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1、Thefutureofopeninnovation12OliverGassmann,EllenEnkeland3HenryChesbrough1InstituteofTechnologyManagement,UniversityofSt.Gallen,Dufourstrasse40a,CH-9000St.Gallen,Switzerland.oliver.gassmann@unisg.ch2Dr.ManfredBischoffInstituteofInnovationManagementofEADS,ZeppelinUnive
2、rsity,AmSeemoserHorn20,D-88045Friedrichshafen,Germany.ellen.enkel@zeppelin-university.de3CenterforOpenInnovation,F402HassSchoolofBusiness,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA94720-1930,USA.chesbrou@haas.berkeley.eduInstitutionalopennessisbecomingincreasinglypopularinp
3、racticeandacademia:openinnovation,openR&Dandopenbusinessmodels.Ourspecialissuebuildsontheconcepts,underlyingassumptionsandimplicationsdiscussedintwopreviousR&DManagementspecialissues(2006,2009).Thisoverviewindicatesnineperspectivesneededtodevelopanopeninnovationtheo
4、rymorefully.Italsoassessessomeoftherecentevidencethathascometolightaboutopeninnovation,intheoryandinpractice.1.Perspectivesonopeninnovationinitialworkslookedprimarilyatresearchanddevelopment(R&D)processes,anumberofre-Theopeninnovationphenomenonhasdevel-searchareasha
5、vegrownoutofthisperspective.opedfromasmallclubofinnovationpracti-Openinnovationisbasedonthesedifferenttioners,mostlyactiveinhigh-techindustries,toaresearchstreams.Wethinkitusefultoorganizewidelydiscussedandimplementedinnovationthesestreamsintoninedifferentperspectiv
6、es:practice.Simultaneously,asmallcommunityofmanagementresearchershasrecentlydeveloped(1)Thespatialperspectiveleadstoresearchontheintoanestablishedresearchfield.Thisisreflectedglobalizationofinnovation.Sinceresearch,byseveralspecialissuesonopeninnovation,fortechnologya
7、ndproductdevelopmenthaveexample,R&DManagement2006,2009,andthebecomemoreglobalinaflatworld,openInternationalJournalofTechnologyManagementinnovationhasbecomeeasier.Ontheone2010a,b.Consequently,singlelecturesbyearlyhand,beingphysicallyclosetoregionalcen-proponentshavebe
8、ensupplementedbylargetersofexcellenceenablesafirmtoincreaseitsmanagementseminarsonopeninnovation,whichabsorptivecapacity,thereforepromoting
