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1、附录A外文文献AutomobileBrakeSystemThebrakingsystemisthemostimportantsystemincars.Ifthebrakesfail,theresultcanbedisastrous.Brakesareactuallyenergyconversiondevices,whichconvertthekineticenergy(momentum)ofthevehicleintothermalenergy(heat).Whensteppingonthebrake
2、s,thedrivercommandsastoppingforcetentimesaspowerfulastheforcethatputsthecarinmotion.Thebrakingsystemcanexertthousandsofpoundsofpressureoneachofthefourbrakes.Twocompleteindependentbrakingsystemsareusedonthecar.Theyaretheservicebrakeandtheparkingbrake.The
3、servicebrakeactstoslow,stop,orholdthevehicleduringnormaldriving.Theyarefoot-operatedbythedriverdepressingandreleasingthebrakepedal.Theprimarypurposeofthebrakeistoholdthevehiclestationarywhileitisunattended・Theparkingbrakeismechanicallyoperatedbywhenasep
4、arateparkingbrakefootpedalorhandleverisset.1-BnUMmrcjkader4-BnkepcdrffMghnke6-EgDrakeSNcR-noponioiMcniwIBnMwsrmRb脚!0valvelUtlcrlineFigure15.1BnUsyttetn<.o(nponcnbThebrakesystemiscomposedofthefollowingbasiccomponents:the"mastercylinder"whichislocatedunde
5、rthehood,andisdirectlyconnectedtothebrakepedal,convertsdriverfoot'smechanicalpressureintohydraulicpressure.Steel"brakelines”andflexible“brakehoses'，connectthemastercylindertothe“slavecylinders59locatedateachwheel.Brakefluid,speciallydesignedtoworkinextr
6、emeconditions,fillsthesystem."Shoes"and"pads"arepushedbytheslavecylinderstocontactthe"drums'5and"rotors^thuscausingdrag,which(hopefully)slowsthecar.Thetypicalbrakesystemconsistsofdiskbrakesinfrontandeitherdiskordrumbrakesintherearconnectedbyasystemoftub
7、esandhosesthatlinkthebrakeateachwheeltothemastercylinder(Figure).Basically,allcarbrakesarefrictionbrakes.Whenthedriverappliesthebrake,thecontroldeviceforcesbrakeshoes,orpads,againsttherotatingbrakedrumordisksatwheel.Frictionbetweentheshoesorpadsandthedr
8、umsordisksthenslowsorstopsthewheelsothatthecarisbraked.Inmostmodernbrakesystems(seeFigure15.1),thereisafluid-filledcylinder,calledmastercylinder,whichcontainstwoseparatesections,thereisapistonineachsectionandbothpistonsareconnect
