1994-2012历年考研英语真题试题及答案详解考研必备近

《1994-2012历年考研英语真题试题及答案详解考研必备近》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在工程资料-天天文库。

莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁薈羄膈芇薈肆莃蚆薇袆膆薁薆羈蒁蒇薅肀芄莃薄膃肇蚂薃袂芃薈蚂羄肅蒄蚂肇芁莀蚁螆肄莆蚀罿荿蚅虿肁膂薁蚈膃莇蒇蚇袃膀莃蚆羅莆艿螆肈腿薇螅螇莄蒃螄袀膇葿螃肂蒂莅螂膄芅蚄螁袄肈薀螀羆芃蒆螀肈肆莂衿螈节芈袈袀肅薆袇羃芀薂袆膅肃蒈袅袅莈莄袄羇膁蚃袄聿莇蕿袃膂腿蒅羂袁莅莁2014年英语考研必备（1994-2012历年试题及答案）2012年考研英语一（试题及答案详解）SectionIUseofEnglish　　Directions:　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)　　TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.　　JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.　　Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.　　TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.　　Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. 　　Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.　　1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize　　2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless　　3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated　　4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted　　5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded　　6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone　　7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies　　8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle　　9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict　　10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards　　11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though　　12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace　　13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer　　14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied　　15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions　　16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls　　17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted　　18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore　　19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable　　20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult　　SectionIIReadingComprehension　　PartA 　　Directions:　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)　　Text1　　Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.　　Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.　　Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.　　Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.　　There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.　　Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.　　21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas 　　[A]asupplementtothesocialcure　　[B]astimulustogroupdynamics　　[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress　　[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors　　22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould　　[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers　　[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience　　[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers　　[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements　　23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto　　[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors　　[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure　　[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding　　[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect　　24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors　　[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends　　[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies　　[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit　　[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits　　25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis　　[A]harmful　　[B]desirable　　[C]profound　　[D]questionable Text2　　Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.　　Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.　　Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.　　EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.　　Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.　　ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.　　26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto　　[A]condemning.　　[B]reaffirming. 　　[C]dishonoring.　　[D]securing.　　27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto　　[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.　　[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.　　[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.　　[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.　　28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits　　[A]managerialpractices.　　[B]technicalinnovativeness.　　[C]financialgoals.　　[D]businessvision　　29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest　　[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.　　[B]thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.　　[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.　　[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues.　　30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat　　[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.　　[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.　　[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.　　[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.　　Text3 　　Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.　　Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.　　Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.　　Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.　　Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”　　31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits　　[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.　　[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness. 　　[C]logicalityandobjectivity.　　[D]systematicnessandregularity.　　32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires　　[A]strictinspection.　　[B]sharedefforts.　　[C]individualwisdom.　　[D]persistentinnovation.　　33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit　　[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.　　[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.　　[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.　　[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.　　34.AlbertSzent-Györgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat　　[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.　　[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.　　[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.　　[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.　　35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?　　[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.　　[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.　　[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.　　[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.　Text4 　　IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.　　Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.　　Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.　　Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.　　Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.　　Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.　　JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.　　36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat　　[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.　　[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant. 　　[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.　　[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.　　37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?　　[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.　　[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.　　[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.　　[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.　　38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris　　[A]illegallysecured.　　[B]indirectlyaugmented.　　[C]excessivelyincreased.　　[D]fairlyadjusted.　　39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions　　[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.　　[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.　　[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.　　[D]aredominantinthegovernment.　　40.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof　　[A]disapproval.　　[B]appreciation.　　[C]tolerance.　　[D]indifference.　　PartB　　Directions: 　　Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)　　Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.　　Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)　　Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.　　Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.　　Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)　　Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)　　Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.　　(45)　　Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere. 　　[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.　　[B]Applicationsliketumblr.com,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.　　[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.　　[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.　　[E]ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.　　[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.　　[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartCDirections:　　ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)　　SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.　　(46)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itisbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.　　Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection, perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.　　That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysuppliesarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.　　ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage—acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.　　(49)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints　　Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit.WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals[NxtPage]　　SectionIIIWriting　　PartA　　51.Directions:　　Someinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.WritethemanemailinthenameoftheStudents’Unionto　　1)extendyourwelcomeand　　2)providesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.　　Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.　　Donotwritetheaddress(10points) 　　PartB　　52.Directions:writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould　　1)describethedrawingbriefly　　2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and　　3)giveyourcomments　　YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)　　1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C　　6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B　　11.A12.C13.C14.D15.A　　16.C17.A18.C19.D20.D　　21.D22.D23.A24.C25.D 　　26.C27.A28.A29.B30.B　　31.A32.D33.B34.D35.D　　36.C37.D38.B39.A40.A41.C42.D43.A44.F45.G1.【答案】B　　【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“__法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。　　2.【答案】A　　【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。只有B，when表示这个意思。　　3.【答案】B　　【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。只有B，weaken能表示这个意思。　　4.【答案】D　　【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D，beacceptedas...“被认为是”。　　5.【答案】C 　　【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于“法官没有__道德规范”。后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C，bound。　　6.【答案】B　　【解析】根据解析5可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to连用，表示“服从某物，受…支配”。故本题选B。　　7.【答案】D　　【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。applyto“适用于”符合题意。resortto“求助于”;stickto“坚持(原则等)”语意不通。　　8.【答案】B　　【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政治之间是否还存在着界限。提出问题，产生问题用只能选raise。　　9.【答案】A　　【解析】根据第8题可知，空内应填line，“界限”。barrier“障碍”，similarity“相似性”，conflict“冲突”都不合题意。　　10.【答案】B　　【解析】根据句意，宪法的起草者们预想的是将司法从政治中分出来，让其享有独立的权力。envisionas“将…想象成…”。所以选B。 　　11.【答案】A　　【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配。本选项答案的确定需结合前句意思，制宪者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影响，这样一来，法官就可以免受掌权者的影响了。此空就是考察由此所带来的结果，故选[A]。　　12.【答案】C　　【解析】此题承接上题，可知法律不受政治的影响，从而法官也不用担心掌权者(thoseinpower)。　　13.【答案】C　　【解析】此题承接上题,结合句意,可知该半句主要表达“法官也无需政治支持了。”选项C最符题意。　　14.【答案】D　　【解析】此题考察词意辨析。原句表达“我们的法律体系是法律完全不受政治的影响，是因为这两者是紧密。。。”。结合句意思，[D]最合题意.　　15.【答案】A　　【解析】此题考察词意辨析。文中说“宪法具有政治性，是因其的选择都是植根于诸如自由，财产之类的基本社会。。。中。”自由，财产是西方社会的一些基本社会理念或概念，故选[A]。　　16.【答案】C 　　【解析】此题考察词意辨析。首先分析该句，可知空白处添加上一动词可构成一定语从句，限定“thelaw”。其次，文中语境表达“当法律处理社会政策决策问题时，。。。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四个选项中，[C]为最佳答案。　　17.【答案】A　　【解析】此题考察词意辨析。可由文中语境得知，该半句主要表达“这也就解释了为何背离思想路线的决策被看作是不公正的，从而被轻易的….”。结合语境，以及四个选项的意思，可知[A]最佳。　　18.【答案】C　　【解析】此题考察词意辨析。由文中语境可知该句主要表达“法官必须。。。有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。”四个选项中，仅[C]符合题意。　　19.【答案】D　　【解析】本题考察短语搭配及相似短语辨析。四个选项均可与连用，其中　　accessibleto易接近的;可归属的;可得到的可归因的　　amiableto可亲，多指人和蔼可亲，易于接近　　agreeableto欣然同意的;适合的，适宜的　　accountableto对…负责　　此题的理解需承接整个句,首先此空所在后半句乃一方式状语，承接前半句说明法官怎样来解决有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。将此四个选项分别代入，可得出正确答案[D]，法官只有对对行为准则负责，也即是遵循一定的行为准则才可确保其裁决的公正与合理。 　　20.【答案】D　　【解析】此题考察逻辑搭配。此句承接上句，旨在说明由此带来的结果，也即是文中所说的“。。。使得裁决看起来完全不受政治的影响，如法律一般令人信服。”结合四个选项意思，可知选[D]。　　SectionIIReadingComprehension　　PartA　　Text1　　21.【答案】D　　【解析】文章首段包含了两方面的内容，作者先简单介绍Peerpressure，再引出TinaRosenberg在她的新书JointheClub中对于peerpressure的看法，这篇文章是以一篇书评的形式出现。而题目“根据第一段，同伴压力的出现常常是…”问的仅仅是同伴压力，并无涉及到TinaRosenberg或者她的新书，因此答案则应主要涉及文章对于peerpressure的介绍，而非Tina对于peerpressure的看法。首段第三句说“(同伴压力)通常引起不好的事情，如酗酒，嗑药，乱交”，故答案选D，说明同伴压力出现导致的结果，这里的答案使用了同义替换的方式。　　22.【答案】B　　【解析】根据题干关键词“public-healthadvocates”可以定位到第三段最后一句话“Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure”,即应该向广告商学习，这里主要是对于短语“takeapagefrom”的理解，答案选B 　　23.【答案】A　　【解析】根据题干“在作者看来，Rosenberg的书没能…”，所选答案是要找出作者看来这本书的缺点是什么。文章第四段第一句话说“但是，在…方面，Rosenberg不太有说服力”，紧接着说“JointheClub中太多无关的细节，而对于使同伴压力能产生如此大作用的社会和生物因素并未做足够的探究”，这句话充分说明了在作者心目中这本书的不足在哪儿，故答案选A　　24.【答案】C　　【解析】这是一道细节题。文章第五段首句告诉我们peergroups确实会对行为产生很大的影响，第二句具体说明影响的内容，即好的习惯和不好的习惯都会通过社会交际在朋友圈中传递，最后一句则对这种影响进行了总结，“这是同伴压力的细微表现，我们无意识地模仿日常所见到的行为”。而分析题干和选项，我们发现该题是对“imitationofbehavior”进行归纳，回到原文，找到“我们无意识地模仿日常所见到的行为”，答案即刻清晰，这里是对unconsciously一词进行了释义，因此C选项正确。　　25.【答案】D　　【解析】这道题考查作者对于peerpressure所能带来的影响的态度，作者通过最后一段第一句话首先向我们表明他对“专家和其他官方人员是否能成功选择同伴来引导他们的行为朝好的方向发展”的不肯定，接下来以教师指导学生的例子为说明，得出结论“Thetacticneverreallyworks.”(这个策略从来没有真正起作用)。通过作者的这样一番描述，可以看出，作者对于peerpressure是否能有效果是质疑的，故答案选D。Text2　　26.【答案】C 　　【解析】　　reneging的原形是renege，本议是“食言”“否认”之意，为反向意义词。而四个选项中A中的condemning意为“谴责”“处刑”B中的reaffirming意为“重申”“再肯定，再断言”，C中的dishonoring的意为“拒付，不兑付”，在意思和方向上都符合，D中securing意为“保证，使保险”的含义。本文主要在说Entergy这个公司不兑现自己的诺言，所以应选C项。　　27.【答案】D　　【解析】　　本题答案定位在文中第三段每二句话，Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.“asaconditionof”可以理解为“为了”，D项中的“purchase”一词就是对文中“sale”的替换。　　28.【答案】A　　【解析】　　题干：“根据第四段Entergy公司似乎在它的····上存在着问题”，题目中已清晰把答案范围确定在第四段，通过阅读第四段我们可以看到Entergy公司出现了一系列的事故“astringofaccidents”,而后面的这句“raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement”就是本题的答案所在了。其中“managerial”“management”仍是同一单词的变形。　　29.【答案】D　　【解析】 　　首先从题干知道考查的是作者的观点。“佛蒙特州事件”和willtest在文章中的定位是在第5段第5句话，“Vermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend”意思是“佛蒙特州事件将会检验是这些权利延伸多远的先例”。这句话是legalscholars的观点。重点是理解certainly和but后面的意思。虽然作者承认担忧如果每个周各行其是的后果是合理的，但是But后面是个虚拟语气，与事实相反。所以作者的真正态度是支持legalscholars的观点，即佛蒙特州事件是对州法规的权限的考验。Howfarthosepowerextended与D选项的thelimitsofstates’power与选项D“各州在核问题上的权限”是相匹配的，因此正确答案为D。其他选项与“佛蒙特州事件”带来的检验，文中并未直接提及。　　30.【答案】A　　【解析】　　最后一段主要讲的是“Entergy公司的名誉已严重受创。该公司向联邦申请：许可Pilgrim核电站获得另外20年的开放权。但是作者认为，核管理委员会在审核该公司的申请的时候，务必要考虑下该公司的信誉问题。”A选项“Entergy公司在其它地方的生意将会受到影响”由最后一段的第一句话“Entergy公司的名誉已严重受创”就可以推断出来;B“核管理委员会的权威将会被藐视”最后一段没给出任何要藐视核管理委员会的暗含信息，因此B选项错误;C“Entergy公司将会撤回关于Pilgrim核电站的申请”，最后一段同样没给出类似的暗含信息;D“Vermont的名声将会受到破坏”同样，从最后一段，根本无法推断出。因此，最佳答案是A。　　Text3　　31.【答案】A　　【解析】 　　这篇文章选自TheScientist,文章题目是TheEvolutionofCredibility。文章第一段第二句话提到“Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute."，即在每天的科学实践中，发现所遵循的规律是模棱两可和复杂的。A项uncertaintyandcomplexity是对文中ambiguousandcomplicated的同义替换，所以为正确答案。　　B项是利用文中最后一句话的干扰“Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound”，这句话是说“有误解和自我欺骗的可能”，从而导致了科学发现的模棱两可和复杂性;C项和D项是受文章第一句话的干扰，但是第一句同时提出只有“在理想中(intheidealizedversionof...)，科学发现才能够很客观。　　32.【答案】B　　【解析】　　第二段第二句中提到“Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptanceto...”,其中it指的是将科学发现获得公众可信度的过程。接下来的第四句话具体讲到了这个过程：“throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.”，即要经历从个人到集体的过程，需要每个人共同的努力，故答案为B。　　33.【答案】B　　【解析】　　本段第三句话中提到“Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries”，即“研究者需要在科学团体复杂的社会结构中实现科学发现”，在这句话的后面有一个分号，分号后面的三个短句分别解释了在科学团体中不同身份的人所做的不同工作，如新闻编辑者和评论家需要控制科学发现公开的过程, 而另外一些科学家需要同过新的发现来证明已有的发现等。除此之外，最后一句话“transformanindividual'sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery”即将个人的发现转换为集体可信的科学发现，故答案为B，即科学发现获得公众的可信度需要集体的努力和验证。　　答案A是利用本段首句设置的干扰，属于主观臆断;答案C为干扰项目，以偏概全;答案D文中没有提及。　　34.【答案】D　　【解析】　　第四段主要讲到了科学发现获得大众可信度的过程中面临的两个矛盾。AlbertSzent-Gyorygi的观点主要针对第二个矛盾，即创新本身经常会引起怀疑。同时他认为科学发现需要“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought”，即看到每个人都已经看到的，并想到别人没有想到的。这句话暗示了科学发现的过程需要有评判性思维，即我们应该去探求事物。故答案为D。　　答案A与本段中讲到的第一个矛盾有关;答案B的过渡推断来自本段最后一句话，这句话的意思是，真正有创新的发现需要时间的验证来得到公众的认可。答案C文中没有提到，属于主观臆断。　　35.【答案】C　　【解析】　　此题考察对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。从整个文章脉络来看，文章第一段指出任何发现最终的目标是使之客观化，然而此过程或多或少会受到不同的生活环境的影响;第二段指出这个过程需要公众共同的努力;第三段具体论述了不同的人在这个过程中需要完成的工作;第四段则提出了使科学发现获得可信度的过程中所遇到的两个矛盾;最后一段用AnnetteBaier 的一句话总结了这个过程。由此可知，C项统领全文，为正确答案。答案A项与原文不符;答案Text4　　36.【答案】C　　【解析】　　根据题干定位于第一段When…wereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.意思是1960年时，美国政府部门只有1/10的人是工会成员，但是现在比例是36%。所以C选项正确：工会增加了政府部门成员。A选项：Teamster仍然拥有很多成员。文中只提到了比例，并没有讲具体人数;B：吉米过去是一个公仆。而文中第一句是一个虚拟语气的句子，“如果他还活着的话，他今天可能代表一名公仆”，曲解文意;D：政府改善了与社团的关系。文中并未提及。　　37.【答案】D　　【解析】　　该题很容易根据题干定位于第二段。第二段中有很明显的first,second,third这些词，属于典型的列举处，最容易出细节题。只需要将各选项与这三点仔细比对即可。A公共部门组织在采取行动时很谨慎文中并示提及，是对“theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics”这句话设置的干扰项，“左派”为激进派，不可能谨慎;而B错在教育不是需要的，而是公务员社团成员受教育程度普遍偏高，并非必需;C工党长期与公务员社团争斗，该段倒数第二句指出工会与社团一直有联系，最后一句讲到工会领导Miliband荣登宝座正是因为公务员社团的大力支持，因此与原文相悖;D选项为First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.这句话的同义改写。意思是“他们可以息事宁人并不用遭受不好的后果”。 　　38.【答案】B　　【解析】　　该题很容易定位于文章的第四段。题干是“国家部门人员的工资状况是”。做这道题要把第四段整体理解。注意But后面的内容，尤其是keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous。大意是公共部门员工的工资涨幅很小，但是节假日福利津贴很多。B选项的indirectlyaugment意思是“间接地增加”。和原文意思“公有部门人员的收入是来源于福利等间接收入，而非正常的工资收入”符合。A通过非法得来文中只提到了国家部门人员的工资比私人企业的要高，整段都未提及来源，故该选项属于过度推理;C过度地增长文中并未提及增长的幅度，提到只是通过“暗厢操作”的方式，容易使考生产生误解;D很公正地调整与“backloaded”不符。　　39.【答案】C　　【解析】　　题干的意思是“举威斯康辛社团为例，表明社团_______”。该题根据题干中的专有名词Wisconsin定位于倒数第二段。由题干可知这是一个例证题，所以需要看文章的第五段。第五段首句Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed。从第六段Wisconsin的例子可以看出，工会集合众人反对共和党领导人ScottWalker，正是为了反对改革。所以可以知道工会可能是公共部门改革的一个障碍，C为正确选项。A经常与当前政治体系对抗文中并未反映often这个程度。B能够改变人们的政治态度文中并示提及，D在政府中占统治地位文中第二句讲到社团得到了成千上万人的支持来对付强硬的共和党州长，并不能推出该选项之意。　　40.【答案】A　　【解析】 　　文中人物的观点态度题。该题定位于最后一段，第一句话指出John认为西方公共服务中的文化准则适用于想维持原状的人们而对于有比较高成就的人们就不利了，很明显持否定态度，最后再次指出不能造福于高成就人们的公共服务系统对于美国可能是一个更大的麻烦，也再次证实了作者的观点是不支持的即A选项。disapproval“反对”，appreciation“欣赏”，tolerance“宽容”，indifference“冷漠”。　　PartB　　41.【答案】C　　【解析】略读第一自然段得知这篇文章的主题是科技给人们的生活带来的便利，重点论述了媒介。此题空在末尾，那么通读空前的内容，可以找到特征词或者中心词“creatafabulousmachine”浏览七个选项，C项中的“developsuchadevice”刚好与此对应　　42.【答案】D　　【解析】此题空在了段落的中间，需要在空前和空后找关联词，空前出现了“reason”这个特征词，而空后出现了“war”这个特征词，浏览七个选项，D项的“because”和“war”刚好与此对应，所以答案选D.　　43.【答案】A　　【解析】此题空在段末，因此要在空前以及下一自然段的段首找关联词，浏览空前可以找到“superfluousmaterialgoods”,而浏览下一自然段的句首可找到“download”这个词;那么浏览七个选项，答案A出现了“thesesuperfluousthings”，接下来也提及到了“download”，因此可以锁定答案A.　　44.【答案】F 　　【解析】此题空在句末，所以需要浏览下空前以前下一个自然段的句首，通读空前的内容可以找到关联词“apyramidofproductionremains,”，而下一个自然段的段首提到了“television”，那么浏览七个选项，跟此关联的有两项E和F,再继续分析，E项只有“television”这个词与空后对应，而F项不仅出现了“television”这个词，而且出现了“thispyramidofproduction”这个特征词，所以，答案为F.　　45.【答案】G　　【解析】此题空在段末，那么需要浏览下空前的句子，寻找关联词，在B和G之间进行选择，通读可知，空前的“flow”与G项的“theflow”是相对应的，B项的“applications”在文中没有提及，所以此题锁定答案G　　PartC　　46.【解析】本句结构比较简单，它是一个简单句，句子主干结构是oneapproachtakes…andseeks…。破折号后面的部分是对前面提到的理论的进一步解释。　　1)take…toextreme…把……发挥到极致，把。。。推至极限　　2)theoryofeverything万有理论。或者也可以一个短语翻译出来“适用于任何事物的理论”　　3)generativeequation生成等式、生成方程。　　【参考译文】物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论----一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。B是第二段中提到的一部分;而答案D只是对第四段的概括。     　　46.在物理学上，一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论---一条我们都可以看的见，明白的普遍公式。　　47.在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了一个准则，如果所有的人类都有共同的起源，那么文化差异能够追寻到更早的可控的起源也是合理的。　　48.从我们的共同特征中过滤独特性能够使我们明白文化行为的复杂性起源以及是什么在进化方面和认知方面指导我们人类。　　49、其实，由约书亚格林伯说，将更多的经验主义用在了普遍性上，验证许多语言所共有的特点，这些特点被认为是代表了由认知限制造成的偏见。50.乔姆斯基的语法应该表现了语言更改的模式，是通过独立的家谱或由它所跟踪的路径，而通过性预测的特定类型间的合作关系。PartC　　46.【解析】本句结构比较简单，它是一个简单句，句子主干结构是oneapproachtakes…andseeks…。破折号后面的部分是对前面提到的理论的进一步解释。　　1)take…toextreme…把……发挥到极致，把。。。推至极限　　2)theoryofeverything万有理论。或者也可以一个短语翻译出来“适用于任何事物的理论”　　3)generativeequation生成等式、生成方程。　　【参考译文】物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论----一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。　　解析：　　47.【解析】对本句话的理解关键在于对for引导的句子的正确理解。因为有两个逗号，有的同学在考场比较紧急的时间和紧张的状态下容易把两个逗号间的部分理解为插入语，那么这句话就很难理解了。 　　1)for引导的句子表原因与前句是并列关系，for原因并列句中又包含一个if引导的条件状语从句　　2)“itseemsreasonabletosupposethat”对这句话的翻译可以翻译成一个长句，也可以分开翻译成“那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头,这种假设看上去便是合理的了。”　　3)对于“culturaldiversit”的理解，我们容易受到之前在备考中经常遇到的“culturaldiversity”的影响，直接翻译成“文化多样性”，但在本文，前文很多次提到了共性，所以这里我们翻译为“文化差异”更合适。　　【参考译文】在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由，因为如果全人类有共同的起源，那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好像就是合理的了。48.【解析】这句话结构主要在于对三个“what”从句的理解。本题是三个what引导的从句第一个是what引导的宾语从句，做filterout的宾语。第二个what是介词from的宾语，from是固定搭配中的介词filteroutAfromB。第三个what是understand的宾语，和how并列　　1)句子主干可以看做：TofilteroutAfromBenablesustounderstandCandD　　A指的是“whatiscontingentandunique”　　B指的是“whatisshared”howcomplexculturalbehaviourarose”　　C指的是“howcomplexculturalbehaviourarose”　　D指的是“whatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms”　　2)Filterout词组本意是滤掉，。这个单词可能有同学会不熟悉，但是如果对本句结构理解清楚，看到from 这个介词，加之对前文大意的理解，我们可以猜出这个词的意思，或者理解为“区分”等也不影响全句的理解。以避免我们有的同学看到第一个单词不认识立马生出的胆怯情绪，影响下文判断。　　【参考译文】把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。　　49.【解析】本句结构比较明朗，关键是句子前部分单独很难理解，需要结合前文。这也恰恰说明了考研英语中的翻译首先是阅读理解的一部分，不是单独的翻译而已。　　1)这里的thesecond与上文的“ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,”，所里这里应该翻译成“第二种理论”所以这句话需要根据上下文和逻辑解释清楚。而不能单纯的翻译成第二。。。　　2)对于括号内部的处理，我们可以直接放在括号中即可。　　【参考译文】约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论，做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征(尤其是按照词序排列)，这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。　　50.【解析】这句话的结构比较简单，复杂的是其中大量的术语和不熟悉的词汇。对于这些词汇我们根据直译即可。　　本句结构：Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshow…,whereasGreenbergian….　　1)That引导的定语从句修饰patterns　　2)这里的“grammar”是指是上文的生成语法，所以这里可以把生成语法翻译出来。　　3)co-dependencies这个词需要根据上下词义加之词根词缀来猜测出词义，因为下文指出是两者关系，所以可以翻译为“共存性”。 　　【参考译文】乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间(而不是其他)有着强烈的共存性。     作文　　Directions:　　Someinternationalstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.WritethemanemailinthenameoftheStudents'Unionto　　1)extendyourwelcomeand　　2)providesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.　　Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.　　Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,Use"LiMing"instead.　　Donotwritetheaddress.(10points).　　小作文范文　　Dearmyfriends,　　Iamwritingthislettertowelcomeyoutoouruniversity.Iexpectyoutoarriveherewithincreasingjoyaswellasexcitement.Itisofgreatpleasuretoanticipateyourcomingsoon.　　Asforeignstudents,youwillfindeverythingonourcampusquitedifferent,freshandalien.Therefore,afterarriving,youcantakefulladvantageofeveryopportunitytocommunicatewithusdirectlytobridgethegap.Tobemorespecific,theclimateinBeijingisconsiderablydifferentfromyourhometown,butyouwillsoongetaccustomedtolivinghere.Finally,Ihopetoaccompanyyouandintroducesomespecialoruniquecampuscharacteristicsandculturestoyousoastoletyoubetterunderstandourcollegelife.　　Weshallstrivetomakeyourvisitaspleasantaspossiblebyprovidingthebestserviceaswellassupportforyou.Allofourstudentsarelookingforwardtoyourearlycomingeagerly. Students’Union【参考范文】　　Dearinternationalstudents,　　IamthechairmanoftheStudents’Union.I’vejustreceivedtheemailsfromyouandgotthenewsthatyouwillcometoouruniversity.Firstly,I’dliketoshowourwarmwelcome.Onbehalfofouruniversityandallthestudentshere,Ireallylookforwardtoyourcoming.　　Inordertomakeallofyoufeelathome,herearesomeconductivesuggestions.Firstly,you’dbettertakesomewarmclotheswithyoubecauseitiswinterinChinanowanditisverycoldinBeijing.Secondly,IadviseyoutopreparesomerelevantknowledgeaboutChinesecultureforbetterunderstandinginclass.　　Ireallyhopeyou’llfindtheseproposalsuseful.AndI’mlookingforwardtoyourcoming!　　Yourssincerely,　　LiMing　　52.Directions:　　Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould　　describethedrawingbriefly.　　explainitsintendedmeaning,and 　　fiveyoucomments,　　YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)　　参考范文：　　Asisapparentlydrawninthisminiature,inthemiddlestandtwoindividuals,onefeelinggloomywhiletheotheroptimistic.TheChinesecharactersaboveinformourreadersofthemessagethatvariousfolkstakedifferentattitudestowardthesameevent.Howimpressivethisdrawingseemstobeindepictingoneofthemostprevalentthemesthatattitudesmakeeverythinginourlife.　　Aftercarefulreflectionandmediation,weexamineescometounderstandtheenlighteningdrawing.Icontendthatthisthought-provokingimageconveysoneprofoundlayerofimplicationconcerningattitudeoroptimism.Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthatlifeisbynomeansperfectandwhetherwefeeloptimisticornotdependsonwhatattitudeswetake.　　Whenconfrontedwithanadversesituation,someyouthsfeelinlowspiritsandfallintodepression.Others,onthecontrary,lookatthepositivesideofthesituationandremaincheerful.Asaconsequence,itisourattituderatherthanthesituationitselfthatdetermineshowwefeel.Inmypersonalsense,themessageappliestoouryouthsespecially.Insucharat-racesociety,everyoneisboundtoencounterhardshipsanddifficulties.Inthissense,Ishouldkeepanoptimisticattitudetopullthroughanyhardship.Justasafamousfigureputsit,itisourattitudethathaschangedeverythinginourlife.Ascanbeclearlyseenfromthevividpicture,infrontofatoppledbottelofwhichmostwaterinithasflowedout,amansays“thereisnoneleft,howunluckyIam”lookingratherupset,whileanothermanquicklypickedthisbottleup,saying“I’msuchaluckydog,thereisstillsomeleft”.Howvividthecartoonitis!Thetwomenshowquitedifferentperspectivestowardthesamesituation.　　Theimplicationconveyedinthiscartoonisthatdifferentperspectiveswetaketoexamproblemsweconfrontleadtodifferentattitutesoranswerstotheseproblems. Inthefirstplace,we’llfindtheproblemisverydifficulttohandlefromthepessimisticperspective.However,ifwechangeourwayofobservingproblems,wemayfindthatwecanmakesomeremedialworkeventoturnsomethingbadintogood.Inthisway,wecanfindsolutionsforanydifficulties.Everycoinhastwosides.Sowhynotchangeanangeltoobservetheproblemweencounter?　　Wheneverwefacewiththesituationlikethecartoon,whatweshoulddoistoobserveitpositively,especiallywhenweareexperiencingandencounteringsetbacks,onlyifwehavetheoptimisticattitude,canwebeboundtolivealifeofhappiness.2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题及答案详解SectionI  UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But__1___someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.__6__,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__,studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdo notcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso____14___tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles___18___moreexuberantlytofunnycartonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.1．[A]among      [B]except       [C]despite      [D]like2．[A]reflect      [B]demand      [C]indicate      [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing   [B]boosting      [C]impairing    [D]determining4．[A]transmit     [B]sustain       [C]evaluate     [D]observe5．[A]measurable  [B]manageable   [C]affordable    [D]renewable6．[A]Inturn      [B]Infact       [C]Inaddition    [D]Inbrief7．[A]opposite    [B]impossible    [C]average      [D]expected8．[A]hardens     [B]weakens      [C]tightens     [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate    [B]generate      [C]moderate    [D]enhance10．[A]physical    [B]mental       [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Exceptfor  [B]Accordingto  [C]Dueto       [D]Asfor12．[A]with       [B]on          [C]in          [D]at13．[A]unless     [B]until         [C]if          [D]because14．[A]exhausts   [B]follows       [C]precedes    [D]suppresses15．[A]into       [B]from         [C]towards     [D]beyond16．[A]fetch       [B]bite         [C]pick       [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited      [C]joyful      [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted     [B]catered      [C]turned      [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting   [B]requiring    [C]mentioning  [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually   [B]Consequently [C]Similarly   [D]Conversely SectionII  ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.”AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed”atatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,a classical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert’sappointmenthas[A]incurredcriticism.[B]raisedsuspicion.[C]receivedacclaim.[D]arousedcuriosity.22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.25.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled. Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,”McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn’talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:”Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”   Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.“Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted,”saysoneheadhunter.“Thepeople who’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong.”26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives’quittingmaybespurredby[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.28.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans[A]approvedof.[B]attendedto.[C]huntedfor.[D]guardedagainst.29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.[D]it’ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]CEOs:WheretoGo?[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid”media–suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements–stillplaya majorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’spaidmedia–forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.31.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhentheyare[A]obscssedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites. [B]inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.[D]enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature[A]asafebusinessenvironment.[B]randomcompetition.[C]strongusertraffic.[D]flexibilityinorganization.33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.[D]deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.34.ToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.[B]Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.[D]Popularityofownedmedia.Text4It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,”isarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhough theday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“JenniferAnistonispregnant”news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn’tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel”mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring[A]temporarydelight[B]enjoymentinprogress[C]happinessinretrospect [D]lastingreward37.WelearnfromParagraph2that[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.38.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.[C]failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.But theregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducation”shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread”-theyformasortofsocialglue.[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor’sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.[D]OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.[E]Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable.”Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge. [F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.”Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.”Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.”Yetquitehowthathappens,MrMenanddosenotsay.[G]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,”creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare.”Achievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdon’t“get”successbutbecomeit. Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.PartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonotmakeaperson,theyrevealhim.”(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.This,however,wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanity wouldneverhaveprogressed.     Infat,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,aperson’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.ThesoberingaspectofAllen’sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:Writealettertoafriendofyoursto1)recommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesand2)givereasonsforyourrecommendationYourshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheleter.User“LIMING”instead.Donotwritertheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160---200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainit’sintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments. YourshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)旅程之“余”2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解SectionIUseofEnglish1-5CDBBA6-10BADCA11-15BCDCB16-20DADAC1.C解析：语义逻辑题。