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1、AutomobileBrakeSystemThebrakingsystemisthemostimportantsystemincars.Ifthebrakesfail,theresultcanbedisastrous.Brakesareactuallyenergyconversiondevices,whichconvertthekineticenergy(momentum)ofthevehicleintothermalenergy(heat).Whensteppingonthebrakes,thedrivercommandsastoppin
2、gforcetentimesaspowerfulastheforcethatputsthecarinmotion.Thebrakingsystemcanexertthousandsofpoundsofpressureoneachofthefourbrakes.Twocompleteindependentbrakingsystemsareusedonthecar.Theyaretheservicebrakeandtheparkingbrake.Theservicebrakeactstoslow,stop,orholdthevehicledur
3、ingnormaldriving.Theyarefoot-operatedbythedriverdepressingandreleasingthebrakepedal.Theprimarypurposeofthebrakeistoholdthevehiclestationarywhileitisunattended.Theparkingbrakeismechanicallyoperatedbywhenaseparateparkingbrakefootpedalorhandleverisset.Thebrakesystemiscomposed
4、ofthefollowingbasiccomponents:the“mastercylinder”whichislocatedunderthehood,andisdirectlyconnectedtothebrakepedal,convertsdriverfoot’smechanicalpressureintohydraulicpressure.Steel“brakelines”andflexible“brakehoses”connectthemastercylindertothe“slavecylinders”locatedateachw
5、heel.Brakefluid,speciallydesignedtoworkinextremeconditions,fillsthesystem.“Shoes”and“pads”arepushedbytheslavecylinderstocontactthe“drums”and“rotors”thuscausingdrag,which(hopefully)slowsthecar.Thetypicalbrakesystemconsistsofdiskbrakesinfrontandeitherdiskordrumbrakesintherea
6、rconnectedbyasystemoftubesandhosesthatlinkthebrakeateachwheeltothemastercylinder(Figure).Basically,allcarbrakesarefrictionbrakes.Whenthedriverappliesthebrake,thecontroldeviceforcesbrakeshoes,orpads,againsttherotatingbrakedrumordisksatwheel.Frictionbetweentheshoesorpadsandt
7、hedrumsordisksthenslowsorstopsthewheelsothatthecarisbraked.Inmostmodernbrakesystems(seeFigure15.1),thereisafluid-filledcylinder,calledmastercylinder,whichcontainstwoseparatesections,thereisapistonineachsectionandbothpistonsareconnectedtoabrakepedalinthedriver’scompartment.
8、Whenthebrakeispusheddown,brakefluidissentfromthemastercylindertothewheels.Atthewheels,the
