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1、Chapter2Theexperimentalbasisof microbiologyandmicroorganisms 微生物学基本实验操作及常见微生物常见微生物Bacteria/细菌Actinomycetes/放线菌Cyanobacteria/蓝细菌Archaeobacteria/古生细菌Otherprokaryotes/其他原核生物Size,Shape,andArrangementofBacterialCells细菌细胞的大小、形态及其排列方式Mostbacteriafallwithinara
2、ngefrom0.2to2.0μmindiameterandfrom2to8μminlength.直径：0.2~2.0μm；长度：2~8μmTheyhaveafewbasicshapes-sphericalcoccus(plural,cocci,meaningberries),rod-shapedbacillus(plural,bacilli,meaninglittlestaffs),andspiral.形态：球状、杆状、螺旋状Cm=10-2metermm=10-3meterμm=10-6meter
3、nm=10-9meterBacteria/细菌Thethousandsofspeciesofbacteriaaredifferentiatedbymanyfactors,includingmorphology(shape),chemicalcomposition(oftendetectedbystainingreactions),nutritionalrequirements,biochemicalactivities,andsourceofenergy(sunlightorchemicals)细菌
4、鉴定的参数：形态学鉴定（显微观察）化学组分分析（染色）生理生化检测（营养、生化活性、能源）Howtoidentifyanunknownbacterialspecies?如何鉴定未知细菌的种属？ArrangementofSphericalBacterialCells球菌细胞排列方式diplococci/双球菌streptococci/链球菌Tetracocci/四叠球菌Sarcinae八叠球菌staphylococci/葡萄球菌Sphericalcoccus球菌Thethreemostimportan
5、tgeneraare:Micrococcus/微球菌Staphylococcus/葡萄球菌Streptococcus/链球菌Micrococcus–aerobic,gram-positive,catalasepositive,cellarrangesmainlyinpairs,tetrads,orirregularclusters,nonmotile.Theyareoftenyellow,orangeorredincolour微球菌——需氧，G+，触酶阳性，细胞排列为双球、四叠或无规则丛生，不运动。
6、黄色，橙色或红色。Rod-shapedbacteria杆菌Diplobacilli/双杆菌Streptobacilli/链杆菌Singlebacillus/单杆菌Coccobacillus/球杆菌Clostridiumbotulinus肉毒梭菌C.butyricum酪酸梭菌C.aceticum醋酸梭菌C.tetani破伤风梭菌C.putrificum腐败梭菌Bacillussubtilis枯草芽孢杆菌B.mycoides蕈状芽孢杆菌B.megaterium巨大芽孢杆菌B.thuringiensis苏
7、云金芽胞杆菌B.anthracis炭疽芽孢杆菌B.bBotulinus肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌B.cereus蜡状芽孢杆菌Spore-formingrodshapedbacteria/芽孢杆菌AlmostallSpore-formingbacteriaareGram+/几乎所有芽孢杆菌G+Clostridium–Anaerobic梭菌－厌氧Bacillus–Aerobic杆菌－需氧Nonspore-formingrodshapedbacteria无芽孢杆菌Mostnonspore–formingrodsha
8、pedbacteriaareGram-几乎所有无芽孢杆菌G-Representatives/典型代表:Escherchiacoli大肠杆菌Proteus变形杆菌Flavobacteria黄杆菌Pseudomonas假单胞菌Rhizobium根瘤菌Azotobacter固氮(细)菌Vibrio,SpirillumandSpirochete弧菌、螺旋菌、螺旋体Vibrio弧菌，不完整的螺旋Spirillum螺旋菌，1～2个螺旋Spirochete螺旋体，6—12个螺旋弧菌