第一句含义是“古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”，第二句意思是“但是      一些人提出相反的意见，轻笑可能对身体健康影响极小”，两句之间是转折关系，A、B、C、D四个选项中只有C选项表转折“尽管”，故是正确选项。2.D解析：语义辨析题。上下文语境是“笑确实能     短期的改变”。A.reflect“反映”，B.demand“要求”，C.indicate“表明，暗示”，D.produce“产生”，只有D选项符合语境，所以是正确答案。3.B 解析：语义搭配题。文中提到“笑能够     心律呼吸速率。”A.stabilizing意思是“安定，稳定”，B.boosting“促进，推进”，C.impairing“损害，削弱”，D.determining“决定”，根据语境应该是“笑能够促进心律呼吸速率”，B为正确答案。4.B解析：语义辨析题。这句话意思是“但是因为大笑很难    ，一次狂笑不可能……”，四个选项的含义分别是A.transmit“传播”，B.sustain“维持”，C.evaluate“评估”，D.observe“观察”，根据语境，只有B.sustain符合语境。5.A解析：语义辨析题。这句话意思是“一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生     益处。”A.measurable“重大的，重要的”，B.manageable“易控制的”，C.affordable“负担得起的”，D.renewable“可再生的”，四个选项中能和“益处”搭配的只有A.measurable，故是正确答案。6.B解析：逻辑分析题。第二段第一句是说“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了……作用”，对上文有承接还有转折的关系，A.Inturn意思是“轮流”，C.Inaddition是“另外”，D.Inbrief意思是“简而言之”，都不符合语境，只有B.Infact“事实上”符合上下文语境，是正确选项。7.A解析：语义逻辑题。第二段第二句的意思是说“笑可以放松肌肉，在狂笑平息之后45分钟内会降低肌肉张力”，跟上文中的“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉”是相反的关系，所以A.opposite是正确选项。8.D解析：语义搭配题。空格前后面是“笑    肌肉”，A.hardens“使变硬”，B.weakens“减少”，C.tightens“是变紧”，D.relaxes“放松”，因为上文提到了“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确实起到了相反的作用”。“拉紧”的反义词只有D.relaxes，故正确。9.C解析：语义搭配题。这句话的意思是“这样的身体放松可能会帮助   心理紧张状态的影响。”A.aggravate“加剧，恶化”，B.generate“使形成，发生”，C.moderate“节制，减轻”，D.enhance“增加”，根据上下文语境，只能是“减轻心理压力”，故C是正确选项。10.A 解析：语义逻辑题。这句话的意思是“笑的行为毕竟可能会产生其他形式的    反馈来提高个体的情绪状态。”其中提到“笑的行为”，它是一种身体上的行为，后面提到“其他  反馈”，应该是和“笑”相呼应的，故正确选项是A。11.B　　解析：词义辨析题。根据已知信息推测，应该是“根据一个经典的情绪理论，……”A.Exceptfor表示“除了……”，它引出一个与前面的词相反的原因或者事例；B.Accordingto“根据，按照”，表示依据，后面常跟表示理论、思想之类的词，是正确答案。C.Dueto“由于，因为”后面跟一般原因，D.Asfor“至于，就……方面说”用以转换话题和表现态度，故排除。12.C解析：固定搭配题。berootedin是固定词组表示“来源于……”berooted跟其它选项不搭配使用，故排除。13.D解析：逻辑关系题。这句话的意思是“人们不会  他们伤心而哭，但当开始流泪时他们才变得伤心。”伤心和哭之间是因果关系，所以答案应该是D.because。14.C解析：词义辨析/语义逻辑题。解题关键although。although表示假设，让步。由上文提到当人们流泪时才觉得伤心可知，伤心在流泪之后。这里要说另一种情况“伤心也会在流泪之前”而A.exhausts“使筋疲力尽；使疲惫不堪”，B.follows“跟随”C.precedes“先于，表示在……之前发生(或出现)”；D.suppresses“压制；阻止；抑制”，语义不符。15.B解析：词义辨析题。由已知信息可知原文要表达“证据显示情绪是肌肉反映的结果”A.into“进入……中，到……里”B.from“来自”表原因，符合表达需要，故为正确答案。C.towards向，朝D.beyond“超出，超过”意思不符合，故排除。16.D解析：词义辨析题。A.fetch“取来”，B.bite“咬，叮”，C.pick“采，摘”，D.hold“拿，抱，握住”，根据上下文信息可知该实验要求志愿者用牙咬住或者用嘴含住一支笔。hold的意思最符合。17.A解析：词义辨析/语义逻辑题。由已知信息“用嘴含住一支笔”推测，这个动作会产生一种失望的表情A.disappointed“失望的”意思最符合，B.excited“兴奋的”，C.joyful“快乐的”，D.indifferent“漠不关心的”都不符合语境，故排除。 18.D解析：词义辨析题。A.adaptedto“变得习惯于……,使适应于……”，B.cateredto“迎合，满足某种需要或要求”，C.turned……to“转向”，D.reactedto“对……作出反应”，根据原文表达需要“在观看有趣的动画片时……”此处正确选项是D.reactedto。19.A解析：词义辨析题。根据前文信息，由前面的实验结果“那些被强制锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴唇皱着表情失望的人在观看有趣的动画片时反应更加丰富”，我们可以推断出一个结论A.suggesting表明，后接结论的句子，符合要求，故为正确答案。B.requiring“需要，要求”，   C.mentioning“提到”，D.supposing“假定，假设”都不符合上下文语境，故排除。20.C解析：逻辑分析题。上文提到了“表情而不是其他的方式可能会影响情绪”，后文又提到了“笑的生理行为可以使心情好转”，前后句解释的是同一种情况。A.Eventually和B.Consequently，都是作为“总结”的副词，D.Conversely表示“相反”，只有C.Similarly“相似的是”，符合上下文逻辑，是正确选项。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartATextOne21.C解析：推断题。本题要求根据文章第一段，判断社会对Gilbert的任命有什么回应和反响。根据原文第一段第二句“Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,…”和“Hooray!Atlast!”可知回应是积极的，因此正确答案是[C]receivedacclaim(得到称赞)。22.B解析：细节题。根据Tommasini在第二段对Gilbert的评论：callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim”，可知Tommasini认为Gilbert是anunpretentiousmusician。unpretentious由un(否定前缀)和pretentious构成，考生看到pretentious可以想到pretend(假装，作假)，那么可推出unpretentious是“不做假的，不虚饰或矫揉造作的”，答案[B]modest(谦逊的)意思最为接近，故[B]项为正确答案。23.D解析：推断题。本题考查作者对于现场表演的虔诚追随者的观点态度。从文章第三段可知，作者自己选择听唱片/录音而不是听现场音乐会。第四段开头作者提到，devotedconcertgoers认为“录音不能代替现场表演”，但作者认为devotedconcertgoersaremissingthe point(现场表演虔诚的追随者没有切中要害)，之后是论据支持作者的观点，作者认为Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances，即录音便宜、容易得到，且通常比今天的现场音乐会有更高的艺术品质。[D]项overestimatethevalueofliveperformances(高估了现场表演的价值)是对作者对于devotedconcertgoers观点的高度概括，故为正确答案。24.D解析：推断题。关于recordings，作者主要在第四段加以论述。从第四段第三句“Theserecordingsarecheap，availableeverywhere…”和第四段最后一句“thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbrought…。”很容易推断出选项[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic(大众很容易就能得到这些唱片)为正确答案。25.A解析：态度题。本题考查作者对于Gilbert在振兴交响乐团中的作用是什么态度。文章最后一段，尤其是最后三句提到，“Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract。”很明显作者认为“Gilbert与众不同的实质仅仅是增加了管弦乐队的节目，这是不够的”，“Gilbert和thePhilharmonic要想成功，还必须做一些事情”，由此可知作者不满意Gilbert在振兴交响乐团中的作用。故[A]项doubtful(怀疑的)为正确答案。TextTwo26.B解析：细节题。题目问到“当McGee宣布他离开时，对他的态度可以最好的描述为   。”文章首段首句提到，“WhenLiamMcGeedeparted…,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup。”，即“当LiamMcGee离开时，他的解释是直率的”，后文具体描述时还提到，“Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaid…”，即“他不是用通常模糊的理由掩饰他的离开，而是坦率地说……”，所以正确答案为[B]项frank(坦率的)，是对文中“straightup”和“rightout”的同义替换。27.D解析：细节题。本题问驱使高级管理人员离职的可能原因。文章第二段首先谈到，McGee思考他想要经营什么样的公司，他的离职给外界传递了他的aspirations(渴望)。第三句AndMcGeeisn’talone。谈到不光McGee是这种情况，言外之意是“很多高级管理人员是同样的情况”，下面举例谈到“…theNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpress…quitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost”，即高管辞职是因为他们有新的渴望，追求新的职业目标。故[D]项theirpursuitofnewcareergoals(他们追求新的职业目标)为正确答案。 28.C解析：词义题。第四段首句是该段中心句，谈到辞去高级职位寻找更好职位的决定不是常规的。后文围绕该中心句论述。要推断的词poached出现在该段第二句中：ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached。意思是“多年来高官们和猎头坚持这一原则：最新吸引人的CEO候选人一定会……”，从含义上我们可以推断出bepoached的含义为“被寻找、被注意到、被重视”的意思。故从[B]项和[C]项中选答案。考虑到[C]项中的huntedfor含义正确，且是文中出现的headhunters和search的同义替换，证据确凿，故为正确答案。干扰项：[A]项approvedof(被赞成)、[B]项attendedof(被照顾、被看护)含义不准确。[D]项guardedagainst(被预防)与原文意思相反。29.A解析：推断题。该段第二句提到，Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone，意思是金融危机使得跳槽或离开糟糕的岗位更可被接受。后面引用一个猎头的话进一步证明这一观点，猎头说：传统的规则认为呆在原地更安全，但是这已经从根本上改变了。那些最受伤的人们是那些呆最长时间的人。[A]项topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts(高管过去常常坚持他们的岗位)是对文中“Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertosaywhereyouare,butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted”的同义替换。30.C解析：本文以LiamMcGee的故事开头，他宣布离职的方式非常坦率，两周后找到了新职位。第二段继续谈到，McGee在没有找到新职位的情况下离开，这给了他思考未来的时间，同他一样，高管们离职的原因是要去追求新的职业目标。第三段中心是，高管们更愿意在没有新职位的情况下跳槽。第四段的中心是辞去高级职位然后去寻找更好的工作不是常规做法。第五段谈到没有工作就跳槽的那些人并不总是很快就有高职位。第六段讲如今跳槽或离开不好的工作更为可取。文章一直在重复一个主题“高管们辞职后再去找新工作”，故[C]项TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet(高管们在没有新工作的情况下辞职)为正确答案。文中的“McGeeleavingwithoutapositionlinedup，deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet，toquitapositiontolookforabetterone，jumpwithoutajob”都在重复这个主题。TextThree31.D解析：细节题。题目“当消费者______时，可能会造就‘免费’媒体”。定位到第一段第三句前半句话“Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned”mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends”，意思是“消费者由于很喜欢某个产品，故主动地将之向朋友推荐，由此造就了‘免费’媒体”，选项[D]enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts(热衷于向朋友推荐他们最喜欢的产品)。 32.C解析：细节推断题。题目“由第二段可知，收费媒体的特点是_____”。定位到第二段第四句“Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-ecommerceengineswithinthatenvrionment”，由此句可知收费媒体(soldmedia)是指那些流量非常大的免费媒体，由于他们的流量如此之大以至于其他的机构也乐于把自己的产品信息或者电子上午引擎置于这些免费媒体中，于是就会向免费媒体购买广告位置(结合本段第三句理解)，由此可知选项[C]strongusertraffic(强大的用户流量)为正确答案。干扰项：[A]asafebusinessenvironment(安全的商业环境)[B]randomcompetition(自由竞争)[D]flexibilityinorganization(组织灵活)均非文中信息，无中生有。33.B解析：细节题。题目“第三段中，作者认为免费媒体______”。第三段提到免费媒体提供便利的同时，也带来了风险，比如可能被利用去传播某个品牌或产品的负面信息，由此可知选项[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing(可能会被用来制造对营销不利的负面影响)正符合此意。34.A解析：例证题。题目“ToyotaMotor是一个_______的例子”。定位到末段，末段主要提到热情的消费者可能会号召其他人抵制某个产品，威胁到产品所属公司的名声，这时公司的回应有可能不够迅速、周到。这是本段的核心信息。接下来就拿ToyotaMotor举例，举例中提到这个公司在公司名声遇到如上提到的危机情况时作出的反应，且成功减轻了危害程度。由此可知，例子是对本段中心句的一个反面例子论证公司对hijackedmedia的反应。故选项[A](有效地回应被劫持利用的媒体)为正确答案。35.A解析：主旨题。题目“这篇文化在那个主要讲述的是______”。本文首段第三句就提出文章中心“companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia”，即虽然传统收费媒体仍在发挥重大作用，但是现今的公司可以去选择其他媒体形式。后文主要是介绍其他可选择的媒体形式，并对其作出评论。故选项[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia(与传统收费媒体对应的其他媒体形式)为正确答案。TextFour36.C解析：细节题。题目“JeniferSenior在她的文章中认为养育孩子可以带来_____”。定位到第一段第二句“Seniorsuggeststhatweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tense condition”，意思是说我们应该把幸福看作为一种“过去时”的状态，而不应该把它看作为一种可以即时即地的快乐。最后一句补充道，那些一开始让我们情绪低落的事情，后来可能会是强烈的满足和快乐感的来源。由此可知，选项[C]happinessinretrospect(幸福的回忆、回顾往事时的幸福感)为正确答案。37.D解析：推断题。题目“由第二段可知_____”。定位到第二段。第二段是承接第一段中心“养育孩子能成为后来幸福快乐的源泉”而来的，符合中心表达的意思。而且在第三段首句接着第二段提到“inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation(在一个如此赞扬生育的社会中)”，这是一个承上启下的句子，是对第二段的总结，也符合第一段以及第二段对养育孩子的正面评价。故选项[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic(养育孩子受到大众的高度重视)，是对原文赞扬生育的同义替换，为正确答案。38.A解析：细节推断题。题目“由第三段可知，无儿女的人们会_____”。第三段最后一句but后面的信息提到，不幸福但育有儿女的父母很少会遭到挑衅，而去思考他们当初是不是不应该要孩子，但是不幸福且无儿女的人们经常会受到一个信息的困扰，即孩子是世界上唯一最重要的事情。后面又补充道，很明显正是没有孩子这一人生中的空白导直接导致了他们的痛苦。故选项[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism(常常是指责的对象)符合此意，为正确答案。39.D解析：细节题。题目中“名人杂志传达的信息是_____”。定位到原文第四段第一句“theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic”，名人杂志中为人父母的形象是非常不现实的。选项[D]misleading(误导的)是对原文unrealistic的同义替换。干扰选项：[A]soothing(抚慰的，令人宽心的)、[B]ambiguous(模糊的)、[C]compensatory(补偿的)均为无中生有。40.B解析：推断题。题目“从最后一段我们可以推断出如下哪个选项”。定位到最后一段转折处“Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourownsatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesaywaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting‘theRachel’mightmakeusjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAnniston”，意思为我们每周看到的名人形象(没有压力、提升幸福感的名人形象)会使我们潜意识中对现实经历有所不满。由此可知，选项[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedoutattitudetowardschildrearing(名人妈妈形象影响了我们对抚养孩子的态度)是正确的。干扰选项：[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms(生育孩子对名PartB 41.B解析：从给出的开头段落G，可以看出这是一篇介绍LouisMenand的书TheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversity和他的观点的文章，紧接着下面就应该讲他书中阐释的问题和他的观点，B选项中开头一句提到hisconcern，暗示提出问题，指出美国大学存在的主要问题。从结构上来看，B选项内容能够合理地与G选项衔接，故41题正确答案为B选项。42.D解析：文章的主题是关于“humanities”。上一段提出大学人文学科正走向没落，所以下面就紧接着应该解释出现这种现象的原因，42项答案即D或者E，但因为E在后一项给出，且有连接词Besides可知，42为D。此外，D选项中首句出现的separate一词，与E选项中thisseparation正好构成关联，故42题应选D选项。43.A解析：A选项指出，没有哪门专业化学科像人文学科这样，需要倾注如此多的热情，之后提到获得人文学科的博士学位，需要9年的时间，这一信息可对应E选项中的theacquisitionofadoctoral，从结构和内容构成了合理的衔接，所以43题应选择A。44.C解析：依据43题的选项A，说人文学科获得博士学位的时间长，需要倾注很大的热情，所以高达一半的英语博士生在获得学位之前辍学就毫不奇怪了。从剩下的选项中，首先排除F，因为F的“conclude”可知F项应为全文的总结。从C的“Equallyunsurprisingly，onlyabouthalfendupwiththejobstheyenteredgraduateschooltoget:tenuredprofessorships。”可知，C是紧接着A，所以44题选C。45.F解析：由F选项内容可知，该段进行总结说明，往往也出现在文章末尾，应将F选项放在文章末段，故F选项为45题的答案。PartCTranslation46.Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare---thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts---andrevealitserroneousnature。【考查分析】本题考点：同位语从句，定语从句【答案解析】本句的主干是Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionandrevealitserroneousnature。破折号后面的that引导同位语从句，对前面的assumption解释说明。Weallshare是定语从句，修饰assumption。 【参考译文】我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。47.Whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”【考查分析】本题考点：状语从句【答案解析】本句结构特别清晰，主干是Whilewemaybeabletosustain….,wearefacedwithaquestion…。while引导让步状语从句，后面“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”是question的具体内容。本句采用顺译法。【参考译文】我们或许只通过意识就能维持这种控制的幻觉，但事实上，我们却总是面临一个问题：我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情，实现那个目标呢？48.Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom。【答案解析】本句的主体结构为：Thisseemsajustificationandarationalization。本句的难点在于运用很多介词短语作后置定语，介词短语套介词短语，使得宾语非常复杂。“forneglectofthoseinneed”修饰“justification”、“ofexploration”、“ofthesuperiority”“oftheinferiority”修饰rationalization。而“ofthoseatthetop”和“ofthoseatthebottom”又分别修饰superiority和inferiority。【参考译文】这种说法似乎为忽视需要帮助的人找到了借口，使剥削合理化，令上层人优越，底层人卑微。49.circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinus,andifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation。【考查分析】本题考点：并列从句，定语从句。【答案解析】本句主体结构是：circumstancesseemtobedesignedto….,andifwefeelthat…thenweareunlikelyto…“环境好像是为…,而设计，如果我们感受到…,我们就不可能…”；“bringout”是产生、使…显示出来；“wronged”是“被冤枉，被委屈”的意思，“be(un)likelytodo”(不)可能做某事；【参考译文】环境似乎旨在激发我们的最大潜能，如果我们总感觉“上天不公”，那么不太可能会自觉地努力脱离现状。50.Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.  【考查分析】本题考点：主系表结构、分词短语的用法、连词where引导的状语从句。【答案解析】本句主体结构为Theupsideisthepossibilities，译为“正面意义在于可能性”。Containedinknowingthateverythingisuptous，是过去分词结构作后置定语。分号后面是一个有连词where引导的状语从句。Where在这里是“在某种情况下(inwhatsituation,towhatpoint)的意思。【参考译文】积极的一面是，既然万事都取决于我们，那么就有无限可能。以前，我们能够熟练应对种种局限；现在，我们把握着未来的可能。SectionIIIWriting51.小作文小作文范文：Dearfriend,Iamwriting,withouthesitation,toshareoneofmyfavoritemovies,ForestGump,withyou,whichisnotonlyconducivetoyourstudy,butalsobeneficialtoyourlife。Foronething,thebeautifullanguageinthisoriginalEnglishmoviemaycontributetoyourstudyofEnglishinlistening,speaking,readingandwriting.Foranotherthing,theprofoundculturalelementsimplicitinthescenewillequipyouwithforeignculturalbackgroundand,aboveall,enrichyourdailylife。Wouldyouliketoseethismovieaftermyrecommendation?Remembertotellmeyouropinionaboutthemovie.Iamlookingforwardtoyourearlyreply。Yours,LiMing写作技巧清晰的三段式层次，合情合理，语言要直接，态度真诚，语气随和。第一段，点明写信的目的是推荐电影。信函开头的可套用句型为：Iamwritingtoyoutorecommend…for…Itakegreatpleasureinrecommendingtoyou…as…Iwouldliketopresent…foryourconsiderationin…Withreferencetoyourrequirements,Ishall,withoutreservation,recommend…as…。 第二段，简要概括推荐该电影的原因。Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,…从两个角度提出……；第三段，再次建议，并盼望回复。可套用句型：Iamconvincedthatyouarewillingtoseethismovieaftermyenthusiasticrecommendation。Yourpromptattentiononmyrecommendationswillbehighlyappreciated。52.大作文大作文范文：Theterriblescenedepictedinthecartoonshowsthatsomepeopleinourlifestilllacktheawarenessofenvironmentalprotection.Thepictureillustratesthattwotouristsarechattingandeatinghappilyonaboatandcasuallythrowingtheirrubbishintothelakewhichisfulloflitterandwaste.Thedrawingsetsusthinkingtoomuchduetoitsfar-reachinginfluence。Nowadays,thoughtheawarenessofprotectingenvironmentisbeingacceptedbymoreandmorepeople,wecanstillseemanyunpleasantscenesespeciallyinscenicspots.Whydoesthisphenomenonarise?Manyfactorsareaccountingforit.Firstandforemost,tosomepeople,theconsciousnessofprotectingenvironmentisstillnotsostrong.Theymaynotthinkitisabigdealtothrowrubbisheverywhere.Inaddition,theenvironmentalmanagementsystemisn’tsosatisfying.Forexample,insomeplacesthere’refewregulationsortheimplementationisseldomperformedactually。Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,itisurgenttotakesomeeffectiveandrelativemeasures.Inthefirstplace,weshouldcontinuetoconductmorepropagandaincommunitiesandschoolssoastoletpeoplerealizetheimportanceofprotectingenvironment.Inthesecond,morerulesshouldbemadeandcarriedoutbythegovernmenttorestraintheconductionofdestroyingenvironment.Peopleshouldworktogethertocreatecleanandbeautifulsurroundings。写作技巧Theterriblescenedepictedinthecartoonshowsthat…Thedrawingsetsusthinkingtoomuchdueto…Manyfactorsareaccountingfor…2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlightingworkers'productivity.Instead,thestudiesendedgivingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect",theextremelyinfluentialideathattheverytobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior.TheideaarosebecauseofthebehaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingtooftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnotwhatwasdoneintheexperiment;somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobetoalterworkers'behavioritself.Afterseveraldecades,thesamedataweretoeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestorethedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematicwasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehavelettointerpretationofwhathapped.,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,outputrosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayandtoriseforthenextcoupleofdays.,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workerstobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,beforeaplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown.1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored 2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous5.[A]requirements[B]explanation[C]accounts[D]assessments6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]peculiarto13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hitting　　SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage. Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby [A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radicalviewpoints.23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemoryText2Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon.comreceivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwouldusea particularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"averybigdeal",saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt",saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction [C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.28.Theword"about-face"(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdignity29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"twostepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuch cases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.AnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrendsIntheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall"globalcascades"–thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks–isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction.31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics[B]discussinfluentials'functioninspreadingideas[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowtheory"[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems [B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention34.Theunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheoneswho[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersText4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwill bedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives."Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagement."EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem [C]thebanks'long-termassetlosses[D]theweakeningofitsindependence38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'sattemptto[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere"onthewrongplanet"inthatthey[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPartBDirections:ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent. Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscale,existinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon'teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas"horeca":hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe'swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000—morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthe competitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.41→42→43→44→E→45PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit.Weinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon"worthless"species.Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaletopayastimbercrops.(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue, butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,Ithink,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"postgraduateassociation"instead.PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points) 2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer'spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitflytoliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhatbulbsburnlonger,thatthereisaninnotbeingtooterrificallybright.Intelligence,itout,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslowthestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey'veapparentlylearnediswhento.Isthereanadaptivevaluetointelligence?That'sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglanceatallthespecieswe'veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhattherealofourownintelligencemightbe.ThisisthemindofeveryanimalI'veevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswouldonhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethatanimalsranthelabs,theywouldtestustothelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.,theywouldhopetostudyaquestion:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?theresultsareinconclusive.1.[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened 3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D]priority5.[A]insistson[B]sumsup[C]turnsout[D]putsforward6.[A]off[B]behind[C]over[D]along7.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D]gradual8.[A]fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think9.[A]invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D]different10.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D]backward11.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs12.[A]outside[B]on[C]by[D]across13.[A]deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D]apply14.[A]bychance[B]incontrast[C]asusual[D]forinstance15.[A]if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest16.[A]moderate[B]overcome[C]determine[D]reach17.[A]at[B]for[C]after[D]with18.[A]Aboveall[B]Afterall[C]However[D]Otherwise19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile20.[A]Byaccident[B]Intime[C]Sofar[D]BetterstillDirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,"WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe 19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword"habit"carriesanegativeconnotation.Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they'retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads."Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,"saysDawnaMarkova,authorof"TheOpenMind"andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners."Butwearetaughtinsteadto'decide,'justasourpresidentcallshimself'theDecider.' "Sheadds,however,that"todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities."Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought."ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,"explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book"ThisYearIWill..."andMs.Markova'sbusinesspartner."That'saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence."Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing________.A.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe________A.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided23."ruts"(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto________A.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections24.Ms.Markova'scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting ________?A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformedB,nolongeremphasizescommonnessC,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodelD,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem25.RyanmostprobablyagreethatA.ideasarebornofarelaxingmindB.innovativenesscouldbetaughtC.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideasD.curiosityactivatescreativemindsText2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe'sthekid'sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily'sgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical,"Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,"saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather'slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonly oneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon'trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK's___________.[A]easyavailability[B]flexibilityinpricing[C]successfulpromotion[D]popularitywithhouseholds27.PTKisusedto__________.[A]locateone'sbirthplace[B]promotegeneticresearch[C]identifyparent-childkinship[D]choosechildrenforadoption28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.[A]tracedistantancestors[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines[C]fullyusegeneticinformation[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis__________.[A]disorganizeddatacollection[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding [C]excessivesamplecomparison[D]lackofpatentevaluation30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe__________.[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting[B]DNAtestingandIt'sproblems[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab[D]liesbehindDNAtestingText3Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHondaNissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts--aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexamininghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry'swork.Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon'tforceit.Afterall,that'showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn'thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings. Aseducationimproved,humanity'sproductivitypotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn'tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld'sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn'tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.31.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportantofeducationinpoorcountries___________.[A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts[B]hasfallenvictimofbias[C]isconventionaldowngraded[D]hasbeenoverestimated32.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem__________.[A]challengeseconomistsandpoliticians[B]takeseffortsofgenerations[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment[D]requiressufficientlaborforce33.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.Sworkforcesisthat__________.[A]theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined[B]theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive[C]theU.Sworkforcehasabettereducation[D]theU.Sworkforceismoreorganize34.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged__________.[A]whenpeoplehadenoughtime [B]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood[C]whenpeopleonlongerwenthung[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation__________.[A]resultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironments[B]doesnotdependoneconomicperformance[C]followsimprovedproductivity[D]cannotaffordpoliticalchangesText4Themostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas"Somuchimportantattachedtointellectualpursuits"Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland'sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans'theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.`BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,TherewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,Theinthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesaw wouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:"comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople."OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane's,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion."Ourmainendwastocatchfish."36.Theauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland___________.[A]Puritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife.[B]intellectualinterestswereencouraged.[C]Politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors.[D]intellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment.37.Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNewEnglanders__________.[A]experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory.[B]broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld[C]paidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallife[D]wereobsessedwithreligiousinnovations38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay__________.[A]werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings[B]gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs[C]abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld[D]createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland39.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften__________.[A]influencedbysuperstitions[B]troubledwithreligiousbeliefs[C]puzzledbychurchsermons[D]frustratedwithfamilyearnings 40.ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland__________.[A]weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities[B]weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect[C]camefromdifferentbackgrounds.[D]leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreferencePartBDirections:Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions(41-45),choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.41.____________.AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan,alongwithTylor,wasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.42._____________.Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.43._____________.Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.44._______________.HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.45.________________.Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistÉmileDurkheimdevelopeda theoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture—knownasfunctionalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe"survivalofthefittest,"inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople'ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren'sentranceintoadulthood.[E]Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.[G]Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.(46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience; butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.(47)Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.(48)Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.(49)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.(50)Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:Restrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions."Whitepollution"isstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspapertogiveyouropinionsbrieflyandmaketwoorthreesuggestionsYoushouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.PartB 52.Directions:Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points) 2009年考研英语真题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.B2.A3.D4.B5.C6.A7.D8.C9.B10.D11.D12.B13.C14.D15.A16.C17.B18.A19.A20.CSectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.C22.D23.A24.D25.A26.A27.C28.D29.A30.B31.D32.B33.B34.C35.C36.B37.B38.D39.A40.CPartB(10points)41.C42.E43.A44.B45.GPartC(10points)46.虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。47.人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这—副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢。48.虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。49.由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不禁要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。50.这就使我们得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接讲授或学校教育。SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文DearEditor: Iamwritingthislettertodrawyourattentiontothedeterioratingsituationof“whitepollution”insomeregionsdespitetheimplementationofrestrictionsontheuseofplasticbags.Inordertoputaneffectivestoptothewidespreadof“whitepollution”,Iwouldliketomakethefollowingsuggestions.Firstly,thepriceofplasticbagsshouldbefurtherraised;Secondly,specialgovernmentdepartmentsshouldbeestablishedtosupervisethemakingandusingofplasticbagstoensuretheyareusedwhenreallyneeded.Ihopemysuggestionswouldbeofhelpandthankyouforyourattention.SincerelyYoursLiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文Vividlydepictedinthecartoonisaraceofhumansonasocialnetworkthatareisolatedintheirownlittlecubicles.Theyareallsittinginfrontoftheircomputers,connectedtoeachotherthroughtheInternetandtheirdevotedlooksandposturesshowedtheiraddictiontotheInternet.Thiscartoon,Ibelieve,intendstodrawourattentionstothenegativeeffectstheInternethasbroughttoourdailylifeasitbringsinsomebenefits,suchaseasyaccesstoinformation,instantcommunicationwithpeoplefromafarandcheapcostofcommunication.ThemorepeoplearehookedtotheNet,themoreisolatedtheyarefromtherealworld.SincepeoplecaneasilypretendtheiridentitiesontheInternet,everythingonlinebecomesillusiveanduntrustworthy.TheInternet,whichwasintendedtobringpeopleclosertoeachother,ineffectpreventspeoplefrommakingrealacquaintancesthatonecanmakewithacasualexchangeofgreetingsandeye-contactinaface-to-facecommunication.Seriousconsequences,suchasfearofreal-timeinteractions,onlinecheatingorblackmailing,mayfollowiftheuseoftheInternetisnotbroughtundersystematiccontrol.IstronglysuggestthatpeopleonlyusetheInternetfornecessarybusinesstransactionsandpersonalcontactswiththosetheyhavealreadyknownfacetoface. 2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranistosayitanyway.Heisthatbird,ascientistwhoworksindependentlyanyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnotthoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.he,however,mighttrembleattheofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonlythatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.ThegroupinareaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,12-15pointsabovethevalueof100,andhavecontributedtotheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,astheoftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeentosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionofeducation.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehasthemtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthisstateofaffairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare 3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1 Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress. [D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.22.Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.[D]areexposedtomorestress.23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe[A]domesticandtemporary.