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1、AA50CH13-KennicuttARI19July201214:3StarFormationintheMilkyWayandNearbyGalaxiesRobertC.Kennicutt,Jr.,1andNealJ.EvansII21InstituteofAstronomy,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,CB30HA,UnitedKingdom;email:robk@ast.cam.ac.uk2UniversityofTexasatAustin,Texas78712andEuropeanSouthernObservato
2、ry,Santiago19,Chile;email:nje@astro.as.utexas.edubyWIB6067-UBHeidelbergon08/28/12.Forpersonaluseonly.Annu.Rev.Astro.Astrophys.2012.50:531-608.Downloadedfromwww.annualreviews.orgAnnu.Rev.Astron.Astrophys.2012.50:531–608KeywordsTheAnnualReviewofAstronomyandAstrophysicsisclouds,evolut
3、ion,interstellarmedium(ISM),moleculesonlineatastro.annualreviews.orgThisarticle’sdoi:Abstract10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610Wereviewprogressoverthepastdecadeinobservationsoflarge-scalestarCopyrightc2012byAnnualReviews.formation,withafocusontheinterfacebetweenextragalacticandGa
4、lacticAllrightsreservedstudies.Methodsofmeasuringgascontentsandstar-formationratesare0066-4146/12/0922-0531$20.00discussed,andupdatedprescriptionsforcalculatingstar-formationratesareprovided.Wereviewrelationsbetweenstarformationandgasonscalesrangingfromentiregalaxiestoindividualmol
5、ecularclouds.531AA50CH13-KennicuttARI19July201214:31.OVERVIEW1.1.IntroductionStarformationencompassestheoriginsofstarsandplanetarysystems.Asaprincipalagentofgalaxyformationandevolution,however,itisalsoasubjectattherootofastrophysicsonitslargestscales.Thepastdecadehaswitnessedanunpr
6、ecedentedstreamofnewobservationalinformationonstarformationonallscales,thanksinnosmallparttonewfacilitiessuchastheGalaxyEvolutionExplorer(GALEX),theSpitzerSpaceTelescope,andtheHerschelSpaceObservatory;theintroductionofpowerfulnewinstrumentsontheHubbleSpaceTelescope(HST);andahostofg
7、round-basedoptical,infrared(IR),submillimeter,andradiotelescopes.Thesenewobservationsareprovid-ingadetailedreconstructionofthekeyevolutionaryphasesandphysicalprocessesthatleadtotheformationofindividualstarsininterstellarclouds,whileextendingthereachofintegratedmeasurementsofstar-fo
8、rmationrates(SFRs)tothemos
