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1、中文2780字外文资料原文SoftwareDevelopmentConceptsandDesignMethodologiesDuringthe1960s,mainframesandhigherlevelprogramminglanguageswereappliedtomanyproblemsincludinghumanresourcesystems,reservationsystems,andmanufacturingsystems.Computersandsoftwarewereseenasthec
2、ureallformanybusinessissuesweresometimesappliedblindly.Systemssometimesfailedtosolvetheproblemforwhichtheyweredesignedformanyreasonsincluding:•Inabilitytosufficientlyunderstandcomplexproblems•Notsufficientlytakingintoaccountend-userneeds,theorganization
3、alenvironment,andperformancetradeoffs•Inabilitytoaccuratelyestimatedevelopmenttimeandoperationalcosts•LackofframeworkforconsistentandregularcustomercommunicationsAtthistime,theconceptofstructuredprogramming,top-downdesign,stepwiserefinement，andmodularit
4、yemerged.Structuredprogrammingisstillthemostdominantapproachtosoftwareengineeringandisstillevolving.Thesefailuresledtotheconceptof"softwareengineering"basedupontheideathatanengineering-likedisciplinecouldbeappliedtosoftwaredesignanddevelopment.Softwared
5、esignisaprocesswherethesoftwaredesignerappliestechniquesandprinciplestoproduceaconceptualmodelthatdescribesanddefinesasolutiontoaproblem.Inthebeginning,thisdesignprocesshasnotbeenwellstructuredandthemodeldoesnotalwaysaccuratelyrepresenttheproblemofsoftw
6、aredevelopment.However,designmethodologieshavebeenevolvingtoaccommodatechangesintechnologycoupledwithourincreasedunderstandingofdevelopmentprocesses.Whereasearlydesignmethodsaddressedspecificaspectsofthedevelopmentprocess,currentmethodsattempttoaddresst
7、heentirescopeof9softwaredevelopment.Softwaredesignmethodsareoftenclassifiedinreferencetotheperiodinwhichtheywereintroducedandtheproblemsatthattime.Drivenbycodingandtestingproblems,toolsandmethodsweredeveloped.Earlymethodsfocusedonmodularityandtop-downde
8、velopment,andinformationhidingthroughabstraction.Thisledtothedevelopmentofstructuredlanguages,structuredanalysis,anddataflowanalysis.Inthelastdecadeorso,theexpenseinvolvedinautomationhasshiftedfromhardwaretopeople.Therefore,theso