[B]irregularandviolent.[C]durableandfrequent.[D]trivialandrandom.24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthat[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.[B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut?[B]ResponsestoStress:GenderDifference[C]StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay[D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,the editorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet–andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit–ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch. [B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.28.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.29.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto[A]coverthecostofitspublication.[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit.[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople–especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations–apparentlyreached theirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients–notably,protein–tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight–5′9″formen,5′4″forwomen–hasn’treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”31.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto[A]illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.[B]showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S..[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.[D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.32.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?[A]Geneticmodification.[B]Naturalenvironment. [C]Livingstandards.[D]Dailyexercise.33.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.[B]Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.[C]Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.[D]Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.34.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture[A]thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.[B]thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.[C]genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.[D]theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.35.Thetextintendstotellusthat[A]thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.[B]humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.Text4In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw–havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethat manyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong–andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“likehavingalargebankaccount,”saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution,”includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings’schildren–thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.36.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedto[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.[B]demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.[C]stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.37.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat[A]DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.[B]initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.[C]historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson’slife.[D]politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.38.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson? [A]Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.[B]Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.[C]Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.[D]Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.39.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.[B]Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.[C]Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.[D]Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.40.Washington’sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis[A]moralconsiderations.[B]militaryexperience.[C]financialconditions.[D]politicalstand.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41)是大家网原创出品Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.(42)是大家网原创出品Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. (43)是大家网原创出品Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)是大家网原创出品Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote“TheA&PasaStateofMind”wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45)是大家网原创出品Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes–andthenagain–workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.[A]Tomakerevisingeasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentences,andcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C]It’sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[E]Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P “policy”heenforces.[F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin“A&P,”thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies.[G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Inhisautobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe“OriginofSpecies”isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat“Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree.”(49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewas“superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.”Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:“NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.” (50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:YouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicCDinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntoBob,yourlandlordthere.Writehimaletterto1)makeanapology,and2)suggestasolution.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points) 2008年考研英语真题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.A7.B8.D9.B10.C11.B12.D13.A14.C15.D16.D17.C18.A19.B20.ASectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.A22.D23.C24.B25.D26.D27.C28.A29.A30.B31.A32.C33.B34.D35.C36.D37.B38.C39.A40.BPartB(10points)41.D42.G43.A44.C45.EPartC(10points)46.他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不对自己要说的每句话都经过长时间的认真思考，从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。47.他还坚持认为自己进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此他也认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。48.另一方面，某些人批评他虽然善于观察，却不具备推理能力，而他认为这种说法也是缺乏根据的。49.他又自谦的说，或许自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物，并对其加以仔细观察方面优于常人”。50.达尔文确信，没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣，而且可能会有损于一个人的思维能力，更有可能导致一个人道德品质的下降。SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文（略）PartB(20points) 52.参考范文 2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20millionofthesenationslookedtothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependencetheidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careerstotalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,thetoprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbyasetoflaws.Ontheissueofofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,,therewaslessagreementtheleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyonebytheSpanishcrown.mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicismtheofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendtheofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallyingfortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhadinreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’scolonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuchbecausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwasself-ruleanddemocracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples（B） [D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly（D）[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained（A）[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open（C）[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right（C）[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously（D）[D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular（B）[D]typical 8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact（A）[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed（B）[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about[C]among（C）[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted（A）[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless（D）[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under（A）[D]against14.[A]spread [B]interference[C]exclusion（C）[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea（B）[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected（D）[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining（C）[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier（A）[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed（B）[D]preferred20.[A]puzzledby[B]hostileto [C]pessimisticabout（D）[D]unpreparedforSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome. Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers–whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming–arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.21.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.[C]introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance.（C）[D]explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.22.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.（B）[D]excitement.23.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.[C]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.（A）[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.24.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.[B]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.（D）[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriesto convey?[A]“Faithwillmovemountains.”[B]“Onereapswhatonesows.”[C]“Practicemakesperfect.”（C）[D]“Likefather,likeson.”Text2Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,but underhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?[A]Answeringphilosophicalquestions.[B]Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.[C]Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.（D）[D]Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.27.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?[A]PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.[B]MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.[C]Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.（C）[D]Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.28.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant’sbecause[A]thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.[B]creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.[C]vosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.（A）[D]thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.29.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat[A]testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sability.[B]IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.[C]testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.（A）[D]traditionaltestareoutofdate.30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtests?[A]Supportive. [B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.（B）[D]Biased.Text3Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback–aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen–andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent–andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance–havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.31.Today’sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat [A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.（C）[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.32.AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave[A]ahighersenseofsecurity.[B]lesssecuredpayments.[C]lesschancetoinvest.（B）[D]aguaranteedfuture.33.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.[C]compensateforthereducedpensions.（D）[D]increasethefamilies’investmentrisk.34.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.[B]themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges.[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.（C）[D]financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict（B）[D]TheMiddleClassinRuinsText4 Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem–especiallyinAmerica–thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear–fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley–haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset,”saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool.“Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders.”Indeed,justasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP),perhapsitistimeforGASP,GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPractices,suggestedEliNoamofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool.“Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,redundancy,andrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnicalone,”hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore–andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged–thoughnotjustified–bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.36.Thestatement“Itneverrainsbutitpours”isusedtointroduce[A]thefiercebusinesscompetition.[B]thefeebleboss-boardrelations.[C]thethreatfromnewsreports.（D） [D]theseverityofdataleakage.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout[A]whetherthereisanyweakpoint.[B]whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen.[C]whoisresponsiblefortheleakage.（A）[D]howthepotentialspiescanbelocated.38.InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointthat[A]shareholders’interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto.[B]informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention.[C]businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurity.（B）[D]themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized.39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto[A]seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection.[B]perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata.[C]realizethehighcostofdatarestoration.（A）[D]appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust.40.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that[A]dataleakageismoresevereinEurope.[B]FTC’sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity.[C]Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation.（D）[D]legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleakage.PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsare supposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Gthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)A.SetaGoodExampleforYourKidsB.BuildYourKids’WorkSkillsC.PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivitiesD.TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasisE.HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategiesF.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAreG.BuildYourKids’SenseofResponsibilityHowCanaParentHelp?Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob’sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult’sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcall“work-lifeunreadiness.”Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels–asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,theyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea.”Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood. Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomeworkdeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducation isestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyandfreedom.(47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.(48)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.(49)Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.(50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Writealettertoyouuniversitylibrary,makingsuggestionsforimprovingitsservice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB 52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points) 2007年考研英语真题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.D7.B8.A9.B10.C11.A12.D13.A14.C15.B16.D17.C18.A19.B20.DSectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.C22.B23.A24.D25.C26.D27.C28.A29.A30.B31.C32.B33.D34.C35.B36.D37.A38.B39.A40.DPartB(10points)41.F42.D43.B44.C45.EPartC(10points)46.长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。47.另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻的做法是相同的。48.新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。49.事实上，很难设想那些对加拿大宪法的基本要点缺乏清晰了解的新闻记者何以能胜任政治新闻的报道工作。50.尽管律师的见解和反应会提高报道的质量，但新闻记者最好凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断。SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文January20th,2007 DearSirorMadam,I’mastudentintheuniversityandaloyalreaderofthislibrary.I’mwritingtotellsomeofmyideas,whichIhopetobehelpfulforyou.Inoticethatmanymagazinesinourlibraryareoutofdate.Itwouldbebeneficialtousstudentsiftheycouldbeupdatedintime.AndIsuggestintroducingsomenewjournalssoastobringnewfreshairtothelibrary.Furthermore,sincewehaveahugenumberofbooks,itisnoteasytofindtherightoneeasily.However,ifwecanintroducesomenewsearchingmeans,suchasimplementingnewinformationmanagementsystemthatwouldbeuseful.ThankyoufortakingtimereadingthisletterandI’mlookingforwardtoseeingsomenewchangessoon.SincerelyYours,LiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文Ascanbeseenfromthecartoon,differentideasmaycomefromthesamething.Inthepicture,whiletryingtocatchtheupcomingsoccer,thegoal-keepersaystohimselfwhyitissobig.And,thestrikersimplythinksinadifferentway,thatiswhyitissosmall?Whatmakessuchabigcontraryonthesametournamentatthesamemoment?Itisnodoubtthattheyarefacingtheverysamegoalandexperiencingtheverysamemoment.However,thesubjectiveviewsresultindifferentimpressiononthesameobject.Manyofusmaystillrememberthestoryofaponycrossingtheriver,whichwelearnedfromthetextbookinprimaryschool.Thesquirreltellshim,theriverisdeep;andthecowtellshim,theriverisnotdeepatall.However,intheend,hetellshimselfathirdanswer.Therefore,itisnotexaggeratingtosaythatmostofusarelookingintotheworldwithpersonalideas.Subjectivementalstatusmayresultinareallybigdifferenceinpersonalviews,justlikethegoal-keeperandthestrikerinthedrawing.Apossiblesolutionmightbetofaceanysituationasobjectivelyaspossible.Ifwerealizethisinanobjectiveway,itwouldbegoodforustodealwithwhatweencounterinlife,especiallywhenweareinsetbacksorfacingdifficulties. 2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica’spopulation.homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan’tpossibly.Tohelphomelesspeopleindependence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimatesanywherefrom600,000to3million.thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis.Oneofthefederalgovernment’sstudiesthatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaystothisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofindathatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachdaythestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeverydayskillsneededtoturntheirlives.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereareprogramsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,it,“Therehastobeofprograms.What’sneededisapackagedeal.”1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore（A） [D]Furthermore2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve（B）[D]retain3.[A]in[B]for[C]with（D）[D]toward4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take（A）[D]keep5.[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly（D）[D]not6.[A]cover[B]change[C]range（C）[D]differ7.[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]Provided（B）[D]Exceptthat 8.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing（C）[D]extending9.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves（A）[D]discovers10.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain（A）[D]dismiss11.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even（C）[D]Only12.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling（B）[D]house13.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding（D）[D]wandering14.[A]when [B]once[C]while（C）[D]whereas15.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival（C）[D]maintenance16.[A]around[B]over[C]on（A）[D]up17.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary（B）[D]compensating18.[A]So[B]Since[C]As（C）[D]Thus19.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes（A）[D]makes20.[A]supervision[B]manipulation [C]regulation（D）[D]coordinationSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite,”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday’simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelsnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation--language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well’or‘verywell’aftertenyearsofresidence.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”forlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks.”Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians. RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.”AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica’sturbulentpast,today’ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans________.[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating（C）[D]monopolizing22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury________.[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite（A）[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.________.[A]areresistanttohomogenization[B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture（C）[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.[B]Torevealthepublic’sfearofimmigrants.[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.（D） [D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.25.Intheauthor’sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis________.[A]rewarding[B]successful[C]fruitless（B）[D]harmfulText2Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry--WilliamShakespeare--buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway’sCottage,Shakespeare’sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC’sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It’salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus--andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside--don’tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown’srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon’tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan’tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey’lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcosts haverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford’smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)--lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.26.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat________.[A]thetownsfolkdenytheRSC’scontributiontothetown’srevenue[B]theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage[C]thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms（A）[D]thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that________.[A]thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately[B]theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseers[C]thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers（B）[D]theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater28.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Line2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat________.[A]Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects[B]Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties[C]thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney（C）[D]thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause________.[A]ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending[B]thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed[C]thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable（D） [D]thetheatreattendanceisontherise30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor________.[A]issupportiveofbothsides[B]favorsthetownsfolk’sview[C]takesadetachedattitude（D）[D]issympathetictotheRSCText3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline.”Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhen thebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat________.[A]largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment[B]smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared[C]largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday（C）[D]slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat________.[A]thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%[B]thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago[C]thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount（A）[D]thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold33.Bysaying"thesefiguresareconservative"(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat________.[A]fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly[B]thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded[C]themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss（C）[D]thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat________.[A]peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcanworkforalongertime[B]fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomass[C]theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel（D）[D]peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituation35.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’________.[A]managementefficiency [B]biomasslevel[C]catch-sizelimits（B）[D]technologicalapplicationText4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire’sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensomuchmisery.Butit’snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda--tolureustoopenourwallets--theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.“Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Butwhatweforget--whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting--isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedarttotellus,asreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessage evenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.36.BycitingtheexamplesofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat________.[A]poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic[B]artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelings[C]poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness（D）[D]artistshavechangedtheirfocusofinterest37.Theword“bummer”(Line5,paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething________.[A]religious[B]unpleasant[C]entertaining（B）[D]commercial38.Intheauthor’sopinion,advertising________.[A]emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happyart[B]isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic[C]replacesthechurchasamajorsourceofinformation（D）[D]createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself39.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves________.[A]happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness[B]theanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshing[C]miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied（B）[D]theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms40.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?[A]Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.[B]Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality. [C]Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmodernsociety.（A）[D]Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedgaps.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichyoudonotneedtouseinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)OnthenorthbankoftheOhioriversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasino(aplacewheregamblinggamesareplayed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a"FunCard",whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser’sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,thoseactivitiesbecomewhathecalls"electronicheroin".(41)________.In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatdockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998afriendofWilliams’sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams’sgamblingproblem.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions”letter.Notingthemedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehavior,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.(42)________.TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas24signswarning:“Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit.”Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams’ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling,”intentionallyworkedto“lure”himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill.”Well. (43)________.ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorderssays“pathologicalgambling”involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44)________.Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.(45)________.Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton--youmightsayaddictedto--revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers’dollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghaspassedpornographyastheWeb’smostprofitablebusiness.[A]Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino’smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.[B]Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?[C]Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.[D]GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisthegovernment.[E]DavidWilliams’ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon’tbetonit.[F]Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.[G]Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconducivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?PartC Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergertoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginaSocratic(苏格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemsconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals--theaveragescientist,forone.48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenintheeverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties--heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.50)Theymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityofeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething,livingin"publicandillustriousthoughts,”asEmersonwouldsay,issomethingelse.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions YouwanttocontributetoProjectHopebyofferingfinancialaidtoachildinaremotearea.Writealettertothedepartmentconcerned,askingthemtohelpfindacandidate.Youshouldspecifywhatkindofchildyouwanttohelpandhowyouwillcarryoutyourplan.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Studythefollowingphotoscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1.describethephotosbriefly,2.interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythem,and3.giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)有两幅图片，图1把崇拜写在脸上；图2花300元做“小贝头”注：Beckham是英国足球明星有两张照片，一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字，另一张照片上有一个 男子在理发，他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。 2006年考研英语真题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.[A]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[D]6.[C]7.[B]8.[C]9.[A]10.[A]11.[C]12.[B]13.[D]14.[C]15.[C]16.[A]17.[B]18.[C]19.[A]20.[D]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.[C]22.[A]23.[C]24.[D]25.[B]26.[A]27.[B]28.[C]29.[D]30.[D]31.[C]32.[A]33.[C]34.[D]35.[B]36.[D]37.[B]38.[D]39.[B]40.[A]PartB(10points)41.[C]42.[A]43.[B]44.[F]45.[D]PartC(10points)46．我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。47．他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。48．我之所以把他（普通科学家）排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。49．但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行为的道德规范，就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规范一样。50．他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文DearSirorMadam, Asacollegestudentwhoisstudyingandlivinginagoodenvironment,IwishtocontributetoProjectHopebyofferingfinancialassistancetoachildinaremotearea.Havingconceivedsuchaplanforalongtime,Iwritethislettertorequestyourhelptorecommendapropercandidate.Iwonderifitisconvenientforyouifthreethingsconcerningthechildaretakenintoconsideration.First,thechildshouldcomefromGansuProvince,forIintendtohelpachildfrommyhometown.Second,itwillbebetterifthechildisaprimaryschoolstudent.IhopeIwillhelphim/herfromtheverybeginning.Inaddition,he/shemustbewillingtoreturntohishometowntohelpbuiltitaftergraduationfromuniversity.Myplanwillbecarriedoutasfollows.Ononehand,Iwillremitatleast2,000Yuanincasheveryyearuntilhe/shefinisheshis/hereducationbeforeenteringcollege.Ontheotherhand,IdecidetoteachthechildmathandEnglishinpersonduringmysummervacation,whichwillsurelybemorebeneficialtothechild.Yourprompthelpwouldbehighlyappreciated.AndIamlookingforwardtoyourreplyverysoon.Yourssincerely,LiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文Howironicthetwopicturesareindescribingoneofthemostwidespreadsocialphenomenaconcerningidoladoration!Inthefirstpicture,ayoungmanwritesthenameofBeckhamonhisface.Inthesecondpicture,anotheryoungmanspends300YuanindealingwithhishairtomakehimselflooklikeBeckham.ThemeaningconveyedinthetwopicturesrevealsthatincurrentChinasomeyoungpeoplearelosingthemselves.IamgreatlyshockedbytheenthusiasmforthisBritishfootballsuperstarshownbythesetwoyoungmen.Franklyspeaking,thingsofthiskindreallyhappenamongus.Somepeople,especiallycollegestudents,donothingbutconcentrateonimitatingsuperstars.Thisdoesgreatharmtotheirstudyandgrowth.Ifwecan’tstoptheworseningofthistendency,ourownculturewillbedamaged,andweourselveswillbetheultimatevictims.Frommypointofview,alotofmeasuresshouldbetakentosaveourlosingcultureandre-findourselves.Infact,somemeasureshavealreadybeentaken.Inmyuniversity,campaignshavebeenlaunchedtoeducatepeopletopaymoreattentiontoourtraditionalcultureandreadmorebooksinsteadoffocusingonourappearances.Asaresult,wehavewitnessedsomeimprovementsbutstill thereisalongwaytogo. 