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1、外文资料原文SoftwareDevelopmentConceptsandDesignMethodologiesDuringthe1960s,mainframesandhigherlevelprogramminglanguageswereappliedtomanyproblemsincludinghumanresourcesystems,reservationsystems,andmanufacturingsystems.Computersandsoftwarewereseenasthecureallformanybusinessissues
2、weresometimesappliedblindly.Systemssometimesfailedtosolvetheproblemforwhichtheyweredesignedformanyreasonsincluding:•Inabilitytosufficientlyunderstandcomplexproblems•Notsufficientlytakingintoaccountend-userneeds,theorganizationalenvironment,andperformancetradeoffs•Inability
3、toaccuratelyestimatedevelopmenttimeandoperationalcosts•LackofframeworkforconsistentandregularcustomercommunicationsAtthistime,theconceptofstructuredprogramming,top-downdesign,stepwiserefinement，andmodularityemerged.Structuredprogrammingisstillthemostdominantapproachtosoftw
4、areengineeringandisstillevolving.Thesefailuresledtotheconceptof"softwareengineering"basedupontheideathatanengineering-likedisciplinecouldbeappliedtosoftwaredesignanddevelopment.Softwaredesignisaprocesswherethesoftwaredesignerappliestechniquesandprinciplestoproduceaconceptu
5、almodelthatdescribesanddefinesasolutiontoaproblem.Inthebeginning,thisdesignprocesshasnotbeenwellstructuredandthemodeldoesnotalwaysaccuratelyrepresenttheproblemofsoftwaredevelopment.However,10designmethodologieshavebeenevolvingtoaccommodatechangesintechnologycoupledwithouri
6、ncreasedunderstandingofdevelopmentprocesses.Whereasearlydesignmethodsaddressedspecificaspectsofthedevelopmentprocess,currentmethodsattempttoaddresstheentirescopeofsoftwaredevelopment.Softwaredesignmethodsareoftenclassifiedinreferencetotheperiodinwhichtheywereintroducedandt
7、heproblemsatthattime.Drivenbycodingandtestingproblems,toolsandmethodsweredeveloped.Earlymethodsfocusedonmodularityandtop-downdevelopment,andinformationhidingthroughabstraction.Thisledtothedevelopmentofstructuredlanguages,structuredanalysis,anddataflowanalysis.Inthelastdeca
8、deorso,theexpenseinvolvedinautomationhasshiftedfromhardwaretopeople.Therefore,thesoftware
