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内蒙古民族大学毕业论文论《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义张宇摘要：美国作家西奥多德莱塞被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表，本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱塞自然主义的一些特征。论文从德莱塞创作《嘉莉妹妹》的历史文化背景出发，研究德莱塞在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义思想。论文涉及该小说的主要三大背景：一是达尔文主义和宿命论；二是美国然主义；三是19世纪末在美国兴起的消费主义。同时分析自然主义的三大特点：欲望,本能和环境,最后得出结论：《嘉莉妹妹》一文中主人公嘉莉妹妹的最终命运与德莱塞本人的命运息息相关，赫思渥德的最终堕落也是德莱塞惧怕失败的结果。而德莱塞却把嘉莉妹妹和赫思特渥德最终得不到幸福归因于“人心盲目的追求，命中注定本该如此….”关键词：自然主义达尔文主义消费主义欲望环境Dreiser’sNaturalisminSisterCarrieZhangYuAbstract：TheodoreDreiserisregardedasanoutstandingrepresentativeofAmericannaturalism.Inthisthesis,Dreiser’sfirstnovelSisterCarrieistakenasanexampletoanalyzethefeaturesofDreiser’snaturalism.ThethesisreferredtothreegreathistoricalandculturalbackgroundofthenovelwhichareDarwinism，Determinism.AmericanNaturalismandConsumerism.Meanwhilethethesisanalyzesthreefeaturesofnaturalism.Atlast,wecandrawtheconclusionthattheleadingcharacterofthenovel-Carrie’sdestinyhasagreatconnectionwithDreiserhimselfandthedeclineofHurstwoodisaresultofDreiser’sfearoffailure,butDreiserattributesCarrieandHurstwood’sunhappinesstotheirinsatiabledesireforlifeortheyaredoomedtobeunhappyetc,andfromwhichwecanseeDreiser’snaturalismeasily.KeyWords：NaturalismDarwinismConsumerismdesireenvironment 内蒙古民族大学毕业论文ContentsINTRODUCTION11.THEHISTORICALANDCULTURALBACKGROUNDFORSISTERCARRIE21.1DarwinismandDeterminism21.2Americannaturalism22.THETYPICALCHARACTERISTICSOFNATURALISMINSISTERCARRIE22.1Therelationshipamongreason,freewillandinstinct22.2Theinfluenceoftheenvironment33.DREISER’SNATURALISTICATTITUDEOFTRUTHFULREFLECTIONOFLIFE33.1Dreiser's“Sister”一Carrie33.2Hurstwood'sdecline一Dreiser'sfearoffailure3CONCLUSION3NOTES4BIBLIOGRAPHY5 内蒙古民族大学毕业论文Dreiser’sNaturalisminSisterCarrieZhangYuIntroductionTheodoreDreiserisoneofthemostinfluentialAmericanwritersofcriticalrealism,butmanyofhisworksreferredtothedescriptionofnaturalismandweakenedhiscriticalspirit.HisfirstnovelSisterCarriepublishedin1990revealedthefinancialdisparityandthemoraldeclineofAmericansocietyandthusregardedasforbiddenbook.Butnowthebookbecomesoneofthebest-sellersofAmericanliteraturebecauseofthenaturalisticfeaturesinit.ThenDreiserisregardedasapioneerofAmericannaturalismandasanaturalistDreiserexpressesthecharacteristicsofnaturalisminmostofhisworks.ThethemesofDarwinismandDeterminismarethecommonfeaturesofDreiser’sstorywhichalsocharacterizeSisterCarrie.Whenmostnovelsdealonlywiththesmilingandbeautifulaspectsoflife,Dreiseradvocatestruthfulreflectionoflifeinhisfiction.ItisnotanexaggerationtosaythatDreiser'sSisterCarrieclearsthewayforthedevelopmentofAmericanfiction.Since1900,AmericancriticshaveneverceasedtheirstudyonDreiser.Theearlyresearchwasmainlybasedonthewriter'slifeexperience.Itprovideduswithlotsofusefulinformationaboutthewriter.Thestudywitnessedatransitionfromtheauthorhimselftothetextin1960s.From1980s,scholarsemployednewdevicesofFreudianism,FeminismandPost-Structuralismintheirstudies.ThesenewmethodshelpusknowDreiserandhisworksfromdifferentangles.However,onethingtheyshareincommonisthattheylackmacroscopicanalysis.Inchina,someChinesecriticshavealsoshowngreatinterestinSisterCarrie.Twodomesticliterarymagazines,ForeignLiteratureStudyandForeignLiteratureReview,havebeenthemajorpublishingfieldsforthesecritics…InordertofindoutDreiser'snaturalism,themethodoftextanalysisis5 