2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1(10points)Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,thisislargelybecause,animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesaretoperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableofhumansmellsevenwhenthesearetofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogeneratesmellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsendtothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmellcansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhentoitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsittokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcannewreceptorsifnecessary.Thismayexplainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells—wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenotoftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwenewsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptorsforunfamiliarandemergencysignalsthesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.1.[A]although[B]as [C]but（C）[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding（B）[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated（A）[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing（C）[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead（B）[D]therefore6.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif（A）[D]asif7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining（D） [D]detecting8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]dispersed（A）[D]diffused9.[A]when[B]since[C]for（D）[D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique（B）[D]typical11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages（C）[D]impulses12.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarge（A）[D]attimes13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn（D）[D]exposed 14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient（C）[D]insufficient15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger（D）[D]create16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise（B）[D]nevertheless17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware（C）[D]tired18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect（D）[D]notice19.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable（A）[D]suitable20.[A]similarto [B]suchas[C]alongwith（B）[D]asidefromSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Text1Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin. Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby________.[A]posingacontrast[B]justifyinganassumption[C]makingacomparison（C）[D]explainingaphenomenon22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,Paragraphl)impliesthat________.[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’nature[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother（B）[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare________.[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget[B]attentivetoresearchers’instructions[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament（A）[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys________.[A]prefergrapestocucumbers[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings [C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated（C）[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.（B）[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.Text2Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport:“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch--aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelpto beginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat________.[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife（C）[D]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas________.[A]aprotector[B]ajudge[C]acritic（D）[D]aguide28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,Paragraph4)?[A]Endlessstudieskillaction.[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress.（A）[D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?[A]Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.[B]Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.[C]Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.（D）[D]Takesomelegislativemeasures. 30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause________.[A]theybothsufferedfromthegovernment’snegligence[B]alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer[C]theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer（B）[D]bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworseText3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”--therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’sevents--until,itappears,webegintodream.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheir sleep.Attheendoftheday,there’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor“wewakeupinapanic,”Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep--orratherdream--onitandyou’llfeelbetterinthemorning.31.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams________.[A]canbemodifiedintheircourses[B]aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges[C]reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears（A）[D]arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow________.[A]itsfunctioninourdreams[B]themechanismofREMsleep[C]therelationofdreamstoemotions（C）[D]itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex33.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto________.[A]aggravateinourunconsciousmind[B]developintohappydreams[C]persisttillthetimewefallasleep（D）[D]showupindreamsearlyatnight34.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat________.[A]wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams[B]visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol[C]dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression（D）[D]dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious 35.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams?[A]Leadyourlifeasusual.[B]Seekprofessionalhelp.[C]Exerciseconsciouscontrol.（A）[D]Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.Text4Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom,”forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing,”hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossof somethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina.”Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.36.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish________.[A]isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms[B]isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment[C]hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture（B）[D]broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s37.Theword“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes________.[A]modesty[B]personality[C]liveliness（D）[D]informality38.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?[A]Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.[B]BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.[C]Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.（A）[D]Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.39.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s________.[A]interestintheirlanguage[B]appreciationoftheirefforts[C]admirationfortheirmemory（B）[D]contemptfortheirold-fashionedness40.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as________.[A]“temporary”isto“permanent”[B]“radical”isto“conservative” [C]“functional”isto“artistic”（C）[D]“humble”isto“noble”PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Canada’spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealth-carecosts.They’reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.41.____[E]AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.____Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare--tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts--recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.42.____[C]Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.____But“national”doesn’thavetomeanthat.“National”couldmeaninterprovincial--provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national”organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince--oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince--negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.43.____[G]Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn’tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.____AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrug Reviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That’sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn’tgoneanywhere,whiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.44.____[F]So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.____PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow’sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”45.____[B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby’sreport:“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”____SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.[A]Quebec’sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec’sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent![B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby’sreport:“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”[C]Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.[D]Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.[E]AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.[F]So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrug prices.[G]Ofcourse,thepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn’tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46)Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47)InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroup,whileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.49)Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice--thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreon co-productions,theexchangeofnews,documentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhich,onthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBank,willhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay“Unitedwestand,dividedwefall”--andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity.”Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing”instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points) 2005年考研英语真题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[A]4.[C]5.[B]6.[A]7.[D]8.[A]9.[D]10.[B]11.[C]12.[A]13.[D]14.[C]15.[D]16.[B]17.[C]18.[D]19.[A]20.[B]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.[C]22.[B]23.[A]24.[C]25.[B]26.[C]27.[D]28.[A]29.[D]30.[B]31.[A]32.[C]33.[D]34.[D]35.[A]36.[B]37.[D]38.[A]39.[B]40.[C]PartB(10points)41.[E]42.[C]43.[G]44.[F]45.[B]PartC(10points)46.电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。47.多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。48.仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。这个事实通过统计数字一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%。49.创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲统一体”绝非易事，需要战略性选择。正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲大陆的纽带。50.在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去。”SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文ALetter,toQuit Jun22,2005DearMr.Wang,Firstofall,pleaseallowmetoexpressmydeepsorrytoyouformyresignation.IdoknowthatthiswillbringaboutmuchtroubletoyousothatIwritetoyouformyexplanation.Idecidedtoquitforsomereasonsasfollows.Tobeginwith,thejobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashionsisnotsuitabletome.What’smore,IampreparingforanotherdegreeandIprefertofurthermystudy.Again,Iapologizeformyresignationtoyou!Iamlookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.Sincerelyyours,LiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文AHelplessFatherThepictureironicallyshowsthatapitiableoldmaninragsisbeinghelplesslykickedoffbyhisthreesonsandadaughter,whoallweardecentclothes.Thefather’snegligentchildrenareallguardingtheirhomegateslesttheiroldfather“rollinto”theirhouseholds.Inotherwords,theyfourignoretheirmoralsenseofassumingtheresponsibilityfortheiroldfathereventhoughtheymaybealllivingasatisfyinglife.Thatisapainfulsceneweoftenencounterinourdailylife.Sadtosay,themoraldeclineoftheyoungergenerationsmaybearatherexplosivesituationinourmodernsociety.Peopledefinitelyhavetheirlivingconditionsimprovedbywiderandwidermargins,asevidencedbythefourchildren’sdecentdressing,buttheirmoralsensestillremainssadlyunchangedorinsomecasesbecomesdramaticallydowngrading.Mostpeoplemighthavebecometoomuchself-centered,andevenworse,theydiscardthetraditionofgivingrespecttotheelderly.Theynolongercarefortheirelders,letalonetheirneighborsorthedisadvantaged;insteadtheytryeverymeanstoavoidresponsibilityforothercitizens.Whenonecaresforothers,onemightevenappearstupidormayevenbedistrusted.Therefore,wehavetotakesomeusefulmeasurestoavoidthescenethatismentionedabove.Wemustlaunchavarietyofcampaignsaboutthereturntothegoodtraditionofgivinghelpandlovetotheelderly.Moreover,wemustappealtoourgovernmenttoestablishsomerelevantlawstopunishthosewhoavoidtheirduties.Thelastbutnottheleast,ourrespectforageisanindicationofthe progressofhumansociety,asimperativesoftraditionsrequire.Wesincerelywishthattheoldmancouldbewelcometoanyofthefourhouseholds,elegantlydressed,andasmileontheface. 2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:Forquestions1-5,youwillhearatalkaboutthegeographyofBelgium.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)GeographyofBelgiumThreemainregionscoastalplaincentralplateauhighlands1Highestaltitudeofthecoastalplainm2ClimateneartheseaHumidMild3ParticularlyrainymonthsoftheyearsAprilNovember4AveragetemperaturesinJulyinBrusselslow13℃high℃5PartBDirections:ForQuestions6-10,youwillhearaninterviewwithMr.SaffofromtheInstitutefortheFuture.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthe questions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)WhatisSaffoaccordingtohimself?TheInstitutefortheFutureprovidesservicestoprivatecompaniesand________.TheInstitutebelievesthattothinksystematicallyaboutthelong-rangefutureis________.Tosucceedinanything,oneshouldbeflexible,curiousand________.WhatdoesSaffoconsidertobeessentialtotheworkofateam?A(technology)forecaster6governmentagencies7Ameaningful(exercise)8opentochange9Trustandcooperation10PartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutnamingnewborns.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.11.Whatdoweoftendowiththethingswelove?[A]Askfortheirnames.[B]Namebabiesafterthem.[C]Putdowntheirnames.（D）[D]Choosenamesforthem.12.Theunpleasantmeaningofanoldfamilynameisoftenoverlookedif________.[A]thefamilytreeisfairlylimited [B]thefamilytieisstrongenough[C]thenameiscommonlyused（B）[D]nobodyinthefamilycomplains13.Severalmonthsafterababy’sbirth,itsnamewill________.[A]showthebeautyofitsown[B]developmoreassociations[C]losetheoriginalmeaning（C）[D]helpformthebaby’spersonalityQuestions14-16arebasedonthebiographyofBobbyMoore,anEnglishsoccerplayer.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.14.HowmanymatchesdidMooreplayduringhisprofessionalcareer?[A]90[B]108[C]180（D）[D]66815.In1964,BobbyMoorewasmade________.[A]England’sfootballeroftheyear[B]asoccercoachinWestGermany[C]amedalistforhissportsmanship（A）[D]anumberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire16.AfterMooreretiredfromplaying,thefirstthinghedidwas________.[A]editingSundaySport[B]workingforCapitalRadio[C]managingprofessionalsoccerteams（C）[D]developingasportsmarketingcompany Questions17-20arebasedonthefollowingtalkonthecityofBelfast.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.17.Belfasthaslongbeenfamousforits________.[A]oilrefinery[B]linentextiles[C]foodproducts（B）[D]deepwaterport18.WhichofthefollowingdoesBelfastchieflyexport?[A]Soap[B]Grain[C]Steel（A）[D]Tobacco19.WhenwasBelfastfounded?[A]In1177[B]In1315[C]Inthe16thcentury（A）[D]Inthe17thcentury20.WhathappenedinBelfastinthelate18thcentury?[A]Frenchrefugeesarrived.[B]Theharborwasdestroyed.[C]Shipbuildingbegantoflourish.（C）[D]ThecitywastakenbytheEnglish.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections: Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theoriesontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehaviortheywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughwithothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesintotheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimeslackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandaretocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectlyjuvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythattofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemploymentmakegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayinleadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealsochangestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathomewascommoninthetraditionalfamily.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Othercausesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreasedofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowingofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.21.[A]acting[B]relying [C]centering（C）[D]commenting22.[A]before[B]unless[C]until（D）[D]because23.[A]interaction[B]assimilation[C]cooperation（A）[D]consultation24.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference（D）[D]response25.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but（A）[D]orelse26.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting（B）[D]discarding27.[A]on[B]in[C]for（C） [D]with28.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive（D）[D]subject29.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]check（A）[D]reflect30.[A]point[B]lead[C]come（B）[D]amount31.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast（A）[D]atlength32.[A]case[B]short[C]turn（C）[D]essence33.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken（D）[D]experienced 34.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly（B）[D]simultaneously35.[A]than[B]that[C]which（A）[D]as36.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept（B）[D]heritage37.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible（B）[D]incredible38.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation（D）[D]availability39.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure（A）[D]popularity40.[A]provided [B]since[C]although（C）[D]supposingSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent.”It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualproperty,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility.”saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo--thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs--thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem--andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwe sendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,”hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.41.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?[A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.[B]Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.[C]Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.（C）[D]ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.42.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?[A]Lackofcounseling.[B]Limitednumberofvisits.[C]Lowerefficiency.（A）[D]Fewersuccessfulmatches.43.Theexpression“tipservice”(Line4,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans________.[A]advisory[B]compensation[C]interaction（D）[D]reminder44.WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions?[A]Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.[B]Toattractmorereturningvisits.[C]Toreservespaceformoremessages.（B） [D]Toincreasetherateofsuccess.45.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.[B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands.[C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.（C）[D]Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.Text2Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoëZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCs proudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.46.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?[A]Akindofoverlookedinequality.[B]Atypeofconspicuousbias.[C]Atypeofpersonalprejudice.（A）[D]Akindofbranddiscrimination.47.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?[A]InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoëZysman.[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.（D）[D]Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.48.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat________.[A]questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents[B]alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass[C]teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents（C）[D]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight49.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?[A]Theyaregettingimpatient.[B]Theyarenoisilydozingoff.[C]Theyarefeelinghumiliated.（B）[D]Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.50.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated. [B]VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.[C]Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.（D）[D]Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.Text3Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I’magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.“Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too.”shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,”saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.51.By“EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Lines1-2,Paragraph1),theauthormeans________. [A]Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness[B]Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork[C]Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit（D）[D]Speroisnotinadesperatesituation52.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?[A]Optimistic.[B]Confused.[C]Carefree.（A）[D]Panicked.53.Whenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange”(Lines3-4,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout________.[A]goldmarket[B]realestate[C]stockexchange（B）[D]ventureinvestment54.Whycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings”totheeconomicslowdown?[A]Theywouldbenefitincertainways.[B]Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.[C]Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.（A）[D]Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.55.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?[A]Anewboom,onthehorizon.[B]Tightenthebelt,thesingleremedy.[C]Cautionallright,panicnot.（C）[D]Themoreventures,themorechances. Text4Americanstodaydon’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation--nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized--goingtoschoolandlearningtoread--sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.” 56.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?[A]Thehabitofthinkingindependently.[B]Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.[C]Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.（C）[D]Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.57.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof________.[A]undervaluingintellect[B]favoringintellectualism[C]supportingschoolreform（A）[D]suppressingnativeintelligence58.TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare________.[A]identical[B]similar[C]complementary（D）[D]opposite59.Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably________.[A]apioneerofeducationreform[B]anopponentofintellectualism[C]ascholarinfavorofintellect（B）[D]anadvocateofregularschooling60.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?[A]Itissecondtointelligence.[B]Itevolvesfromcommonsense.[C]Itistobepursued.（C）[D]Itunderliespower. PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom“exotic”language,werenotalwayssograteful.63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.Sapir’spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.61.________62.________63.________64.________ 65.________SectionIVWriting66.Directions:Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)supportyourviewwithexamples.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points) 2004年考研英语真题答案SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.highlands2.203.mild4.November5.22PartB(5points)6.A(technology)forecaster;7.governmentagencies;8.(A)meaningful(exercise);9.opentochange;10.Trustandcooperation.PartC(10points)11.[D]12.[B]13.[C]14.[D]15.[A]16.[C]17.[B]18.[A]19.[A]20.[C]SectionII:UseofEnglish(10points)21.[C]22.[D]23.[A]24.[D]25.[A]26.[B]27.[C]28.[D]29.[A]30.[B]31.[A]32.[C]33.[D]34.[B]35.[A]36.[B]37.[B]38.[D]39.[A]40.[C]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(50points)PartA(40points)41.[C]42.[A]43.[D]44.[B]45.[C]46.[A]47.[D]48.[C]49.[B]50.[D]51.[D]52.[A]53.[B]54.[A]55.[C]56.[C]57.[A]58.[D]59.[B]60.[C]PartB(10points)61.希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。62.我们之所有感激他们(两位先驱),是因为在此之后,这些(土著)语言中有一些已经不复存在了,这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族 语言。63.这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。64.Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。65.Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维,语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。SectionIV:Writing(20points)66.参考范文Lookatthispicture.Amanisrunningtowardtheendofarace,sweatingallover.Perhapsthereisnothingspecialaboutthemanandtherace,yettheendlineleavesadeepimpressiononusforitisboth“finishline”and“startingline”ifwelookatitfromadifferentangle.Thepicturetellsusalotaboutlife.Anordinaryrunnermaythinkthathisachievementcallsforcelebrationforhehasreachedhisgoal.Butanambitiousrunnerwillwellrealizethathissuccessisthestartingpointforanewrace.Obviously,thewaywelookatthingsdetermineshowfarwewillgo.Ifwefeelsatisfiedwiththeabilitytoreadandwrite,perhapswewillnotstrivetogetacollegeeducation.Again,ifwethinkaBachelor'sdegreeisquiteenough,wewillnottakepainstopasstheexaminationforpostgraduate.Lifeisjustlikeanendlessrace.Ifwedon’tpreparefornewraces,weareeitherdisqualifiedfromtheraceorsurpassedbyothers.That’swhythefinishlineisalsoastartingline.Ilikethispicture.Imayhavebeenrunningthisendlessrace,butIhavebeenpushedforwardbymyparentsorpeoplearoundme.Fromnowon,Iwillbecomemoreactiveandtaketheinitiative,forthepicturehasreallyenlightenedme.(233words) 2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartB,andPartC.Remember,whileyoushouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhavefiveminutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:ForQuestion1-5,youwillhearatalkaboutBostonMuseumofFineArt.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)BostonMuseumofFineArtsFounded(year)1870Openedtothepublic(year)1876Question1Movedtothecurrentlocation(year)1909Thewestwingcompleted(year)1981Question2Numberofdepartments9ThemostremarkabledepartmenttextilesQuestion3ExhibitionSpace(m2)19,137Question4Approximatenumberofvisitors/year800,000ProgramsprovidedclasseslecturesconcertsQuestion5PartBDirections:ForQuestions6-10,youwillhearaninterviewwithanexpertonmarriageproblems.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions. Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)Whatshouldbetheprimarysourceofhelpforatroubledcouple?.Question6Writingdownalistofproblemsinthemarriagemayhelpatroubledcouplediscussthem.Question7Whoshouldacoupleconsiderseriouslyturningtoiftheycan’ttalkwitheachother?.Question8Priestsareusuallyunsuccessfulincounselingtroubledcouplesdespitetheir.Question9Accordingtotheoldnotion,whatwillmakeheartsgrowfonder?.Question10PartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswersyouwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutnapping,younowhave15secondstoreadquestions11-13.11.Childrenunderfivehaveabundantenergypartlybecausethey________.[A]sleepinthreedistinctparts[B]havemanyfive-minutenaps[C]sleepinonelongblock（D）[D]takeoneortwonapsdaily12.Accordingtothespeaker,thesleeppatternofababyisdeterminedby________.[A]itsgenes[B]itshabit [C]itsmentalstate（A）[D]itsphysicalcondition13.Thetalksuggeststhat,ifyoufeelsleepythroughtheday,youshould________.[A]takesomerefreshment[B]gotobedearly[C]havealongrest（D）[D]giveintosleepQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowinginterviewwithShermanAlexie,anAmericanIndianpoet.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.14.WhydidShermanAlexieonlytakedayjobs?[A]Hecouldbringunfinishedworkhome.[B]Hemighthavetimetopursuehisinterests.[C]Hemightdosomeeveningteaching.（B）[D]Hecouldinvestmoreemotioninhisfamily.15.Whatwashisoriginalgoalatcollege?[A]toteachinhighschool[B]towritehisownbooks[C]tobeamedicaldoctor（C）[D]tobeamathematician16.Whydidhetakethepoetry-writingclass?[A]Tofollowhisfather.[B]Foraneasygrade.[C]Tochangehisspecialty.（B）[D]Forknowledgeofpoetry.Questions17-20arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutpublicspeaking.Younow have20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.17.Whatisthemostimportantthinginpublicspeaking?[A]Confidence.[B]Preparation.[C]Informativeness.（B）[D]Organization.18.Whatdoesthespeakeradviseustodotocapturetheaudience’sattention?[A]Gatherabundantdata.[B]Organizetheidealogically.[C]Developagreatopening.（C）[D]Selectappropriatematerials.19.Ifyoudon’tstartworkingforthepresentationuntilthedaybefore,youwillfeel________.[A]uneasy[B]uncertain[C]frustrated（A）[D]depressed20.Whoisthisspeechmostprobablymeantfor?[A]Thoseinterestedinthepowerofpersuasion.[B]Thosetryingtoimprovetheirpublicimages.[C]Thoseplanningtotakeupsomepublicwork.（D）[D]Thoseeagertobecomeeffectivespeakers.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections: Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserioustohowtheycanbestsuchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsarebyothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbetoplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovideopportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessfuldynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedtheofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadultvisibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshaveattentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganizedparticipantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontoelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.,theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentbyforrolesthatarewithintheirandtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.21.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion（A）[D]advice22.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate [C]stimulate（B）[D]enhance23.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise（C）[D]leisure24.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas（D）[D]Because25.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence（C）[D]tolerance26.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored（B）[D]surpassed27.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair（D）[D]wise28.[A]ineffect[B]asaresult[C]forexample（C） [D]inasense29.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating（A）[D]exchanging30.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus（D）[D]multiple31.[A]group[B]individual[C]personnel（A）[D]corporation32.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission（D）[D]security33.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely（B）[D]rarely34.[A]similar[B]long[C]different（D）[D]short 35.[A]ifonly[B]nowthat[C]sothat（C）[D]evenif36.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing（D）[D]something37.[A]off[B]down[C]out（B）[D]alone38.[A]Onthecontrary[B]Ontheaverage[C]Onthewhole（A）[D]Ontheotherhand39.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning（C）[D]taking40.[A]capabilities[B]responsibilities[C]proficiency（A）[D]efficiencySectionIIIReadingComprehension PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Text1WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage--spyingasa“profession.”ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit“open-sourceintelligence,”andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.straitford.com.StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreportruns,we’llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkraine,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.”Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinits independentvoice.41.TheemergenceoftheNethas________.[A]receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan[B]remoldedtheintelligenceservices[C]restoredmanycommonpastimes（B）[D]revivedspyingasaprofession42.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto________.