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1、www.ylongedu.com新托福TPO13阅读原文(一):TypesofSocialGroupsTPO13-1：TypesofSocialGroups Lifeplacesusinacomplexwebofrelationshipswithotherpeople.Ourhumannessarisesoutoftheserelationshipsinthecourseofsocialinteraction.Moreover,ourhumannessmustbesustainedthroughsocialinteraction—andfairlyco
2、nstantlyso.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletobecomelinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship. Peopleareboundwithinrelationshipsbytwotypesofbonds:expressivetiesandinstrumentalties.Expressivetiesaresociallinksformedwhenweemotionally
3、investourselvesinandcommitourselvestootherpeople.Throughassociationwithpeoplewhoaremeaningfultous,weachieveasenseofsecurity,love,acceptance,companionship,andpersonalworth.Instrumentaltiesaresociallinksformedwhenwecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanw
4、orkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.Moreoften,wesimplycooperatewithotherstoreachsomeendwithoutendowingtherelationshipwithanylargersignificance. Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionbetweenexpressiveandinstrumentaltiestodistinguishbetweentwotypesofgroups:primaryandsecondary.Apr
5、imarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirect,intimate,cohesiverelationshipwithoneanother.Expressivetiespredominateinprimarygroups;weviewthepeopleasendsinthemselvesandvaluableintheirownright.Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeoplewhoareinvolvedinanimpersonalrelationshipandhaveco
6、metogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose.Instrumentaltiespredominateinsecondarygroups;weperceivepeopleasmeanstoendsratherthanasendsintheirownright.Sometimesprimarygrouprelationshipsevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships.Thishappensinmanyworksettings.Peopleonthejoboftendevelopclose
7、relationshipswithcoworkersastheycometosharegripes,jokes,gossip,andsatisfactions.www.ylongedu.com Anumberofconditionsenhancethelikelihoodthatprimarygroupswillarise.First,groupsizeisimportant.Wefinditdifficulttogettoknowpeoplepersonallywhentheyaremillingaboutanddispersedinlargegro
8、ups.Insmallgroupswehaveabetterchancetoin
