismgroupatBarcelona'sPompeuFabraUniversity.这篇文章的主笔之一、巴塞罗那庞培法布拉大学(PompeuFabraUniversity)
5、语言产生和双语研究小组负责人艾伯特•科斯塔说:“我们发现,几乎所有经济问题都掺杂了某种情绪。这时,直觉引导我们做出的决定并非上策,而说外语的人受到的影响则较小。”Costaandhiscohortwereinspiredtolookintotheeconomicsideofbilingualdecision-makingbya2012PsychologicalSciencearticlebyagroupofpsychologistsledbyBoazKeysaroftheUniversityofChicago.让科斯塔和他的同
6、伴们想到从经济角度探索双语决策问题的是《心理科学》(PsychologicalScience)期刊2012年刊登的一篇文章,撰写这篇文章的是以芝加哥大学(UniversityofChicago)心理学教授博阿斯•凯萨尔为首的一批心理学家。Inthatstudy,theauthorsuseda"framing"testcalledthe"Asiandiseaseproblem,"inwhichbilingualsubjectsareaskedtwoquestions:First,whethertheywoulddevelopMe
7、dicineA,whichhasa100%chancetosave200,000outof600,000people,orMedicineB,whichhasa33%chanceofsavingall600,000peopleanda66.6%chanceofsavingnooneatall.Second,whethertheywoulddevelopMedicineA,withwhich400,000ofthe600,000peoplewilldefinitelydie,orMedicineB,withwhichtherei
8、sa33.3%chancethatnoonewilldieanda66.6%chancethatall600,000will.这些心理学家在他们的研究中进行了一项名为《亚洲疾病问题》的“句子结构”测试。他们在这项测试中向懂两种语言的测试对象提出了两个问题。第一个问题是,你愿意