[A]introducethetopicofonlinespying[B]showhowhefoughtfortheU.S.[C]giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar（A）[D]honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA43.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(Line1,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans________.[A]causingthebiggesttrouble[B]exertingthegreatesteffort[C]achievingthegreatestsuccess（C）[D]enjoyingthewidestpopularity44.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that________.[A]Straitford’spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue[B]Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation[C]Straitford’sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability（D）[D]Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation45.Straitfordismostproudofits________.[A]officialstatus[B]nonconformistimage [C]efficientstaff（B）[D]militarybackgroundText2Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway--inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacement,afather’sbypassoperation,ababy’svaccinations,andevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothing,thereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.46.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke’swordsto________.[A]callonscientiststotakesomeactions [B]criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights[C]warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch（A）[D]showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement47.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis________.[A]cruelbutnatural[B]inhumanandunacceptable[C]inevitablebutvicious（B）[D]pointlessandwasteful48.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic’s________.[A]discontentwithanimalresearch[B]ignoranceaboutmedicalscience[C]indifferencetoepidemics（B）[D]anxietyaboutanimalrights49.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould________.[A]communicatemorewiththepublic[B]employhi-techmeansinresearch[C]feelnoshamefortheircause（A）[D]strivetodevelopnewcures50.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis________.[A]awell-knownhumanist[B]amedicalpractitioner[C]anenthusiastinanimalrights（D）[D]asupporterofanimalresearchText3 Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,time-consuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.51.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause________.[A]costreductionisbasedoncompetition [B]servicescallforcross-tradecoordination[C]outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist（C）[D]shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat52.Whatismanycaptiveshippers’attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.（D）[D]Apprehensive.53.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that________.[A]shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad[B]therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide[C]overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief（C）[D]agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness54.Theword“arbiters”(Line7,Paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose________.[A]whoworkascoordinators[B]whofunctionasjudges[C]whosupervisetransactions（B）[D]whodeterminetheprice55.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby________.[A]thecontinuingacquisition[B]thegrowingtraffic[C]thecheeringWallStreet（A）[D]theshrinkingmarket Text4ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath--andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians--frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient--toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe$1,540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage--say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway,”sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’Connorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Asaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’slives.56.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?[A]Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.[B]Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore. [C]Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.（C）[D]Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.57.Theauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat________.[A]medicalresourcesareoftenwasted[B]doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases[C]sometreatmentsaretooaggressive（A）[D]medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable58.Theauthor’sattitudetowardRichardLamm’sremarkisoneof________.[A]strongdisapproval[B]reservedconsent[C]slightcontempt（B）[D]enthusiasticsupport59.IncontrasttotheU.S.,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare________.[A]moreflexibly[B]moreextravagantly[C]morecautiously（D）[D]morereasonably60.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat________.[A]medicinewillfurtherprolongpeople’slives[B]lifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving[C]deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife（C）[D]excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcarePartBDirections: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos:“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64)Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.SectionIVWriting66.Directions: Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points) 2003年考研英语真题答案SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.18762.19813.textiles4.19,1375.concertsPartB(5points)6.(thecouple)themselves7.constructively8.aqualifiedpsychologist9.goodintentions10.absencePartC(10points)11.[D]12.[A]13.[D]14.[B]15.[C]16.[B]17.[B]18.[C]19.[A]20.[D]SectionII:UseofEnglish(10points)21.[A]22.[B]23.[C]24.[D]25.[C]26.[B]27.[D]28.[C]29.[A]30.[D]31.[A]32.[D]33.[B]34.[D]35.[C]36.[D]37.[B]38.[A]39.[C]40.[A]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(50points)PartA(40points)41.[B]42.[A]43.[C]44.[D]45.[B]46.[A]47.[B]48.[B]49.[A]50.[D]51.[C]52.[D]53.[C]54.[B]55.[A]56.[C]57.[A]58.[B]59.[D]60.[C]PartB(10points)61.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。62.社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。 63.强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。64.泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。65.因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。SectionIV:Writing(20points)66.参考范文Asisshowninthetwopictures,thesameflowerhasdifferentfatewhenputindifferentsituations.Whenthereisprotection,theflowerbloomsbeautifully.However,whenexposeddirectlytorainandstorm,theflowerquicklywithers.Wecansafelycometotheconclusionthatgreenhouseflowerscannotwithstandrainandstorm.Thesameistruewithourchildren.Astheone-childpolicyisadoptedinChina,moreandmoreparentsoverprotecttheirchildren.Witheverythingdoneforthemandeveryneedsatisfiedbytheirparentsorgrandparents,theseonlychildrenseemtobehealthy,happyandhigh-spirited.Butwhentheyleavehome,theybecomedisappointedandfrustrated.Facingharshthingstheyhaveneverexperiencedbefore,suchascompetitionfrompeers,criticismfromsupervisors,pressurefordeadlinesandrestrictionfordiscipline,theywillbeataloss,miserableorevendesperate.Infact,themoreprotectiontheygetfromtheirparents,thelessabilitytheyacquire.Parents’lovefortheirchildrenturnsouttobeadisaster.Children,likeflowers,shouldbetreatedwithcare,butreasonableandsensiblewaysofdoingthingswillhelptobringaboutmorefruitfulresults,ifwenotonlyloveourchildrenbutalsoteachthemhowtolove,ourlovewillbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration;ifwenotonlysolveproblemsforourchildrenbutalsoencouragethemtosolveproblems,ourdiligenceandingenuitywillmakeourlifemoremeaningfulandworthwhile. 2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(一)NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates(2002)考生注意事项1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则,得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。2.答题前,考生应将答题卡上的”考生姓名”、”报考单位”、”考试语种”、”考生编号”等信息填写清楚,并与准考证上的一致。3.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题(一)、试题(二)。4.本试题为试题(一),共4页(1～4页)。考生必须在规定的时间内作答。5.试题(一)为听力部分。该部分共有A、B、C三节,所有答案都应填写或填涂在答题卡1上。A、B两节必须用蓝(黑)圆珠笔答题,注意字迹清楚。C节必须用2B铅笔按照答题卡上的要求填涂,如要改动,必须用橡皮擦干净。6.听力考试进行时,考生应先将答案写或标记在试题上,然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内,将答案整洁地誊写或转涂到答题卡1上。仅写或标记在试题上不给分。SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections:ThisSectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou’veheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points) Welch’sPersonalInformationPlaceofBirthPhiladelphiaYearofBirth1901TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920MajoratUniversitysociology1FinalDegreePhDYearofMarriage1928GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)19302FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)233MainInterestreligions4ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)19545Death(Age)77PartBDirections:Forquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordaysoutsidethespeaker’shome?Onereportergottothespeaker’sapartmentpretendingtopay.ThespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlookingWhereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlesstheeditorsandthenewsdirectorsPartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren’shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.11.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday. [B]Whattheyaremostworriedabout.[C]Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.（D）[D]Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.12.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo________.[A]getenoughentertainment[B]havemoreactivities[C]receiveearlyeducation（B）[D]haveregularcheckups13.Accordingtothereport,children’sbedroomsshould________.[A]benoplaceforplay[B]benearacommonarea[C]havenoTVsets（C）[D]haveacomputerforstudyQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.14.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?[A]Familydebts.[B]Banksavings.[C]Monthlybills.（D）[D]Spendinghabits.15.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayhabit?[A]$190,000.[B]$330,000.[C]$500,000.（B） [D]$1,000,000.16.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?[A]Investintoamutualfund.[B]Usethediscounttickets.[C]Quithiseating-outhabit.（A）[D]Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,adomestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.17.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer’spredictionofthechangeindivorcerate?[A]Fall[B]Rise[C]V-shape（A）[D]Zigzag18.Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?[A]Toembracechangesofthought.[B]Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.[C]Toreturntothepracticeinthe‘60sand‘70s.（D）[D]Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.19.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?[A]Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.[B]Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.[C]Theywereafraidoflosingface.（C）[D]theywerewillingtostaytogether.20.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave________. [A]beenshiftedaroundthecountry.[B]haddifficultybeingpromoted.[C]enjoyedahappierlife.（B）[D]tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.THISISTHEENDOFSECTIONIDONOTREADORWORKONTHENEXTSECTIONUNTILYOUARETOLDTOCONTINUE全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(二)NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates(2002)考生注意事项1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。2.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题(一)、试题(二)。3.本试题为试题(二)，共11页(5～15页)，含有英语知识运用、阅读理解、写作三个部分。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作部分必须用蓝(黑)圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，注意字迹清楚。4.考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题(一)、试题(二)交给监考人员。SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnotthe19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandintheofthe periodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolutionup,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleadingthroughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpicturesthe20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too,aswellas,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorageincreasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribethewithinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhasbothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeenviewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed“harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.21.[A]between[B]before[C]since（A）[D]later22.[A]after[B]by[C]during（D）[D]until23.[A]means [B]method[C]medium（C）[D]measure24.[A]process[B]company[C]light（B）[D]form25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked（B）[D]picked26.[A]on[B]out[C]over（A）[D]off27.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond（D）[D]into28.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect（D）[D]perspective29.[A]indeed[B]hence [C]however（C）[D]therefore30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated（B）[D]characterized31.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest（D）[D]although32.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative（A）[D]plausible33.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental（A）[D]instrumental34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity（C）[D]faculty35.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto（B） [D]inlinewith36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer（D）[D]smaller37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope（A）[D]territory38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced（C）[D]effected39.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting（B）[D]irrational40.[A]above[B]upon[C]against（C）[D]withSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’sadoctor.”Ifyouarepartofthegroup,whichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.41.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould________.[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience [B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople（C）[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare________.[A]impolitetonewarrivals[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole[C]entitledtosomeprivileges（B）[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices________.[A]havebenefitedmanypeople[B]arethefocusofpublicattention[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor（D）[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock44.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered________.[A]inwell-wordedlanguage[B]asawkwardlyaspossible[C]inexaggeratedstatements（D）[D]ascasuallyaspossible45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe________.[A]UseHumorEffectively[B]VariousKindsofHumor[C]AddHumortoSpeech（A）[D]DifferentHumorStrategiesText2 Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented--andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.46.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin________.[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork（C）[D]theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork 47.Theword“gizmos”(Line1,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans________.[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices（C）[D]creatures48.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan________.[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally[C]havealittlecommonsense（D）[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld49.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso________.[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention[C]improvefactoryenvironments（B）[D]cultivatehumancreativity50.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare________.[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation（C）[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironmentText3Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlines warningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.51.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis________.[A]globalinflation[B]reductioninsupply[C]fastgrowthineconomy（B）[D]Iraq’ssuspensionofexports52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif________.[A]priceofcruderises[B]commoditypricesrise [C]consumptionrises（D）[D]oiltaxesrise53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries________.[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed（D）[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat________.[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices（A）[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry55.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems________.[A]optimistic[B]sensitive[C]gloomy（A）[D]scaredText4TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects--agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It’slikesurgery,”hesays.“Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.”Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse.”Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear…thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.”56.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat________.[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’pain[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide（B）[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide57.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext? [A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’death.[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.（C）[D]Adoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.58.AccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis________.[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain[C]systematicdrugabuse（B）[D]insufficienthospitalcare59.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(Line3,Paragraph7)?[A]Bold[B]Harmful[C]Careless（A）[D]Desperate60.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey________.[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients（D）[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatientsPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10 points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning“values.”Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.SectionIVWriting66.Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled“Cultures--NationalandInternational”.Intheessayyoushould1)describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and2)giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points) AnAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostume(服装) 2002年考研英语真题答案SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.sociology2.19303.234.religions5.1954PartB(5points)6.cameramen/cameramen7.apersonalvisit8.depressed9.amongadvertisements10.takefirmactionPartC(10points)11.[D]12.[B]13.[C]14.[D]15.[B]16.[A]17.[A]18.[D]19.[C]20.[B]SectionII:UseofEnglish(10points)21.[A]22.[D]23.[C]24.[B]25.[B]26.[A]27.[D]28.[D]29.[C]30.[B]31.[D]32.[A]33.[A]34.[C]35.[B]36.[D]37.[A]38.[C]39.[B]40.[C]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(50points)PartA(40points)41.[C]42.[B]43.[D]44.[D]45.[A]46.[C]47.[C]48.[D]49.[B]50.[C]51.[B]52.[D]53.[D]54.[A]55.[A]56.[B]57.[C]58.[B]59.[A]60.[D]PartB(10points)61.难题在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。62.行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。 63.自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。64.自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。65.(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。SectionIV:Writing(20points)66.参考范文Cultures--nationalandinternationalAsisshowninthepicture,ayoungAmericangirliswearingtraditionalChinesedressandornamentsandissmilingsweetly.Itmaybeanordinarypicture,butitconveysdeepandprofoundmeaning:nationalcultureisalsointernationalculture.Eversinceweopenedourdoortotheworld,wehaveattractedandinfluencedbythingsfromothercultures,suchasjeans,countrymusicandfastfood.Wehaveshownsuchinterestinthemthatsomepeople,especiallytheyoungergeneration,becomecrazyaboutthem.Themoreexotictheyare,themorefashionabletheyseemtobe.Now,nationalculturebeguntoshowitscharmandgainpopularityallovertheworld.Ournationalcostume,justasshowninthepicture,BeijingOpera,CrossTalk,forexample,havewonfavorwithalotofforeigners.Asnationalculturebecomesinternationalculture,peopleintheworldbetterunderstandeachother.Weareallvillagersinthisglobalvillage.Mutualrespectandunderstandingmakethisworldabetterplacetolivein. 2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes________1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[D].SampleAnswer[A][B][C][■]1.IfIwereinmovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatI________myheadinmyhandsforacry.[A]bury[B]amburying[C]buried（C）[D]wouldbury2.Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheport________halfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.[A]toannounce[B]announced [C]announcing（B）[D]wasannounced3.Accordingtoonebelief,iftruthistobeknownitwillmakeitselfapparent,soone________waitinsteadofsearchingforit.[A]wouldrather[B]hadto[C]cannotbut（D）[D]hadbest4.Shefeltsuitablyhumblejustasshe________whenhehadfirsttakenagoodlookathercityself,hairwavedandgolden,nailsredandpointed.[A]had[B]hadhad[C]wouldhaveand（A）[D]hashad5.TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespite________fromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.[A]beingresigned[B]havingresigned[C]goingtoresign（B）[D]resign6.Soinvolvedwiththeircomputers________thatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.[A]becamethechildren[B]becomethechildren[C]hadthechildrenbecome（D）[D]dothechildrenbecome7.TheindividualTVviewerinvariablysensesthatheorsheis________an anonymous,statisticallyinsignificantpartofahugeanddiverseaudience.[A]everythingexcept[B]anythingbut[C]nolessthan（D）[D]nothingmorethan8.Onedifficultyintranslationliesinobtainingaconceptmatch.________thisismeantthataconceptinonelanguageislostorchangedinmeaningintranslation.[A]By[B]In[C]For（A）[D]With9.Conversationbecomesweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalkedto________ithasallbutlostthewillandtheskilltospeakforitself.[A]as[B]which[C]that（C）[D]what10.Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,________theyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.[A]be[B]being[C]were（A）[D]arePartBDirections: Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterintheracketswithapencil.(10points)Example:ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound________inthewoodsoffthehighway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThesentenceshouldread.“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer[A][B][■][D]11.Heistooyoungtobeableto________betweenrightandwrong.[A]discard[B]discern[C]disperse（B）[D]disregard12.Itwasno________thathiscarwasseennearthebankatthetimeoftherobbery.[A]coincidence[B]convention[C]certainty（A）[D]complication13.OneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheCoastGuardistomakesurethatallships________followtrafficrulesinbusyharbors.[A]cautiously [B]dutifully[C]faithfully（B）[D]skillfully14.TheEskimoisperhapsoneofthemosttrustingandconsiderateofallIndiansbutseemstobe________thewelfareofhisanimals.[A]criticalabout[B]indignantat[C]indifferentto（C）[D]subjectto15.Thechairmanoftheboard________onmetheunpleasantjobofdismissinggoodworkersthefirmcannolongeraffordtoemploy.[A]compelled[B]posed[C]pressed（C）[D]tempted16.Itisnaivetoexpectthatanysocietycanresolveallthesocialproblemsitisfacedwith________.[A]forlong[B]inandout[C]onceforall（C）[D]bynature17.Usingextremelydifferentdecoratingschemesinadjoiningroomsmayresultin________andlackofunityinstyle.[A]conflict[B]confrontation[C]disturbance（D）[D]disharmony 18.TheTimberrattlesnakeisnowontheendangeredspecieslist,andisextinctintwoeasternstatesinwhichitonce________.[A]thrived[B]swelled[C]prospered（A）[D]flourished19.However,growthinthefabricatedmetalsindustrywasableto________someofthedeclineintheironandsteelindustry.[A]overturn[B]overtake[C]offset（C）[D]oppress20.Becauseofitsintimacy,radioisusuallymorethanjustamedium;itis________.[A]firm[B]company[C]corporation（B）[D]enterprise21.Whenanynon-humanorganistransplantedintoaperson,thebodyimmediatelyrecognizesitas________.[A]novel[B]remote[C]distant（D）[D]foreign22.MyfavoriteradiosongistheoneIfirstheardonathick1923EdisondiscI________atagaragesale.[A]trifledwith [B]scrapedthrough[C]stumbledupon（C）[D]thirstedfor23.Somedaysoftwarewilltranslatebothwrittenandspokenlanguagesowellthattheneedforanycommonsecondlanguagecould________.[A]descend[B]decline[C]deteriorate（B）[D]depress24.Equipmentnot________officialsafetystandardshasallbeenremovedfromtheworkshop.[A]conformingto[B]consistentwith[C]predominantover（A）[D]providingfor25.Asanindustry,biotechnologystandsto________electronicsindollarvolumeandperhapssurpassitinsocialimpactby2020.[A]contend[B]contest[C]rival（C）[D]strive26.TheauthorsoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionattemptedtoestablishaneffectivenationalgovernmentwhilepreserving________forthestatesandlibertyforindividuals.[A]autonomy[B]dignity[C]monopoly（A） [D]stability27.ForthreequartersofitsspanonEarth,lifeevolvedalmost________asmicroorganisms.[A]precisely[B]instantly[C]initially（D）[D]exclusively28.Theintroductionofgunpowdergraduallymadethebowandarrow________,particularlyinWesternEurope.[A]obscure[B]obsolete[C]optional（B）[D]overlapping29.Whoeverformulatedthetheoryoftheoriginoftheuniverse,itisjust________andneedsproving.[A]spontaneous[B]hypothetical[C]intuitive（B）[D]empirical30.Thefutureofthiscompanyis________:manyofitstalentedemployeesareflowingintomoreprofitablenet-basedbusinesses.[A]atodds[B]introuble[C]invain（D）[D]atstakeSectionIIClozeTestDirections: Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)ThegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcasesthetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificantoflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroduceabillthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnessesandwillstrictlycontroltheamountofthatcanbegiventoacaseatrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhewithacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnotsufficientcontrol.ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecausedaofmediaprotestwhenhesaidtheofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudgestoParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,whichtheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegallyinBritain,laiddownthateverybodywastoprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“PressfreedomswillbeinsafehandsourBritishjudges,”hesaid.WitnesspaymentsbecameanafterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnessesweretohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraisedwitnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoguiltyverdicts.31.[A]asto[B]forinstance [C]inparticular（D）[D]suchas32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing（A）[D]fastening33.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary（D）[D]draft34.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable（B）[D]improper35.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity（A）[D]peculiarity36.[A]since[B]if[C]before（C）[D]as37.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied（D） [D]agreed38.[A]present[B]offer[C]manifest（B）[D]indicate39.[A]Release[B]Publication[C]Printing（B）[D]Exposure40.[A]storm[B]rage[C]flare（A）[D]flash41.[A]translation[B]interpretation[C]exhibition（B）[D]demonstration42.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan（C）[D]soonerthan43.[A]changes[B]makes[C]sets（B）[D]turns 44.[A]binding[B]convincing[C]restraining（A）[D]sustaining45.[A]authorized[B]credited[C]entitled（C）[D]qualified46.[A]with[B]to[C]from（A）[D]by47.[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference（D）[D]issue48.[A]stated[B]remarked[C]said（C）[D]told49.[A]what[B]when[C]which（D）[D]that50.[A]assure [B]confide[C]ensure（C）[D]guaranteeSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessional oramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.51.Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas________.[A]sociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology[C]sociologyandpsychology（D）[D]physicsandchemistry52.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat________.[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecializationandprofessionalisation[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity（B）[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones53.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate________.[A]theprocessofspecializationandprofessionalisation[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications（A）[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs54.Thedirectreasonforspecializationis________.[A]thedevelopmentincommunication[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge（C） [D]thesplittingupofacademicsocietiesText2Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide--thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure--includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon--werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.55.Digitaldivideissomething________.[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor[C]theworldmustguardagainst（C） [D]consideredpositivetoday56.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit________.[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty（A）[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld57.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof________.[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas[B]preventingforeigncapital’scontrol[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure（D）[D]acceptingforeigninvestment58.Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon________.[A]howwell-developeditiselectronically[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialpattern（A）[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporationsText3WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews. Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,whichhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey’relesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsinacommunity.Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid,itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.59.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry（B）[D]aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject60.Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe________.[A]quitetrustworthy[B]somewhatcontradictory[C]veryilluminating（D）[D]rathersuperficial61.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir________. [A]workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle[C]worldoutlook（C）[D]educationalbackground62.Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits________.[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting（A）[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgenderText4Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:“Won’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce?”There’snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentina,forinstance,afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomer’sdemands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows,theworld’swealthincreases.Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOilTrustwasbrokenup.Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesfor consumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing--witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan--butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,AlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,regulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won’tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof“defendingcompetition”onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase?63.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds[B]toinvestmoreabroad[C]tocombineandbecomebigger（C）[D]totradewithmorecountries64.Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis________.[A]thegreatercustomerdemands[B]asurplussupplyforthemarket[C]agrowingproductivity（A）[D]theincreaseoftheworld’swealth65.FromParagraph4wecaninferthat________.[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous（D）[D]theStandardOilTrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition66.Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe________.[A]optimistic [B]objective[C]pessimistic（B）[D]biasedText5WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall,”preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife,”andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting--alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”--has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbest-sellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’90sequivalentofdroppingout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’80s,downshiftinginthemid-’90sisnotsomuchasearchforthe mythicalgoodlife--growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.67.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph1?[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.[C]“Alateralmove”meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.（B）[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.68.Thewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting________.[A]enableshertorealizeherdream[B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus（B）[D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine69.