内蒙古民族大学毕业论文employedinthisthesis.TheauthorofthisthesisreadsthenovelintensivelysothatevidencescanbedugouttodemonstrateDreiser'snaturalism.Anothermethod,culturalcriticism,isemployedtoresearchthecomplicatedrelationbetweenDreiserandthesocietyhelivedin.Dreiserisinvestigatedinhishistoricalandculturalbackground.TheconclusionshowsthatDreiserisnotonlyacriticizerofcapitalism,butalsoabuilderofAmericanculturalsystem.1.ThehistoricalandculturalbackgroundforSisterCarrieTheodoreDreiser'sSisterCarriereflectstheprofoundtransformationsinAmericanlifeinthelatenineteenthcentury.Amongthemostsweepingchangesregisteredinthenovelaretheeconomy'sshiftingfromanagriculturalbasetoan…1.1DarwinismandDeterminismSisterCarriewaswrittenatthetimewhenDarwinismwasprevalent.ManyofSisterCarrie’sthemes-struggle,survivalanddesire-derivedirectlyfromtheevolutionaryviews.Theconceptofevolutionwasputforwardinthemid-19thcenturybyCharlesDarwin…1.2AmericannaturalismSisterCarriewaswrittenandpublishedalsoattheriseofAmericannaturalism,whichmeansaparticulargenreoffictionthatdevelopedinthelate19thcenturyAmerica,andassociatedprincipallywithwriterssuchasJackLondon，StephenCrane,FrankNorrisandTheodoreDreiser…2.ThetypicalcharacteristicsofnaturalisminSisterCarrieInSisterCarrieIfindoutthatsomeofitsthemesdifferfromthoseofothernaturalisticworks…2.1Therelationshipamongreason,freewillandinstinctInSisterCarrieDreiserdetailstherelationshipamongreason,freewilland5 内蒙古民族大学毕业论文instinct:Whenhumans'instinctandreasonareatwar,theformerprevailsoverthelatterinmostinstances;humans'freewillismostlyanillusionandsubmitstohumans'instinct…2.2TheinfluenceoftheenvironmentEnvironmentisatremendousthingandoftenleadshumantoawrongdirection.WeknowthatDrouettellsCarriethatChicagoisawonder,andthatshewillfindlotstoseethere.EvenhermeagersisterMinnietellsher,“You'llwanttoseethecity.”[1]…3.Dreiser’snaturalisticattitudeoftruthfulreflectionoflifeAphraseoftenappliedtoDreiserbyothersisstandingaloneormarchingalone.InhisNobelPrizeaddress,SinclairLewistellstheSwedishAcademythatDreiser“morethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellSiantimidityandgentilityinAmericanfictiontohonestyandboldnessandpassionoflife.[2]”…3.1Dreiser's“Sister”一CarrieEmmaDreiser,theprettiestofthefiveDreisersisters,waseightyearsolderthanTheodoreDreiser.AsayounggirlinthesmalltownofSullivan,Indiana,sheandherothersistersweredeeplyinterestedinboys...3.2Hurstwood'sdecline一Dreiser'sfearoffailureForHopkinsDreisersubstitutestheprosperousandrespectedupper-middle-classmanagerwhokeepsawell-appointedhouseontheNorthSide,thebestsectionofChicago…ConclusionThisshortthesiscannotcoverDreiser'smeaningfulnaturalism.Hisgreatnessisinhisinsight,hissympathy,andhistragicviewoflife…5 内蒙古民族大学毕业论文Notes[1]Bantam.SisterCarrie[M].NewYork:BantamClassics,1992.p.61.[2]Ibid.,p.51.5 内蒙古民族大学毕业论文Bibliography[1]Bartlett,L.TeacherDevelopmentThroughReflectiveTeaching[A].inRichards&Nunan(eds.).SecondLanguageTeacherEducation[C].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress/CambridgeUniversityPress,2000.26-29.[2]HeGang.TheBriefAnalysisofJaneEyre.http://www.pragmaticsChina.Com/grammaticalization.htm,2003-05-12.[3]Williams,M&L.B.Burden.PsychologyforLanguageTeachers[M].Beijing:ForeignlanguageTeachingandResearchPress/CambridgeUniversityPress,2000.[4]肖晨.英语语言、文学工具书及其使用[M].北京：学苑出版社，1990.34-42.[5]……[6]……[7]……[8]……[9]……[10]……5
