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1、附录A外文文献AutomobileBrakeSystemThebrakingsystemisthemostimportantsystemincars.Ifthebrakesfail,theresultcanbedisastrous.Brakesareactuallyenergyconversiondevices,whichconvertthekineticenergy(momentum)ofthevehicleintothermalenergy(heat).Whensteppingonthebrakes,thedri
2、vercommandsastoppingforcetentimesaspowerfulastheforcethatputsthecarinmotion.Thebrakingsystemcanexertthousandsofpoundsofpressureoneachofthefourbrakes.Twocompleteindependentbrakingsystemsareusedonthecar.Theyaretheservicebrakeandtheparkingbrake.Theservicebrakeacts
3、toslow,stop,orholdthevehicleduringnormaldriving.Theyarefoot-operatedbythedriverdepressingandreleasingthebrakepedal.Theprimarypurposeofthebrakeistoholdthevehiclestationarywhileitisunattended・Theparkingbrakeismechanicallyoperatedbywhenaseparateparkingbrakefootped
4、alorhandleverisset.2—MmrcjkaderIftwerbnU4-BniepnWhnkr6EyrrtecaNcR-nopodKHMcwanuRb脚‘宜d!0-valwUrlnrFigure15」BraUlyuemcocnponenbThebrakesystemiscomposedofthefollowingbasiccomponents:the"mastercylinder"whichislocatedunderthehood,andisdirectlyconnectedtothebrakepeda
5、l,convertsdriverfoofsmechanicalpressureintohydraulicpressure.Steel"brakelines”andflexible"brakehoses”connectthemastercylindertothe"slavecylinders'5locatedateachwheel.Brakefluid,speciallydesignedtoworkinextremeconditions,fillsthesystem."Shoes"and"pads'，arepushed
6、bytheslavecylinderstocontactthe"drums"and"rotors^thuscausingdrag,which(hopefully)slowsthecar.Thetypicalbrakesystemconsistsofdiskbrakesinfrontandeitherdiskordrumbrakesintherearconnectedbyasystemoftubesandhosesthatlinkthebrakeateachwheeltothemastercylinder(Figure
7、).Basically,allcarbrakesarefrictionbrakes.Whenthedriverappliesthebrake,thecontroldeviceforcesbrakeshoes,orpads,againsttherotatingbrakedrumordisksatwheel.Frictionbetweentheshoesorpadsandthedrumsordisksthenslowsorstopsthewheelsothatthecarisbraked.Inmostmodernbrak
8、esystems(seeFigure15.1),thereisafluid-filledcylinder,calledmastercylinder,whichcontainstwoseparatesections,thereisapistonineachsectionandbothpistonsareconnectedtoabrakepedal