“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby________.[A]non-materialisticlifestyle[B]abitofeverything[C]extremestress（C）[D]anti-consumerism70.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof________.[A]thequickpaceofmodernlife[B]man’sadventurousspirit[C]man’ssearchformythicalexperiences（D）[D]theeconomicsituationSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections: ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Inlessthan30years’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.71)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder--kitchenrage.SectionVWriting 76.Directions:Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest,buteveryonehashis/herownunderstandingofit.Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueinanewspaper.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1)showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow,2)giveaspecificexample,and3)giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytoshowlove.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.(20points) 2001年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(15points)PartA(5points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[B]6.[D]7.[D]8.[A]9.[C]10.[A]PartB(10points)11.[B]12.[A]13.[B]14.[C]15.[C]16.[C]17.[D]18.[A]19.[C]20.[B]21.[D]22.[C]23.[B]24.[A]25.[C]26.[A]27.[D]28.[B]29.[B]30.[D]SectionII:ClozeText(10points)31.[D]32.[A]33.[D]34.[B]35.[A]36.[C]37.[D]38.[B]39.[B]40.[A]41.[B]42.[C]43.[B]44.[A]45.[C]46.[A]47.[D]48.[C]49.[D]50.[C]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[D]52.[B]53.[A]54.[C]55.[C]56.[A]57.[D]58.[A]59.[B]60.[D]61.[C]62.[A]63.[C]64.[A]65.[D]66.[B]67.[B]68.[B]69.[C]70.[D]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。72.儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字体时代就来到了。73.皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。74.但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”75.家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病--厨房狂躁。SectionV:Writing(20points) 76.参考范文Thispictureisasymbolthattellsushowweshoulduseourlove:ourloveislikealamp;thedarkertheplace,thebrighterthelight.Indeed,loveismostpreciouswhenitisofferedtosomeonewhoisindifficulty.Icantellyouarealstoryhere.WhenIwasachild,myfamilymovedtothecountryside.Amongournewneighborswasaparalyzedwoman.Asaninnocentchild,Isomehowshowedsomeinterestinher.WhenIhadtime,Iwouldtoseeher.WhenIhadsomethingtoeat,Iwouldlethersharewithme.Onedayshesuddenlysaidtome,tearinhereyes,“IwillblessyouwhenIaminheaven.”Iknewmyloveforherhadworkedwonders,forIhadneverheardherspeakingandIthoughtshehadlostherabilitytospeak.HerblessingmayhavereallyworkedforIhavebeenaluckypersoninworkandinlife.AsfarasIunderstand,loveissympathyandsinceritythatneedsnotbeexpressedintermsofmoneyorsweetwords.Astheproverbgoes,“ahandmaysmellfragrantwhenitgivesrosestoothers.”Ibelieveloveisthemostpreciousthingintheworldandweshouldgiveittothosewhoneeditmost. 2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes________1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[D]SampleAnswer[A][B][C][■]1.AsI’llbeawayforatleastayear,I’dappreciate________fromyounowandthentellingmehoweveryoneisgettingalong.[A]hearing[B]tohear[C]tobehearing（A）[D]havingheard2.Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,________tofinditlocked.[A]just[B]only [C]hence（B）[D]thus3.Doctorsseeaconnectionbetweenincreaseamountsofleisuretimespent________andtheincreasednumberofcasesofskincancer.[A]tosunbathe[B]tohavesunbathed[C]havingsunbathed（D）[D]sunbathing4.Unlessyousignacontractwiththeinsurancecompanyforyourgoods,youarenotentitled________arepaymentforthegoodsdamagedindelivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for（A）[D]on5.OnarainydayIwasdrivingnorththroughVermont________Inoticedayoungmanholdingupasignreading“Boston”.[A]which[B]where[C]when（C）[D]that6.Christiestaredangrilyatherbossandturnedaway,asthough________outoftheoffice.[A]went[B]gone[C]togo（C）[D]wouldgo7.Therolesexpected________oldpeopleinsuchasettinggivetoofew psychologicalsatisfactionsfornormalhappiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to（A）[D]with8.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,________you’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.[A]or[B]and[C]for（B）[D]so9.Itwasn’tsomuchthatIdislikedher________thatIjustwasn’tinterestedinthewholebusiness.[A]rather[B]so[C]than（D）[D]as10.Countlessdivorcedpoliticianswouldhavebeenelectedoutofofficeyearsagohadtheyeventhoughtofadivorce,letalone________one.[A]getting[B]toget[C]gotten（C）[D]getPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C], and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibition,which[C]theysaw[D]manynewproducts.Answer[C]iswrong.Thesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibition,wheretheysawmanynewproducts.”Soyoushouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer[A][B][■][D]11.onaremoteisland,littleworkthem,thesoldierssufferedfromboredomandlow.（A）12.Iftheletteronthewritingtableanhourago,itcertaintherenow.（D）13.Thepartycouldevenlosemajorityinthelowerhouseofparliament,aperiodof.（C）14.Themechanismsworkinthetendencyforsuchphysicalactivityutilizetheharmfulconstituentsofthestressresponse.（D）15.thelongrun,however,thishurryfull-timestaffmaybeharmfultoindustryasitistheworkforce.（C）16.Seetothatyouincludetheexaminationpaperquestionstheydidn’tknowlasttime.（D） 17.Mostnewspapers,themajorpartofspacetorecentevents,usuallymanagetofindontheinsidepagesforarticlessomeinterestingtopics.（B）18.Onesignyouaremakingprogressinansuchaspaintingorphotographyisyoubegintorealizehowmuchtolearn.（A）19.Theideallistenerstaysboththemusicatthemomentitisplayedanditalmostthecomposeratthemomenthe.（B）20.exposuretostresshasbeenlinkedtofunctioningoftheimmunesystem,apersonmoreliableinfection.（D）PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Example:ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound________inthewoodsoffthehighway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThesentenceshouldread,“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer [A][B][■][D]21.Hespokeso________thatevenhisopponentswerewonoverbyhisarguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly[C]emphatically（B）[D]determinedly22.France’s________ofnucleartestingintheSouthPacificlastmonthtriggeredpoliticaldebatesandmassdemonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption（D）[D]resumption23.The215-pagemanuscript,circulatedtopublisherslastOctober,________anoutburstofinterest.[A]flared[B]glittered[C]sparked（C）[D]flashed24.HiseffortstobringaboutareconciliationbetweenthetwoParties________.[A]cameoff[B]cameon[C]cameround（A）[D]camedown25.Thesystemwasredesignedtoembracethenetworkandeventually________itinaprofitabledirection.[A]adapt [B]control[C]install（D）[D]steer26.Thecapitalintendedtobroadentheexportbaseand________efficiencygainsfrominternationaltradewaschanneledinsteadintouneconomicimportsubstitution.[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend（A）[D]possess27.Itisannouncedthatawallethasbeenfoundandcanbe________atthemanager’soffice.[A]declared[B]obtained[C]reclaimed（C）[D]recognized28.WhenI________mysenses,Ifoundmyselfwrappedupinbedinmylittleroom,withGrandmabendingoverme.[A]wokeup[B]tookto[C]pickedup（D）[D]cameto29.TheAmericansocietyis________anexceedinglyshakyfoundationofnaturalresources,whichisconnectedwiththepossibilityofaworseningenvironment.[A]establishedon[B]affiliatedto[C]originatedfrom（A） [D]incorporatedwith30.Iamnot________withmyroommatebutIhavetosharetheroomwithher,becauseIhavenowhereelsetolive.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate（B）[D]complied31.Atfirst,the________ofcolorpicturesoveralongdistanceseemedimpossible,but,withpainstakingeffortsandatgreatexpense,itbecameareality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation（B）[D]transition32.Whenthecommittee________todetails,theproposedplanseemedimpractical.[A]gotdown[B]setabout[C]wentoff（A）[D]cameup33.________tosomepartsofSouthAmericaisstilldifficult,becausepartsofthecontinentarestillcoveredwiththickforests.[A]Orientation[B]Access[C]Procession（B）[D]Voyage34.Mr.Smithhadanunusual________:hewasfirstanofficeclerk,thenasailor,andendedupasaschoolteacher. [A]profession[B]occupation[C]position（D）[D]career35.Themayorisawomanwithgreat________andthereforedeservesourpoliticalandfinancialsupport.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]integrity（C）[D]intensity36.TheEnglishweatherdefiesforecastandhenceisasourceofinterest________toeveryone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization（A）[D]proposition37.Thefactthatthegoldeneagleusuallybuildsitsnestonsomehighcliffs________italmostimpossibletoobtaintheeggsortheyoungbirds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards（A）[D]relates38.Toimpressafutureemployer,oneshoulddressneatly,be________,anddisplayinterestinthejob.[A]swift[B]instant[C]timely（D） [D]punctual39.Youdon’thavetoinstallthisradioinyournewcar,it’san________extra.[A]excessive[B]optional[C]additional（B）[D]arbitrary40.Wewerepleasedtonotethattheearlymorningdeliverydidn’t________tothetrafficjamofthebusycity.[A]aid[B]amount[C]add（C）[D]attributeSectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrainconsumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamilyheproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurancetheunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinordertooldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizerstothesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigationandimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyorextrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalowofinterest,butloansofthiskind arenotobtainable.41.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[C]insteadof（C）[D]morethan42.[A]onlyif[B]muchas[C]longbefore（A）[D]eversince43.[A]for[B]against[C]of（B）[D]towards44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement（A）[D]dispose45.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed（C）[D]raise46.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths（D）[D]channels 47.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied（B）[D]self-restrained48.[A]search[B]save[C]offer（D）[D]seek49.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate（C）[D]ratio50.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably（D）[D]frequentlySectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’sbest,its workersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,”accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”51.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause________.[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors（C）[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy52.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican________.[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket [B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises[C]machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions（D）[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket53.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.（B）[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.54.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe________.[A]turningofthebusinesscycle[B]restructuringofindustry[C]improvedbusinessmanagement（A）[D]successineducationText2Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyone beingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepass100,000years--eventhepass100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.”Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.55.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?[A]Alackofmates.[B]Afiercecompetition.[C]Alowersurvivalrate.（C）[D]Adefectivegene.56.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.（B）[D]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.57.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause________.[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution（A）[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing58.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution [B]WaysofContinuingMan’sEvolution[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature（D）[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhereText3Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays;foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:“Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.”This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?59.Thispassageismainly________.[A]asurveyofnewapproachestoart[B]areviewofFuturistpoetry[C]aboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovement（B）[D]aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature 60.Whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto________.[A]determineitspurposes[B]ignoreitsflaws[C]followthenewfashions（A）[D]accepttheprinciples61.Futuristsclaimthatwemust________.[A]increasetheproductionofliterature[B]usepoetrytorelievemodernstress[C]developnewmodesofexpression（C）[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs62.TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis________.[A]basedonreasonableprinciples[B]newandacceptabletoordinarypeople[C]indicativeofbasicchangeinhumannature（D）[D]moreofatransientphenomenonthanliteratureText4AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japanese educationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.“Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores--personality,ability,courageorhumanity--arecompletelyignored,”saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty’seducationcommittee.“Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.”LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe“Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.”ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.“InJapan,”sayseducatorYokoMuro,“it’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.”Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.63.IntheWesterner’seyes,thepostwarJapanwas________.[A]underaimlessdevelopment[B]apositiveexample[C]arivaltotheWest（B）[D]onthedecline64.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety?[A]Women’sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.[B]Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.[C]Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.（D）[D]Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.65.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocial ladder.[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.（C）[D]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.66.ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat________.[A]theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlife[B]thedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.[C]theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbefore（A）[D]theJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlifeText5Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition--wealth,distinction,controloverone’sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,“Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobe admiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.67.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif________.[A]itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrifices[B]itisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpower[C]itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial（A）[D]itissharedbytherichandthefamous68.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis________.[A]customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords[B]toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout[C]dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal（C）[D]impracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition69.Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause________.[A]theythinkofitasimmoral[B]theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealth[C]ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefits（D）[D]theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible70.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained________.[A]secretlyandvigorously[B]openlyandenthusiastically[C]easilyandmomentarily（B） [D]verballyandspirituallySectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.72)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.73)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization--withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed--wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements--themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.SectionVWriting76.Directions: [A]Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayofatleast150words.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)[C]Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Describethepictures.2.Deducethepurposeofthedrawerinthepictures.3.Suggestcounter-measures. 2000年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[A]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[C]6.[C]7.[A]8.[B]9.[D]10.[C]PartB(5points)11.[A]12.[D]13.[C]14.[D]15.[C]16.[D]17.[B]18.[A]19.[B]20.[D]PartC(5points)21.[B]22.[D]23.[C]24.[A]25.[D]26.[A]27.[C]28.[D]29.[A]30.[B]31.[B]32.[A]33.[B]34.[D]35.[C]36.[A]37.[A]38.[D]39.[B]40.[C]PartII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[C]42.[A]43.[B]44.[A]45.[C]46.[D]47.[B]48.[D]49.[C]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[C]52.[D]53.[B]54.[A]55.[C]56.[B]57.[A]58.[D]59.[B]60.[A]61.[C]62.[D]63.[B]64.[D]65.[C]66.[A]67.[A]68.[C]69.[D]70.[B]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。72.再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。73.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。74.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。75.由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。SectionV:Writing(15points) 76.参考范文Thesetwopicturesdisplayasharpcontrast:therewerealotoffishwithonefishingboatintheseain1900whilethesituationwasjusttheoppositein1995.Obviously,thefishingindustrywasfacingamajorproblem,withalltheoceanresourcesbeingexhaustedsoquickly.Thedrawerisnotexaggeratingorjokingaboutcommercialfishing.Onthecontrary,heisseriouslywarningusthatourwayofthinkingandwaysofdoingthingsareunreasonableanddangerous.Ourresourcesarelimitedandourecosystemneedscarefulconsiderationandprotection.Ifweonlycareaboutthepresent,wewillsufferinthefuture.It’sjustlikebuildingfriendshipandsavingmoney:themoreyouputintoit,themoreyoucanget;themoreyoutakeout,thelessitisleft.Measuresshouldbetakenifsuchdisappointingsituationistobeavoided.Isuggestthatgovernmentmakelawsandregulationstoguideandsupervisepeople’sfishingactivity,punishingthosewhoonlycareabouttheirowninterestandbringharmtoothersandtheenvironment.Ialsoappealtothepublicthatmoneyisnottheonlythingwecanpursueandfishisnottheonlyfoodwecaneat.Whetherforthebenefitofthehumanraceorfortheinterestofourown,weshouldshowconcernforothersandmakeplansforthefuture.Onlyinthiswaycanwelivehappilyandaffluently.1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)1.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we________inEuropefortwoweeks.[A]shallstay[B]havestayed[C]willhavestayed（C）[D]havebeenstaying2.Iappreciated________theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.[A]havingbeengiven[B]havinggiven[C]tohavebeengiven（A）[D]tohavegiven3.LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,________obtainingwaterisnottheleast.[A]ofwhich[B]forwhat[C]as（A）[D]whose4.Theheartis________intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso[B]notmuch[C]muchmore（D）[D]nomore5.________thefactthathisinitialexperimentshadfailed,Prof.Whitepersistedinhisresearch.[A]Becauseof[B]Asto[C]Inspiteof（C）[D]Inviewof6.JeanWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatit________inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.[A]istobeanalyzed[B]hasbeenanalyzed[C]beanalyzed（C）[D]shouldhavebeenanalyzed7.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,________allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.[A]couldlose[B]wouldhavelost[C]mightlose（B）[D]oughttohavelost8.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetas________earnedbyhisownlabour.[A]one[B]that[C]such（B）[D]what9.Itisn’tcoldenoughforthere________afrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.[A]wouldbe[B]being[C]was（D）[D]tobe10.ScientistsgenerallyagreethattheEarth’sclimatewillwarmupoverthenext50to100years________ithaswarmedinthe20,000yearssincetheIceAge.[A]aslongas[B]asmuchas[C]assoonas（B）[D]aswellasPartB Directions:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)11.SimilarelementsintheprehistoricfrombothareasthatIndiansandtheirneighboursdistantbutrealconnectionsbefore1500B.C.（[D]even）12.Itsoonbecamethatinsteadoftosingshebetrainedtheastronomer’sassistant.（[A]obvious）13.Hethatthesolarsystemandtheuniverseintoexistenceanaturalprocessandoneday.（[B]hadcome）14.Themoonhasamassthatisnearlyonehundredtimesthan;,theforcegravityatthemoon’ssurfaceisonlyone-sixthofthatattheearth’ssurface.（[B]thatoftheearth）15.“TheBunsenburnerisnamedbecauseitbyRobertBunsen,whowasGermanbirth.（[C]tohavebeeninvented）16.Ihavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyoneherinthoroughness,.（[A]Muchas或Muchthough）17.Theandtallgrassinthatyardthehouseasifitforquitesometime.（[B]make）18.thenatureoftheagingprocessbetterunderstood,thepossibilityamedicinethatcanblockthefundamentalprocessofagingveryremote.（[A]Unless(=if...not)）19.WhenIconsiderhow,Icannothelpthatwillappreciatehisgift.（[C]删去but或将believing改为believe）20.AllenthatheandadmirationtheworkoftheBritisheconomistKeynes.（[C]agreatinterestin）PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21.Pleasedonotbe________byhisbadmannerssinceheismerelytryingtoattractattention.[A]disregarded[B]distorted[C]irritated（C）[D]intervened22.Craigassuredhisbossthathewould________allhisenergiesindoingthisnewjob.[A]callforth[B]callat[C]callon（A）[D]calloff23.Toomuch________toX-rayscancauseskinburns,cancerorotherdamagetothebody.[A]disclosure[B]exhibition[C]contact（D）[D]exposure24.Whenconfrontedwithsuchquestions,mymindgoes________,andIcanhardlyremembermyowndateofbirth.[A]dim[B]blank[C]faint（B）[D]vain25.Itiswellknownthatknowledgeisthat________conditionforexpansionofmind.[A]incompatible[B]incredible[C]indefinite（D）[D]indispensable26.MorethantwohundredyearsagotheUnitedStates________fromtheBritishEmpireandbecomeanindependentcountry.[A]gotoff[B]pulleddown[C]brokeaway（C）[D]droppedoff 27.Careshouldbetakentodecreasethelengthoftimethatoneis________loudcontinuousnoise.[A]subjectedto[B]filledwith[C]associatedwith（A）[D]attachedto28.Someofthemostimportantconceptsinphysics________theirsuccesstothesemathematicalsystems.[A]oblige[B]owe[C]contribute（B）[D]attribute29.Asyourinstructoradvised,yououghttospendyourtimeonsomething________researchinginto.[A]precious[B]worth[C]worthy（B）[D]valuable30.Asadefenseagainstair-pollutiondamage,manyplantsandanimals________asubstancetoabsorbharmfulchemicals.[A]relieve[B]release[C]dismiss（B）[D]discard31.Withoutthefrictionbetweentheirfeetandtheground,peoplewould________beabletowalk.[A]innotime[B]byallmeans[C]innoway（C）[D]onanyaccount32.Whiletyping,Helenhasahabitofstopping________togiveherlongandflowinghairasmooth.[A]occasionally[B]simultaneously[C]eventually（A）[D]promptly33.OnereasonforthesuccessesofAsianimmigrantsintheU.S.isthattheyhavetakengreat________toeducatetheirchildren.[A]efforts[B]pains[C]attempts（B）[D]endeavours34.Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould________hisownplanforimprovingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.[A]puton[B]putout[C]putin（D）[D]putforward35.Isupportyourdecision,butIshouldalsomakeitclearthatIamnotgoingtobe________toit.[A]connected[B]fastened[C]bound（C）[D]stuck36.TheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(n)________ofwordswhicharecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.[A]altitude[B]latitude[C]multitude（C）[D]attitude37.Inmyopinion,youcanwidenthe________oftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.[A]dimension[B]volume[C]magnitude（D）[D]scope38.Yourimproperwordswillgive________todoubtsconcerningyourtrueintentions.[A]rise[B]reason[C]suspicion（A）[D]impulse39.Thenewsitemaboutthefireisfollowedbyadetailedreportmade________.[A]onthespot[B]onthesite[C]onthelocation（A）[D]ontheground40.Theremarkable________oflifeontheGalapagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.[A]classification[B]variety[C]density（B）[D]diversionSectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsistheutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceofbreakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwordsameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermayunfavorablereactionsinthelistenerinterferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymakedifficultforthelistenertounderstandthewhichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybetoexplainordescribeinathatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.41.[A]of[B]at[C]for（A）[D]on42.[A]inaccessible[B]timely[C]likely（C）[D]invalid43.[A]encourages[B]prevents[C]destroys（B）[D]offers44.[A]passout[B]takeaway[C]backup（D）[D]stirup45.[A]who[B]as[C]which（C）[D]what46.[A]Moreover[B]However[C]Preliminarily（A）[D]Unexpectedly47.[A]that[B]it [C]so（B）[D]this48.[A]speech[B]sense[C]message（C）[D]meaning49.[A]obscure[B]difficult[C]impossible（D）[D]unable50.[A]case[B]means[C]method（D）[D]waySectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.51.InLine8,Paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”means________.[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased（D）[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes52.Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthat________.[A]producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction[B]consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers[C]producersdecidethepricesofproducts（D）[D]supplyanddemandregulateprices53.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby________.[A]privatepropertyandrightsconcerned[B]manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol[C]ownershipofproductiveresources（A）[D]freecontractsandprices54.Thepassageismainlyabout________.[A]howAmericangoodsareproduced[B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods[C]howAmericaneconomicsystemworks（C）[D]howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofitsText2OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety”isnotonthehorizon--it’salreadyhere. Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.55.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto________.[A]withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes[B]obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo[C]enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper（B）[D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesto56.Fromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat________.[A]inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcards[B]creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatestoday[C]nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash（C）[D]itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore57.Thephrase“ringupsales”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans“________”.[A]makeanorderofgoods[B]recordsalesonacashregister[C]callthesalesmanager（B）[D]keeptrackofthegoodsinstock58.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.[B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.（B）[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.Text3Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety’sunderstanding--theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration.Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.“Allmenarecreatedequal.”We’vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythiscountry’sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforethelaw,ithasalsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren--therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren--disabledornot--toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.59.InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthestagetoshowthat________.[A]thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamilyandthesociety[B]exceptionalchildrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiliesthannormalchildrenare[C]exceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandsociety（A）[D]theneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsoftheexceptionalchildren60.Thereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernineducationisthat________.[A]theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthesociety[B]theymightbecomeaburdenofthesociety [C]theyshouldfullydeveloptheirpotential（C）[D]disabledchildrendeservespecialconsideration61.Thispassagemainlydealswith________.[A]thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningcapabilities[B]thedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernsociety[C]thespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalchildren（D）[D]thenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalchildren62.Fromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptionalchildren________.[A]isnowenjoyinglegalsupport[B]disagreeswiththetraditionofthecountry[C]wasclearlystatedbythecountry’sfounders（A）[D]willexertgreatinfluenceovercourtdecisionsText4“Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe’llknowinvastdetailhowcancercellsarise,”saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexpertoncancer.“But,”hecautions,“somepeoplehavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur,hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable.”Thisyear,50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.Intheyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,thatfigurewillbe75percent.Forsomeskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.Butothersurvivalstatisticsarestilldiscouraging--13percentforlungcancer,and2percentforcancerofthepancreas(胰腺).Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes(基因),areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomescancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers.“Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,”saysoncologistWilliamHayward.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,“Wecan’tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.”Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighter.“First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounteractitsaction.”63.TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto________.[A]predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecade[B]indicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebright[C]provethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyears（D）[D]warnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeconquered64.Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2000,________.[A]therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskin-cancerpatients[B]90percentoftheskin-cancerpatientstodaywillstillbeliving[C]thesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvariouscancers（D）[D]therewon’tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofallcancerpatients65.Oncogenesarecancer-causinggenes________.[A]thatarealwaysinoperationinahealthyperson[B]whichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotactivated[C]thatcanbedrivenoutofnormalcells（B）[D]whichnormalcellscan’tturnoff66.Theword“dormant”inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans________.[A]dead[B]ever-present[C]inactive（C）[D]potentialText5Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(霉)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythan theyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal--andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovatorsandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,”wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:“Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?”Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.67.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“untaughtmind”inthefirstparagraph?[A]Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.[B]Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.[C]Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.（A）[D]Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.68.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfromnon-innovators?[A]Thevarietyofideastheyhave.[B]Theintelligencetheypossess.[C]Thewaytheydealwithproblems.（C）[D]Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.69.TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because________.[A]RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativity[B]thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthings[C]thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch’spointofview（B）[D]thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented70.Thephrase“marchtoadifferentdrummer”(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare________.[A]diligentinpursuingtheirgoals[B]reluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings[C]devotedtotheprogressofsociety（B）[D]concernedabouttheadvanceofsocietySectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)“Inshort,”aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(73)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.(74)Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeye-glasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.