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1、MINDINGTHEHEAVENSTHESTORYOFOURDISCOVERYOFTHEMILKYWAYAbouttheAuthorLeilaBelkorawasborninNewYorkCitytoanAmericanmotherandMoroccanfather,andgrewupinGeneva,Switzerland.SheobtainedaBAinphysicsandanMSinengineeringphysicsatCornellUniversity,andaPhDinastrophysics,specializinginsolarradioastronomy,fromthe
2、UniversityofColorado,Boulder.Shehassincedividedhertimebetweensciencewritingandteachingastronomy.ShelivesinIrvine,California.MINDINGTHEHEAVENSTHESTORYOFOURDISCOVERYOFTHEMILKYWAYLEILABELKORAInstituteofPhysicsPublishingBristolandPhiladelphia#LeilaBelkora2003Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationm
3、aybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.MultiplecopyingispermittedinaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyunderthetermsofitsagreementwithU
4、niversitiesUK(UUK).LeilaBelkorahasassertedhermoralrightundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1998tobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork.BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.ISBN0750307307LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataa
5、reavailableCommissioningEditor:JohnNavasProductionEditor:SimonLaurensonProductionControl:SarahPlentyCoverDesign:Fre´de´riqueSwistMarketing:NicolaNeweyandVerityCookePublishedbyInstituteofPhysicsPublishing,whollyownedbyTheInstituteofPhysics,LondonInstituteofPhysics,DiracHouse,TempleBack,BristolBS16
6、BE,UKUSOffice:InstituteofPhysicsPublishing,ThePublicLedgerBuilding,Suite929,150SouthIndependenceMallWest,Philadelphia,PA19106,USATypesetbyAcademicþTechnical,BristolPrintedintheUKbyMPGBooksLtd,Bodmin,CornwallCONTENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTSviiANOTEONSOURCESix1INTRODUCTION12THENAKED-EYEVIEWOFTHESKY143THOMASW
7、RIGHT:VISIONARYOFSTELLARSYSTEMS354WILLIAMHERSCHEL:NATURALHISTORIANOFTHEUNIVERSE745WILHELMSTRUVE:SEEKEROFPARALLAX1206WILLIAMHUGGINS:PIONEEROFTHENEWASTRONOMY1657JACOBUSKAPTEYN:MASTERMINDWITHOUTATELESCOPE2068HARLOWSHAPLEY