(75)WhethertheGovernment’sshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa(反之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.SectionVWriting Directions:[A]Title:ONMAKINGFRIENDS[B]Timelimit:40minutes[C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.”[E]YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)OUTLINE:1.Theneedforfriends2.Truefriendship3.Myprincipleinmakingfriends1994年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[C]2.[A]3.[A]4.[D]5.[C]6.[C]7.[B]8.[B]9.[D]10.[B]PartB(5points)11.[D]even12.[A]obvious13.[B]hadcome14.[B]thatoftheearth15.[C]tohavebeeninvented16.[A]Muchas或Muchthough17.[B]make18.[A]Unless(=if...not)19.[C]删去but或将believing改为believe20.[C]agreatinterestinPartC(10points)21.[C]22.[A]23.[D]24.[B]25.[D]26.[C]27.[A]28.[B]29.[B]30.[B]31.[C]32.[A]33.[B]34.[D]35.[C]36.[C]37.[D]38.[A]39.[A]40.[B]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[A]42.[C]43.[B]44.[D]45.[C]46.[A]47.[B]48.[C]49.[D]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[D]52.[D]53.[A]54.[C]55.[B]56.[C]57.[B]58.[B]59.[A]60.[C]61.[D]62.[A]63.[D]64.[D]65.[B]66.[C]67.[A]68.[C]69.[B]70.[B]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。72.新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”73.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。74.伽里略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。75.政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartA1.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed________.[A]hadproduced[B]havebeenproduced[C]wouldhaveproduced（D）[D]hadbeenproduced2.Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofgettingcancerthan________inthepublicmindtoday.[A]exists[B]exist[C]existing（A）[D]existed3.Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgrounds________hisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.[A]whichtobaseon[B]onwhichtobase[C]tobaseonwhich（B）[D]whichtobebasedon 4.________canhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.[A]Everybody[B]Anybody[C]Somebody（D）[D]Nobody5.Howmanyofus________,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?[A]attended[B]attending[C]toattend（B）[D]haveattended6.Hydrogenisthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse________itprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.[A]sothat[B]butthat[C]inthat（C）[D]providedthat7.Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyle________inapersonalone.[A]ratherthan[B]otherthan[C]betterthan（A）[D]lessthan8.________isgenerallyaccepted,economicalgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.[A]What[B]That[C]It（D）[D]As9.Itisbelievedthattoday’spopmusiccanserveasacreativeforce________stimulatingthethinkingofitslisteners.[A]by[B]with[C]at（A）[D]on10.Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,________theatmosphere.[A]asitis[B]thesameas[C]sois（C）[D]andsoisPartB11.TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirenotsomuchalifestyleasabusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimetoovaluable.（[A]reflect）12.Indebating,onemustcorrectthefacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenyhepresentsasproof,relevant,issufficient.（[D]if）13.Wearenottheextentworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactioncanmakethebetweenafullandanemptylife.（[B]towhich）14.ThePortugueseagreatdealofcredittoforseatravel,thatmanPrinceHenrythenavigator,wholivedinthe15thcentury.（[D]being）15.scientificexperimentsaregenerallycorrectthosesciencearecarefulintheaccuracyoftheirreports.（[C]writingabout或whowriteabout）16.wheneverweanaturaldisaster,inadistantpartoftheworld,wefeelforthepeople.（[D]affected）17.Itisperhapsnotanexaggerationthatweshallsoonbeourhealth,wealthandhappinesstoelementswithverynamesthegeneralpublicunfamiliar.（[C]whose）18.ThespeakerclaimedthatmodernnationdevotesaportionofitswealthtopublicassistanceandhealththeUnitedStates.（[C]as）19.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethattheseresearchprojectswillanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,toprotectourresources.（[C]domuch）20.Ifindividualstheybeginadreamphaseofsleep,theyarelikelytobecome irritabletheirtotalamountofsleepsufficient.（[B]eachtime）PartC21.Inthatcountry,gueststendtofeeltheyarenothighly________iftheinvitationtoadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.[A]admired[B]regarded[C]expected（B）[D]worshipped22.A________ofthelongreportbythebudgetcommitteewassubmittedtothemayorforapproval.[A]shorthand[B]scheme[C]schedule（D）[D]sketch23.Amanhastomake________forhisoldagebyputtingasideenoughmoneytoliveonwhenold.[A]supply[B]assurance[C]provision（C）[D]adjustment24.Thenewly-builtScienceBuildingseems________enoughtolastahundredyears.[A]spacious[B]sophisticated[C]substantial（C）[D]steady25.Itiswell-knownthattheretiredworkersinourcountryare________freemedicalcare.[A]entitledto[B]involvedin[C]associatedwith（A）[D]assignedto26.Thefarmersweremoreanxiousforrainthanthepeopleinthecitybecausetheyhadmoreat________.[A]danger[B]stake[C]loss（B）[D]threat27.Ifelt________todeathbecauseIcouldmakenothingofthechairman’sspeech.[A]fatigued[B]tired[C]exhausted（D）[D]bored28.Whentheenginewouldnotstart,themechanicinspectedallthepartstofindwhatwasat________.[A]wrong[B]trouble[C]fault（C）[D]difficulty29.Youradvicewouldbe________valuabletohim,whoisatpresentathiswit’send.[A]exceedingly[B]excessively[C]extensively（A）[D]exclusively30.Hefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowhehasto________theconsequences.[A]answerfor[B]runinto[C]abideby（A）[D]stepinto31.Theriverisalready________itsbanksbecauseofexcessiverainfall;andthecityisthreatenedwithalikelyflood.[A]parallelto[B]levelin[C]flaton（D）[D]flushwith32.People________thatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.[A]convinced[B]anticipated[C]resolved（B）[D]assured33.Inspiteofthewiderangeofreadingmaterialspeciallywrittenor________forlanguagelearningpurposes,thereisyetnocomprehensivesystematicprogrammeforthereadingskills.[A]adapted[B]acknowledged[C]assembled（A）[D]appointed34.Themothersaidshewould________hersonwashingthedishesifhecouldfinishhisassignmentbeforesupper.[A]letdown[B]letalone[C]letoff（C）[D]letout35.Weshouldalwayskeepinmindthat________decisionsoftenleadtobitterregrets.[A]urgent[B]hasty[C]instant（B）[D]prompt36.Johncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages________inthedictionary.[A]missing[B]losing[C]dropping（A）[D]leaking37.Inthepast,mostforestershavebeenmen,buttoday,thenumberofwomen________thisfieldisclimbing.[A]engaging[B]devoting[C]registering（D）[D]pursuing38.Thesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit________,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.[A]athand[B]inturn[C]inconclusion（D）[D]atlength39.Theirdemandforapayraisehasnottheslightest________ofbeingmet.[A]prospect[B]prediction[C]prosperity（A）[D]permission40.It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina________waywheninafuriousstate.[A]stable[B]rational[C]legal（B）[D]credibleSectionIIClozeTestSleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepistoservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore.Thenewexperiments,suchasthoseforthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanationsofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleepis100percentfataltorats,yet,examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnowthemysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Theratsbacterialinfectionsoftheblood,theirimmunesystems--theself-protectingmechanismagainstdisease--hadcrashed. 41.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each（B）[D]Any42.[A]intended[B]required[C]assumed（C）[D]inferred43.[A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious（C）[D]doubtful44.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled（B）[D]afforded45.[A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception（D）[D]forthepurpose46.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation（C）[D]restriction47.[A]upon[B]by[C]through（A）[D]with48.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison（D）[D]castlighton49.[A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate（A）[D]induce50.[A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif（B）[D]ifonlySectionIIIReadingComprehensionText1MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation--andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive--advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.51.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat________.[A]heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertising[B]everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming[C]advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelse（D）[D]itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising52.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?[A]Securinggreaterfame.[B]Providingmorejobs.[C]Enhancinglivingstandards.（A）[D]Reducingnewspapercost.53.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis________.[A]verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertising[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers’attention[C]correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation（D）[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising54.Intheauthor’sopinion,________.[A]advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformation[B]advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover [C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer（C）[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisementText2Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage--alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.55.Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen________.[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit[B]hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork[C]heiskeenonleaninganythingnew（A）[D]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney56.Intheauthor’seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould________.[A]succeedinclimbingupthesocialladder[B]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownachievements[C]facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges（C）[D]aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime57.Whentheauthorsays“anewwayofbeing”(Line2~3,Para.3)heisreferringto________.[A]anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld[B]anewwayoftakingrisks[C]anewmethodofperceivingourselves（A）[D]anewsystemofadaptationtochange58.Forpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.[A]curiosityaboutmorechances[B]promptnessinself-adaptation[C]open-mindednesstonewexperiences（D）[D]avoidanceofinternalfearsanddoubtsText3Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio, andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.“Knowledgeispower”maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.59.Theword“it”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto________.[A]thelackofstablecommunities[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies（B）[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace60.Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesfromthefactthat________.[A]theyhavetolearnnewthingsconsciously[B]theylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthyinformation[C]theyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationreadily（C）[D]theycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedfamily61.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat________.[A]electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingmessages[B]itwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationera[C]peoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsorconferences（A）[D]eventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsatellites62.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]itisnecessarytoobtainasmuchknowledgeaspossible[B]peopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformationaccessible[C]weshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformation（D）[D]itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationefficientlyText4Personalityistoalargeextentinherent--A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe“winatallcosts”moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:“Rejoice,weconquer!”Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.TheworldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.63.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually________.[A]impatient[B]considerate[C]aggressive（C）[D]agreeable64.Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause________.[A]thepressureistoogreatonthestudents[B]somestudentsareboundtofail[C]failureratesaretoohigh（B）[D]theresultsofexanimationsaredoubtful65.Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybasedon________. [A]candidates’sensitivity[B]academicachievements[C]competitivespirit（B）[D]surervalues66.Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________.[A]thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth[B]familyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone’scharacteristics[C]thedevelopmentofone’spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors（C）[D]B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitivesocietyText5Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadtoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.67.Fromtheevolutionarypointofview,________.[A]forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive[B]ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive[C]thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual’sadaptability（D）[D]suddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveconsequences68.Accordingtothepassage,ifapersonneverforgot,________.[A]hewouldsurvivebest[B]hewouldhavealotoftrouble[C]hisabilitytolearnwouldbeenhanced（B）[D]theevolutionofmemorywouldstop69.Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat________.[A]forgetfulnessisaresponsetolearning[B]thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputsystem[C]memoryisacompensationforforgetting（A）[D]thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingoccurs70.Inthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof________.[A]remembering[B]forgetting[C]adapting（B）[D]experiencingSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbe valuable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73)Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.SectionVWritingDirections:[A]Title:THE“PROJECTHOPE”[B]Timelimit:40minutes[C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“Educationplaysaveryimportantroleinthemodernizationofourcountry.”[E]YourcompositionmustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)OUTLINE:1.Presentsituation2.Necessityoftheproject3.Mysuggestion1995年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[D]2.[A]3.[B]4.[D]5.[B]6.[C]7.[A]8.[D]9.[A]10.[C]PartB(5points)11.[A]reflect12.[D]if13.[B]towhich14.[D]being15.[C]writingabout或whowriteabout16.[D]affected17.[C]whose18.[C]as19.[C]domuch20.[B]eachtimePartC(10points)21.[B]22.[D]23.[C]24.[C]25.[A]26.[B]27.[D]28.[C]29.[A]30.[A]31.[D]32.[B]33.[A]34.[C]35.[B]36.[A]37.[D]38.[D]39.[A]40.[B]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[B]42.[C]43.[C]44.[B]45.[D]46.[C]47.[A]48.[D]49.[A]50.[B]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[D]52.[A]53.[D]54.[C]55.[A]56.[C]57.[A]58.[D]59.[B]60.[C]61.[A]62.[D]63.[C]64.[B]65.[B]66.[C]67.[D]68.[B]69.[A]70.[B]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points) 71.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。72.这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。73.因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。74.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。75.例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartA1.Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften________,orbetterthananactualperformance.[A]asgoodas[B]asgood[C]good（A）[D]goodas2.Mypain________apparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”[A]mustbe[B]had[C]musthavebeen（C）[D]hadtobe3.Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme________shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.[A]eversince[B]muchas[C]eventhough（D）[D]ifonly4.Observationsweremade________thechildrenatthebeginningandattheendofpreschoolandfirstgrade.[A]towards[B]of[C]on（B）[D]with5.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,each________onemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.[A]makes[B]made[C]istomake（D）[D]making6.Asafetyanalysis________thetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.[A]wouldidentify[B]willidentify[C]wouldhaveidentified（C）[D]willhaveidentified7.Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalf________.[A]oflastyear’s[B]thoseoflastyear’s[C]ofthoseoflastyear's（D）[D]thatoflastyear’s8.Forthere_______successfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.[A]is[B]tobe[C]willbe（B）[D]being9.TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently________whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.[A]giving[B]gave[C]togive（A）[D]given10.Noonewouldhavetimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverything________goingonintheworld.[A]itis[B]asis[C]thereis（C）[D]whatisPartB11.I’dratheryoubytrain,becauseItheideaofinanairplaneinbadweather.（[A]went）12.It’sessentialthatpeopleabletoresisttheimpactbythetransitionfromeconomytomarketeconomy.（[B]psychologically）13.Somebossesdislikepeopletheirresponsibilities;theykeepimportantmattersintheirownhands.（[A]allowing）14.Eachcigarettewhichapersonsmokesharm,andeventuallymaygetaseriousdiseasefrom effect.（[C]he）15.,ambitiousstudentstosucceedintheirstudiesthanlittleambition.（[B]aremorelikely）16.muchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsthelifecycleoftheinsectthatnotfully.（[C]are）17.In1921EinsteinwontheNobelPrize,andinGermanyuntilofNazismhewasdrivenGermanybecausehewasaJew.（[C]when）18.ThedatafromthewhirlingaroundMarsthatthereismuchevidencethathugethunderstormsabouttheequatoroftheplanet.（[B]twospacecraft）19.Generallyspeaking,thebirdflyingourpathisobserved,andstayingonthetreenearispassedbywithoutanynoticeofit.（[D]taken）20.Mercury’svelocityisgreaterthanthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimetakestheEarthtocomplete.（[C]it）PartC21.IwasspeakingtoAnnonthephonewhensuddenlywewere________.[A]hungup[B]hungback[C]cutdown（D）[D]cutoff22.Shewonderedifshecouldhavetheopportunitytospend________heresothatshecouldlearnmoreaboutthecity.[A]sometimes[B]sometime[C]sometime（B）[D]sometimes23.Ms.Greenhasbeenlivingintownforonlyoneyear,yetsheseemstobe________witheveryonewhocomestothestore.[A]accepted[B]admitted[C]admired（D）[D]acquainted24.Hedoesnot________asateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisterrible.[A]equal[B]match[C]qualify（C）[D]fit25.Dozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen________thegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.[A]pursuing[B]chasing[C]reaching（A）[D]winning26.Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat________thespeakersstoppedforrefreshments.[A]atlarge[B]atintervals[C]atease（B）[D]atrandom27.Whentravelling,youareadvisedtotaketravellers’checks,whichprovideasecure________tocarryingyourmoneyincash.[A]substitute[B]selection[C]preference（D）[D]alternative28.InevertrustedhimbecauseIalwaysthoughtofhimassucha________character.[A]gracious[B]suspicious[C]unique（B）[D]particular29.Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis________producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.[A]absorption[B]transition[C]consumption（A）[D]interaction30.Ididn’tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposely________myideastoproveyourpoint.[A]revising[B]contradicting[C]distorting（C）[D]distracting31.Language,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsidered________ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.[A]indistinctly[B]separately[C]irrelevantly（D）[D]independently32.Watchingmepullingthecalfawkwardlytothebarn,theIrishmilkmaidfoughthardto________herlaughter.[A]holdback[B]holdon[C]holdout（A）[D]holdup 33.Themanagergaveoneofthesalesgirlsanaccusinglookforher________attitudetowardcustomers.[A]impartial[B]mild[C]hostile（C）[D]opposing34.I________withthanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnewcolumn.[A]express[B]confess[C]verify（D）[D]acknowledge35.Itisstrictly________thataccesstoconfidentialdocumentsisdeniedtoallbutafew.[A]secured[B]forbidden[C]regulated（C）[D]determined36.ThepollutionquestionaswellasseveralotherissuesisgoingtobediscussedwhentheCongressisin________againnextspring.[A]assembly[B]session[C]conference（B）[D]convention37.ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember25th________thebirthofJesusChrist.[A]inaccordancewith[B]intermsof[C]infavorof（D）[D]inhonorof38.Sinceitistoolatetochangemymindnow,Iam________tocarryingouttheplan.[A]obliged[B]committed[C]engaged（B）[D]resolved39.Itwasaboldideatobuildapowerstationinthedeepvalley,butit________aswellaswehadhoped.[A]cameoff[B]wentoff[C]broughtout（A）[D]madeout40.Tosurviveintheintensetradecompetitionbetweencountries,wemust________thequalitiesandvarietiesofproductswemaketotheworld-marketdemand.[A]improve[B]enhanced[C]guarantee（D）[D]gearSectionIIClozeTestVitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededforfoodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andifismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes.Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements--usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,andnitrogen.Theyaredifferenttheirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitaminoneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluseforvitamins.Manypeople,,believeinbeingonthe“safeside”andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’svitaminneeds.41.[A]either[B]so[C]nor（C）[D]never42.[A]shifting[B]transferring[C]altering（D）[D]transforming43.[A]any[B]some[C]anything（A）[D]something44.[A]serious[B]apparent[C]severe（B）[D]fatal45.[A]mostly[B]partially[C]sometimes（C）[D]rarely46.[A]inthat[B]sothat[C]suchthat（A）[D]exceptthat47.[A]undertakes[B]holds[C]plays（D）[D]performs48.[A]Supplying[B]Getting[C]Providing（B）[D]Furnishing49.[A]exceptional[B]exceeding[C]excess（C）[D]external50.[A]nevertheless[B]therefore[C]moreover（A）[D]meanwhileSectionIIIReadingComprehensionText1Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner, weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualifications,willpayhimtoemployyouandyour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.51.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”?[A]You’llcertainlygetwhatyouwant.[B]It’snousedreaming.[C]Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.（B）[D]It’sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.52.Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas________.[A]anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob[B]anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob[C]aguidelineforjobdescription（A）[D]aprincipleforjobevaluation53.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause________.[A]thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer[B]thatistherequirementoftheemployer[C]itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices（D）[D]itforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself54.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething________.[A]definitetooffer[B]imaginarytoprovide[C]practicaltosupply（A）[D]desirabletopresentText2WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannuallicensefeeof￡83perhousehold.Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years--yettheBBC’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewers--tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.DefendersoftheCorporation--ofwhomtherearemany--arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan“Ifitain’tbroke,don’tfixit.”TheBBC“ain’tbroke,”theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword‘broke’,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels–ITVandChannel4--wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels--fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’subscriptions--whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.55.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces________.[A]theproblemofnewcoverage[B]anuncertainprospect [C]inquiriesbythegeneralpublic（B）[D]shrinkageofaudience56.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisNOTmentionedasthekeyissue?[A]ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.[B]Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.[C]Potentialsforfurtherinternationalcooperations.（C）[D]Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.57.TheBBC’s“royalcharter”(Line4,Paragraph4)standsfor________.[A]thefinancialsupportfromtheroyalfamily[B]theprivilegesgrantedbytheQueen[C]acontractwiththeQueen（C）[D]auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily58.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan________.[A]theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels[B]theenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment[C]theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs（D）[D]thechallengeofnewsatellitechannelsText3Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“labour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.59.It’strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat________.[A]theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations[B]theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative[C]theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies（C）[D]theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers60.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin________.[A]theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement[B]theownershipofcapitalbymanagers[C]theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses（A）[D]theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTthat________.[A]theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers[B]theoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers[C]thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly（C）[D]thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole 62.Theauthorismostcriticalof________.[A]familyfilmowners[B]landowners[C]managers（D）[D]shareholdersText4WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools:alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,“spatial”thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.”Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium”system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,“Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.”Thisnonverbal“spatial”thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.63.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto________.[A]elementaryschools[B]enthusiasticworkers[C]theattractivepremiumsystem（D）[D]aspecialwayofthinking64.ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics________.[A]benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge[B]shedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement[C]wasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometraining（A）[D]owedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment65.Atechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause________.[A]theyarebothwinnersofawards[B]theyarebothexpertsinspatialthinking[C]theybothabandonverbaldescription（B）[D]theybothusevariousinstruments66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe________.[A]InventiveMind[B]EffectiveSchooling[B]WaysofThinking（A）[D]OutpouringofInventionsText5Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology, andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.“Scientific”creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnon-fundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:“Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.”Andsoitdoes--andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.67.“Creationism”inthepassagerefersto________.[A]evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse[B]anotionofthecreationofreligion[C]thescientificexplanationoftheearthformation（D）[D]thedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverse68.Kitcher’sbookisintendedto________.[A]recommendtheviewsoftheevolutionists[B]exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists[C]cursebitterlyatthisopponents（B）[D]launchasurpriseattackoncreationists69.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat________.[A]reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate[B]creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning[C]evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists（B）[D]creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings70.Thispassageappearstobeadigestof________.[A]abookreview[B]ascientificpaper[C]amagazinefeature（A）[D]anewspapereditorialSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationThedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotime,questionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting“good”asopposedto“bad”science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74)However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75)Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.SectionVWriting76.Directions:[A]Title:GOODHEALTH[B]Timelimit:40minutes[C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.” [E]YourcompositionshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)OUTLINE:1.Importanceofgoodhealth2.Waystokeepfit3.Myownpractices1996年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[A]2.[C]3.[D]4.[B]5.[D]6.[C]7.[D]8.[B]9.[A]10.[C]PartB(5points)11.[A]went12.[B]psychologically13.[A]allowing14.[C]he15.[B]aremorelikely16.[C]are17.[C]when18.[B]twospacecraft19.[D]taken20.[C]itPartC(10points)21.[D]22.[B]23.[D]24.[C]25.[A]26.[B]27.[D]28.[B]29.[A]30.[C]31.[D]32.[A]33.[C]34.[D]35.[C]36.[B]37.[D]38.[B]39.[A]40.[D]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[C]42.[D]43.[A]44.[B]45.[C]46.[A]47.[D]48.[B]49.[C]50.[A]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[B]52.[A]53.[D]54.[A]55.[B]56.[C]57.[C]58.[D]59.[C]60.[A]61.[C]62.[D]63.[D]64.[A]65.[B]66.[A]67.[D]68.[B]69.[B]70.[A]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。72.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。73.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。74.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。75.同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文GOODHEALTHWhereveryouareandwhateveryoudo,stayinghealthyisalwaysimportant.Withtheimprovementofourlivingstandards,peopleareattachingmoreandmoreimportancetotheirhealth.Westudentscan’tkeepthehighstudyefficiencywithoutgoodhealth.Thesamethingistruewithworkers,scientistsanddoctors.Inmyopinion,gooddietandexercisesaretwomajorwaystokeephealthy.Thefoodweeateverydaymustberationalandshouldincludemeat,vegetables,eggs,andfruit.Itisimportanttodrinkwatereverydayandnottogetaddictedtodrinkingcoffeeorsomeothersoftdrinks.Exercisingeverydayisalsoessentialforustostayhealthy.Wecanridebicycles,playtennisorswim.Ofcoursewedon’tneedtoexhaustourselves.Weshouldplanourphysicalexercisesaccordingtoouractualcondition.Anhouradayisenough.Asauniversitystudent,Ihavemuchfreetimetodoexercises.Iusuallyplaybadmintonandtennis.ButsometimesIamlazyanddonotexerciseforallkindsofexcuses,suchascoldweatherandexams.Imustcorrectit.Iamalsocarefulwithmydiet.Inaway,keepinghealthyisnotveryhard,ifyoujusttakeitseriously.1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartA 1.TheSocialSecurityRetirementProgramismadeupoftwotrustfunds,________couldgopennilessbynextyear.[A]thelargerone[B]thelargerofwhich[C]thelargestone（B）[D]thelargestofwhich2.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalways________withotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.[A]combined[B]havingcombined[C]combine（D）[D]beingcombined3.Andrew,myfather’syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthepicnic,________tothefamily’sdisappointment.[A]much[B]more[C]toomuch（A）[D]muchmore4.Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butI________fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.[A]were[B]hadbeen[C]havebeen（D）[D]was5.HelpwillcomefromtheUN,buttheaidwillbe________nearwhat’sneeded.[A]everywhere[B]somewhere[C]nowhere（C）[D]anywhere6.Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthrates________afallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.[A]and[B]as[C]but（B）[D]or7.Heclaimstobeanexpertinastronomy,butinactualfactheisquiteignorantonthesubject.________heknowsaboutitisoutofdateandinaccurate.[A]Whatlittle[B]Somuch[C]Howmuch（A）[D]Solittle8.Althoughwefeeldissatisfiedwiththeelectionresults,wehavetobecomereconciled________thedecisionmadebyourfellowcountrymen.[A]for[B]on[C]to（C）[D]in9.Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphone________tothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.[A]adding[B]tohaveadded[C]toadd（D）[D]added10.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardly________.[A]noticed[B]tobenoticed[C]beingnoticed（B）[D]tonoticePartB11.AlthoughProfessorGreen’slecturesusuallyrantheperiod,ofhisstudentsobjectedastheyfoundhislecturesbothinformativeandinteresting.（C）12.Edisondied,itwasproposedthattheAmericanpeopleintheirhomes,streets,andfactoriesforseveralminutesthisgreatman.（B）13.Theythedamagetheysupposedhadbeendonebylaststorm.（B）14.therecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmeintheriversomeoneagreesoverus.（B）15.AteachersbelievethatEnglishisoneofthesubjectsinhighschools（C）16.Inthiswaytheseinsectsshowanefficientuseoftheirability,twosoundsatahighrateasone（A）17.Ithoughtthetechnicianwasfortheofthefuse,butIseenowImistaken.（C） 18.Forhimwhatisessentialisnotthathispolicy,thepublicbelievethatit（D）19.Iamconcerned,hispoliticsratherconservativewithother（D）20.I’dsaywheneveryouaftersomethingthattoyou,anyonewhoyouoftherighttohaveitis（B）PartC21.Whenworkersareorganizedintradeunions,employersfindithardtolaythem________.[A]off[B]aside[C]out（A）[D]down22.Thewealthofacountryshouldbemeasured________thehealthandhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.[A]inlinewith[B]intermsof[C]inregardwith（B）[D]bymeansof23.HehasfailedmesomanytimesthatInolongerplaceany________onwhathepromises.[A]faith[B]belief[C]credit（D）[D]reliance24.Mystudentsfoundthebook________:itprovidedthemwithanabundanceofinformationonthesubject.[A]enlightening[B]confusing[C]distracting（A）[D]amusing25.Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslytheshakinessinthefinancialsystemwill________downtheeconomy.[A]put[B]settle[C]drag（C）[D]knock26.Inthisfactorythemachinesarenotregulated________butarejointlycontrolledbyacentralcomputersystem.[A]independently[B]individually[C]irrespectively（B）[D]irregularly27.Everychemicalchangeeitherresultsfromenergybeingusedtoproducethechange,orcausesenergytobe________insomeform.[A]givenoff[B]putout[C]setoff（A）[D]usedup28.Ifbusinessmenaretaxedtoomuch,theywillnolongerbemotivatedtoworkhard,withtheresultthatincomesfromtaxationmightactually________.[A]shrink[B]delay[C]disperse（A）[D]sink29.Americancompaniesareevolvingfrommass-productionmanufacturingto________enterprises.[A]moveable[B]changing[C]flexible（C）[D]varying30.Ifyouknowwhatthetroubleis,whydon’tyouhelpthemto________thesituation?[A]simplify[B]modify[C]verify（D）[D]rectify31.Ican’t________whathashappenedtothevegetables,fortheywerefreshlypickedthismorning.[A]figureout[B]drawout[C]lookout（A）[D]workout32.ItriedveryhardtopersuadehimtojoinourgroupbutImetwithaflat________.[A]disapproval[B]rejection[C]refusal（C）[D]decline33.Fromthismaterialwecan________hundredsofwhatyoumaycalldirectproducts.[A]derive[B]discern[C]diminish（A）[D]displace34.Shehadclearlyno________ofdoinganywork,althoughshewasverywellpaid.[A]tendency[B]ambition[C]intention（C）[D]willingness35.Whatseemsconfusingorfragmentedatfirstmightwellbecome________athirdtime.[A]cleanandmeasurable[B]notableandsystematic[C]pureandwholesome（D）[D]clearandorganic36.Thepublicopinionwasthatthetimewasnot________fortheelectionofsucharadicalcandidateasMr.Jones.[A]reasonable[B]ripe[C]ready（B）[D]practical37.Hudsonsaidhecouldnotkillalivingthingexceptforthe________ofhunger.[A]sensation[B]cause[C]purpose（D）[D]motive38.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,________foritspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.[A]tonameafew[B]letalone[C]nottospeak（B）[D]let’ssay39.Foreigndisinvestmentandthe________ofSouthAfricafromworldcapitalmarketsafter1985furtherweakeneditseconomy.[A]displacement[B]elimination[C]exclusion（C）[D]exception40.Whenanumberofpeople________togetherinaconversationalknot,eachindividualexpresseshispositionin thegroupbywherehestands.[A]pad[B]pack[C]squeeze（D）[D]clusterSectionIIClozeTestManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeopleintotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday’sworkforaday’spay.Onedayatatime.industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvivereducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This“”workforceisthemostimportantinAmericanbusinesstoday,anditischangingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitiveavoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdensbyemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseofthatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.41.[A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate（A）[D]slip42.[A]For[B]Because[C]As（C）[D]Since43.[A]from[B]in[C]on（D）[D]by44.[A]Eventhough[B]Nowthat[C]Ifonly（A）[D]Providedthat45.[A]durable[B]disposable[C]available（B）[D]transferable46.[A]approach[B]flow[C]fashion（D）[D]trend47.[A]instantly[B]reversely[C]fundamentally（C）[D]sufficiently48.[A]but[B]while[C]and（B）[D]whereas49.[A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated（A）[D]confined50.[A]excitement[B]conviction[C]enthusiasm（D）[D]importanceSectionIIIReadingComprehensionText1Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia’sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup’son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn’tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It’sworldhistory.”Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia--whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart--otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath--probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill--toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff”periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.“I’mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI’dgo,becauseI’vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,”hesays.51.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat________.[A]theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries[B]physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia [C]changingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw（D）[D]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw’spassage52.Whentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans________.[A]observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia[B]similarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries[C]observersarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes（B）[D]theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastop53.WhenLloydNicksondies,hewill________.[A]facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia[B]experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient[C]haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering（A）[D]undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendays54.Theauthor’sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof________.[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval（C）[D]indifferenceText2AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.“Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing.”SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translate”culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword“friend,”theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.55.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld,________.[A]rudetaxidriversarerarelyseenintheUS[B]small-mindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscomment[C]Canadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirneighbors（D）[D]mostAmericansarereadytoofferhelp56.Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationship[B]courteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelated[C]variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends（A）[D]socialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalconventions57.Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers________.[A]toimprovetheirhardlife[B]inviewoftheirlong-distancetravel[C]toaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylife（C）[D]outofacharitableimpulse58.Thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers________.[A]tendstobesuperficialandartificial [B]isgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStates[C]isalwaysunderstoodproperly（B）[D]hassomethingtodowiththebusytouristtrailsText3Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse”tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning“mind-manifesting”)becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’sstateofconsciousness.59.“Substanceabuse”(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto“drugabuse”inthat________.[A]substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyused[B]“drugabuse”isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakers[C]alcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocaine（D）[D]manysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonous60.Theword“pervasive”(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean________.[A]widespread[B]overwhelming[C]piercing（A）[D]fashionable61.Physicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom________.[A]uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftime[B]exclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposes[C]quantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseases（A）[D]carelessemploymentofthemforunpleasantsymptoms62.Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat________.[A]stimulantsfunctionpositivelyonthemind[B]hallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultohealth[C]depressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactivesubstances（B）[D]thethreetypesofpsychoactivesubstancesarecommonlyusedingroupsText4Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.“Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?”SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.“Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.It’saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline.AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany’smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethecompany,butinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently.Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany’srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIce-T’sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,”hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,“liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon’tretreatinthefaceofanythreats.” Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth’sstockholders’meeting,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecauseofsociety’sills”andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe“balancedstruggle”betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.“Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited,”saysLuce.“Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis.”63.SenatorRobertDolecriticizedTimeWarnerfor________.[A]itsraisingofthecorporatestockprice[B]itsself-examinationofsoul[C]itsneglectofsocialresponsibility（C）[D]itsemphasisoncreativefreedom64.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?[A]LuceisaspokesmanofTimeWarner.[B]GeraldLevinisliabletocompromise.[C]TimeWarnerisunitedasoneinthefaceofthedebate.（D）[D]SteveRossisnolongeralive.65.Infaceoftherecentattacksonthecompany,thechairman________.[A]stucktoastrongstandtodefendfreedomofexpression[B]softenedhistoneandadoptedsomenewpolicy[C]changedhisattitudeandyieldedtoobjection（B）[D]receivedmoresupportfromthe15-memberboard66.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe________.[A]ACompanyunderFire[B]ADebateonMoralDecline[C]ALawfulOutletofStreetCulture（A）[D]AFormofCreativeFreedomText5Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding”or“atouchonthebrakes,”makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica’s,havelittleproductiveslack.America’scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment--theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.67.Fromthepassagewelearnthat________.[A]thereisadefiniterelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestrates[B]economywillalwaysfollowcertainmodels[C]theeconomicsituationisbetterthanexpected（C）[D]economistshadforeseenthepresenteconomicsituation68.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?[A]Makingmonetarypoliciesiscomparabletodrivingacar [B]Anextremelylowjoblessratewillleadtoinflation[C]Ahighunemploymentratewillresultfrominflation（B）[D]Interestrateshaveanimmediateeffectontheeconomy69.Thesentence“Thisisnoflashinthepan”(Line5,Paragraph3)meansthat________.[A]thelowinflationratewilllastforsometime[B]theinflationratewillsoonrise[C]theinflationwilldisappearquickly（A）[D]thereisnoinflationatpresent70.Thepassageshowsthattheauthoris________thepresentsituation.[A]criticalof[B]puzzledby[C]disappointedat（D）[D]amazedatSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDoanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itisn’t,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd,forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstance,toinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays“Idon’tlikethiscontract”?Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?Manydenyit.74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwood,mayseembravely“logical.”Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesympathy.75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.71.________72.________73.________74.________75.________1997年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[B]2.[D]3.[A]4.[D]5.[C]6.[B]7.[A]8.[C]9.[D]10.[B]PartB(5points)11.[C]12.[B]13.[C]14.[B]15.[C]16.[A]17.[C]18.[D]19.[D]20.[B]PartC(10points)21.[A]22.[B]23.[D]24.[A]25.[C]26.[B]27.[A]28.[A]29.[C]30.[D]31.[A]32.[C]33.[A]34.[C]35.[D]36.[B]37.[D]38.[B]39.[C]40.[D]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[A]42.[C]43.[D]44.[A]45.[B]46.[D]47.[C]48.[B]49.[A]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points) 51.[D]52.[B]53.[A]54.[C]55.[D]56.[A]57.[C]58.[B]59.[D]60.[A]61.[A]62.[B]63.[C]64.[D]65.[B]66.[A]67.[C]68.[B]69.[A]70.[D]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。72.有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在在于社会契约中,是责任与权益相交换的一部分。73.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。74.这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。75.这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲弄。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文例文一Wemeetsmokerseverywhere:inthestreets,oncollegecampusesandinshops.Thereare5.8billionpeopleintheworld,andthesmokersareabout1.1billion,whichmakesup20percentoftheworld’stotalpopulation.Smokingisveryharmful.Ithinktherearetwomainaspectstothedamage.First,smokingconsumesagreatdealofmoney.Asisshowninthepictorialgraph,smokingwastes200billiondollarseachyearintheworld.Second,smokingdoesharmtothehealthofsmokers,anditisthemaincauseoflungcancer.About3millionpeoplediebecauseoftherelevantdiseasesderivedfromsmokingeveryyear.Becausemoreandmorepeopleareawareofthegreatharmofsmokingtohumans,theamountoftobaccoconsumptionisonthedecrease.Fromthefollowingfigureswecanclearlyseethetendency.Thetotalamountofworldtobaccoproductionaddedupto14.364billionpoundsin1994,butitdroppedto14.2billionpoundsin1995.Atthesametime,manycountriescallonpeopletogiveupsmoking.Soitiscertainthatthenumberofsmokersistodecrease.例文二AboutTobaccoConsumptionFromtheabovesetofpictures,wecanseethattherewereatotalof14.364billionpoundsoftobaccoproducedin1994and14.2billionpoundsin1995.Becausetheamountoftobaccoproductionisfallingyearly,itcanbepredictedthatthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionwouldalsobefallingyearly.Therearemanyreasons.Firstly,smokingwastesmoney.Everyyeartherearetwohundredbilliondollars“burnt”inthecigarette“fire.”Secondly,smokingwouldhardlydopeopleanygoodanditcanevencausecancer.Everyyeartherearethreemillionpeople“buried”inthecigarette“tomb”.Althoughtobaccoconsumptionisfalling,therearetoomanypeoplewhosmoke.Thepopulationintheworldis5.8billion,butabouttwentypercentofthepopulation,thatistosay1.1billionpeople,smoke.Sothesituationisseriousandthemovementagainstsmokingisstilladifficulttask.评语：上边两篇作文内容符合要求,包括对各图的说明,对趋势的预测及理由,数字表达正确,语言较好,表达能力较强,长度符合要求。得14分1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartA1.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime________thelastbus.[A]tohavecaught[B]tocatch[C]catching（B）[D]havingcaught2.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we________soformally.[A]needn’tdressup[B]didnotneedhavedressedup[C]didnotneeddressup（D）[D]needn’thavedressedup3.IapologizeifI________you,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.[A]offend[B]hadoffended[C]shouldhaveoffended（B）[D]mighthaveoffended4.Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresist________whattodoandwhatnottodo.[A]tobetold[B]havingbeentold[C]beingtold（C）[D]tohavebeentold5.Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortage________avoided.[A]istobe[B]canbe[C]willbe（A）[D]hasbeen6.Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue________itcomestoclassroomtests. [A]before[B]as[C]since（D）[D]when7.Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobereeducatednomatter________hedoes.[A]how[B]where[C]what（C）[D]when8.I’vekeptupafriendshipwithagirlwhomIwasatschool________twentyyearsago.[A]about[B]since[C]till（D）[D]with9.Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,________insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.[A]beingconsidered[B]considering[C]tobeconsidered（A）[D]havingconsidered10.________forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.[A]Haditnotbeen[B]Wereitnot[C]Beitnot（A）[D]ShoulditnotbePartB11.AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceabilitynaturallyselectedandpassedongenerations.（B）12.Neitherrainnorsnowthepostmanfromdeliveringourletterswelookforward.（D）13.Iftheyacheck,wetopay,thoughitmuchtroubleforbothsides.（C）14.robbedeconomicimportance,thosestatesarelikelytocountforininternationalpoliticalterms.（B）15.Themessageneitherthemarketnorthegovernmentiscapableofdealingwithallofuncontrollable.（C）16.Thelogicofscientificdevelopmentisthatgroupsofmenworkingthesameprobleminlaboratoriesarelikelytoarriveatthesameansweratthesametime.（B）17.YetnotalloftheseracesaretheEuropeanraces,somemayevenhavefreshnessandvitalitythatcanrenewtheofmoreadvancedraces.（A）18.morethan50,000nuclearweaponsinthehandsofvariousnationstodayareampleeverycityintheworldseveraltimes.（C）19.Theuniverseworksinawaysofarfromwhatcommonsenseallowwordsofanykindmustnecessarilybeinadequatetoexplain.（A）20.Theintegrationofindependentstatesbroughtaboutbycreatingacentralorganizationovereconomictasks.（C）PartC21.Themachineneedsacomplete________sinceithasbeeninuseforovertenyears.[A]amending[B]fitting[C]mending（C）[D]renovating22.Thereweremanypeoplepresentandheappearedonlyforafewseconds,soIonlycaughta________ofhim.[A]glance[B]glimpse[C]look（B）[D]sight 23.Idon’tthinkit’swiseofyouto________yourgreaterknowledgeinfrontofthedirector,foritmayoffendhim.[A]showup[B]showout[C]showin（D）[D]showoff24.Thereturnsintheshort________maybesmall,butoveranumberofyearstheinvestmentwillbewellrepaid.[A]interval[B]range[C]span（D）[D]term25.Athoroughstudyofbiologyrequires________withthepropertiesoftreesandplants,andthehabitofbirdsandbeasts.[A]acquisition[B]discrimination[C]curiosity（D）[D]familiarity26.Sheworkedhardathertaskbeforeshefeltsurethattheresultswould________herlongeffort.[A]justify[B]testify[C]rectify（A）[D]verify27.I’mverygladtoknowthatmybosshasgenerouslyagreedto________mydebtinreturnforcertainservices.[A]takeaway[B]cutout[C]writeoff（C）[D]clearup28.Somejournalistsoftenoverstatethesituationsothattheirnewsmaycreateagreat________.[A]explosion[B]sensation[C]exaggeration（B）[D]stimulation29.Accordingtowhatyouhavejustsaid,amItounderstandthathisnewpost________noresponsibilitywithitatall?[A]shoulders[B]possesses[C]carries（C）[D]shares30.Sometimesthestudentmaybeaskedtowriteabouthis________toacertainbookorarticlethathassomebearingonthesubjectbeingstudied.[A]comment[B]reaction[C]impression（B）[D]comprehension31.Please________yourselffromsmokingandspittinginpublicplaces,sincethelawforbidsthem.[A]restrain[B]hinder[C]restrict（A）[D]prohibit32.Withouttelephoneitwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthefunctionsof________everybusinessoperationinthewholecountry.[A]practically[B]preferably[C]precisely（A）[D]presumably33.Preliminaryestimationputsthefigureataround$110billion,________the$160billionthePresidentisstrugglingtogetthroughtheCongress.[A]inproportionto[B]inreplyto[C]inrelationto（D）[D]incontrastto34.Heisplanninganothertourabroad,yethispassportwill________attheendofthismonth.[A]expire[B]exceed[C]terminate（A）[D]cease35.Alltheoff-shoreoilexplorerswereinhighspiritsastheyread________lettersfromtheirfamilies.[A]sentimental[B]affectionate[C]intimate（B）[D]sensitive36.Severalinternationaleventsintheearly1990sseemlikelyto________,oratleastweaken,thetrendsthatemergedinthe1980s.[A]revolt[B]revolve[C]reverse（C）[D]revive37.Iwasunawareofthecriticalpointsinvolved,somychoicewasquite________.[A]arbitrary[B]rational[C]mechanical（A）[D]unpredictable38.Thelocalpeoplewerejoyfullysurprisedtofindthepriceofvegetablesnolonger________accordingtotheweather.[A]altered[B]converted[C]fluctuated（C）[D]modified39.Thepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswillcertainlynot________theirprospectofpromotion.[A]spur[B]further[C]induce（B）[D]reinforce40.Inwhat________toalastminutestayofexecution,acouncilannouncedthatemergencyfundingwouldkeepalivetwoagingsatellites.[A]applies[B]accounts[C]attaches（D）[D]amountsSectionIIClozeTestUntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.Theythatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingfortheman.Buttheyinsistedthatitsresultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryfortheoftheEnglishpopulation.contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstillaagriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview,,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialistshistoryandeconomics,havetwothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750wasbygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed（A）[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean（B）[D]normal 43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant（D）[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross（A）[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For（D）[D]By46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally（D）[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore（A）[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about（B）[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown（C）[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled（D）[D]markedSectionIIIReadingComprehensionText1Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft--allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’tneedadamtobesaved.51.ThethirdsentenceofParagraph1impliesthat________.[A]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality[B]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted[C]over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings（C）[D]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight52.InParagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefersto________.[A]areasshortofelectricity[B]damswithoutpowerstations[C]poorcountriesaroundIndia（D）[D]commonpeopleintheNarmadaDamarea53.Whatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?[A]Theybringinmorefertilesoil.[B]Theyhelpdefendthecountry.[C]Theystrengtheninternationalties.（D）[D]Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.54.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas________.[A]“It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk”[B]“Morehaste,lessspeed”[C]“Lookbeforeyouleap”（C）[D]“Hewholaughslastlaughsbest”Text2 Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-87average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a“disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,evenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering”hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO’sAlRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--“theworstsortofambulancechasing.”55.Accordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituationis________.[A]notasgoodasitseems[B]atitsturningpoint[C]muchbetterthanitseems（A）[D]neartocompleterecovery56.Theofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth________.[A]excludetheusualreboundinabusinesscycle[B]fallshortofbusinessmen’santicipation[C]meettheexpectationofbusinesspeople（B）[D]failtoreflectthetruestateofeconomy57.Theauthorraisesthequestion“whataboutpainwithoutgain?”because________.[A]hequestionsthetruthof“nogainwithoutpain”[B]hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworks[C]hewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading（B）[D]hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinesses58.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?[A]Radicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofproductivity.[B]Newwaysoforganizingworkplacesmayhelptoincreaseproductivity.[C]Thereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlong-termprofitability.（A）[D]Theconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothings.Text3Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked“anti-science”inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas“TheFlightfromScienceandReason,”heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and“ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,”whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicans whoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthattheanti-scienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.“Theterm‘anti-science’canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,”notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.“Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”59.Theword“schism”(Line4,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobablymeans________.[A]confrontation[B]dissatisfaction[C]separation（C）[D]contempt60.Paragraphs2and3arewrittento________.[A]discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience’spower[B]showtheauthor’ssympathywithscientists[C]explainthewayinwhichsciencedevelops（D）[D]exemplifythedivisionofscienceandthehumanities61.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?[A]Environmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanessay.[B]Politiciansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-science.[C]The“moreenlightened”tendtotagothersasanti-science.（A）[D]Taggingenvironmentalistsas“anti-science”isjustifiable.62.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.anti-science”is________.[A]impartial[B]subjective[C]biased（A）[D]puzzlingText4Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead--hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting.Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople--numericallythethird-largestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumberssinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.Threesun-beltstates--Florida,TexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th--withClevelandandWashington.D.C.,droppingoutofthetop10.Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,censusofficialssay.Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s“babyboom”generationreacheditschild-bearingyears.Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances—■Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.■Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquaremile.Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomorebearableclimates.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,mostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescape smog,crimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent--littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s’growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.63.Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovided,Americain1970s________.[A]enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinhistory[B]witnessedasouthwesternshiftofpopulation[C]underwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationgrowth（B）[D]broughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarII64.Thecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulationmovementinthat________.[A]itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationdistribution[B]ithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofimmigrants[C]itrevealstheAmericans’newpursuitofspaciousliving（C）[D]itelaboratesthedelayedeffectsofyesterday’s“babyboom”65.Wecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthat________.[A]CaliforniawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholeUS[B]thetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedintheWest[C]citieswithbetterclimatesbenefitedunanimouslyfrommigration（D）[D]Arizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateofpopulation66.Theword“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)mostprobablymeans________.[A]peopleinfavorofthetrendofdemocracy[B]advocatesofmigrationbetweenstates[C]scientistsengagedinthestudyofpopulation（C）[D]conservativesclingingtooldpatternsoflifeText5Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,aremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).67.Theauthorbelievesthat________.[A]themotionoftheplatescorrespondstothatoftheearth’sinterior[B]thegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingplateshasbeenprovedtobetrue[C]thehotspotsandtheplatesmoveslowlyinoppositedirections（B）[D]themovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingapart68.ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat________.[A]thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirections[B]theyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeatures[C]theAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionyears（B）[D]over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobe69.Thehotspottheorymayproveusefulinexplaining________.[A]thestructureoftheAfricanplates[B]therevivalofdeadvolcanoes[C]themobilityofthecontinents（D）[D]theformationofnewoceans 70.Thepassageismainlyabout________.[A]thefeaturesofvolcanicactivities[B]theimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingplates[C]thesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicalstudies（C）[D]theprocessoftheformationofvolcanoesSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationTheywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite--Cobe--haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plantsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’thavelongtowait.73)Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.71.________72.________73.________74.________75.________SectionVWritingDirections:[A]Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan150words.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)[C]Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Writeoutthemessagesconveyedbythecartoon.2.Giveyourcomments.注：图片上的文字是：本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清1998年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[B]2.[D]3.[B]4.[C]5.[A]6.[D]7.[C]8.[D]9.[A]10.[A]PartB(5points)11.[B]12.[D]13.[C]14.[B]15.[C]16.[B]17.[A]18.[C]19.[A]20.[C]PartC(10points)21.[C]22.[B]23.[D]24.[D]25.[D]26.[A]27.[C]28.[B]29.[C]30.[B]31.[A]32.[A]33.[D]34.[A]35.[B]36.[C]37.[A]38.[C]39.[B]40.[D]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[A]42.[B]43.[D]44.[A]45.[D] 46.[D]47.[A]48.[B]49.[C]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[C]52.[D]53.[D]54.[C]55.[A]56.[B]57.[B]58.[A]59.[C]60.[D]61.[A]62.[A]63.[B]64.[C]65.[D]66.[C]67.[B]68.[B]69.[D]70.[C]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。72.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。73.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。74.假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。75.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文Recently,moreandmorepeoplehaveseenvarietiesofpromiseseitherfromTV,newspaperorfromothermedia.Asisshowninthecartoon,evenahenhaslearnedhowtopromise.Weallknowthathen’sdutyistolayeggswhichshouldundoubtedlyconsistofmostelementarypart.Butthehenpromiseswhatsheshoulddo!(图画点题,夹叙夹议)Withthedevelopmentofthesocietyandtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandard,moreandmoreattentionshouldbepaidtotheimprovementofqualityofservice.Therefore,manyenterprisesanddepartmentspromisetobettertheirservicessoastomeetthepeople’sneedbetter.Theyarealsopleasedtoinvitepeopletosupervisewhattheyhavedoneandwilldo.Butmuchtooursurprise,someofthemjustsaysomethingthattheyshoulddo.Thesepromisesareonlylaughedatbypeople.(解释配诗,又有议论)Inmyopinion,doingmoreisbetterthanpromisingmore,becausepeoplearewillingtobeservedreally.Allweshouldlaymoreemphasisonwhatwedoandhowwecanvirtuallyimprovethelevelofservice.Onlyinthiswaycanwemakepeoplesatisfiedwithwhatwedo.(发表自己的观点)评语：内容切题,包括图画的全部信息；清楚表达其内涵,文字连贯；句式有变化,句子结构和用词正确,文章长度符合要求。本作文得13分1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)1.Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecovery________justaroundthecornerwasuntrue.[A]wouldbe[B]tobe[C]was[D]being2.Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkills________peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimesmore[C]overseventimes（B）[D]seventimes3.It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechanges________placeinourever-changingworld.[A]taking[B]totake[C]take（A）[D]taken4.Thisisanexcitingareaofstudy,andone________whichnewapplicationsarebeingdiscoveredalmostdaily.[A]from[B]by[C]in（C）[D]through5.________canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition. [A]As[B]What[C]That（A）[D]It6.AlthoughIhadbeeninvitedtotheopeningceremony,Iwasunabletoattend________suchshortnotice.[A]to[B]in[C]with（D）[D]on7.Californiahasmorelightthanitknows________todowithbuteverythingelseisexpensive.[A]how[B]what[C]which（B）[D]where8.Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalong________tospendmostoftheirtimetogether.[A]sowell[B]toowell[C]wellas（D）[D]wellenough9.Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabout________complimentstohispoliticalleaders.[A]paying[B]havingpaid[C]topay（C）[D]tohavepaid10.Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthan________intraditionalmedia.[A]exist[B]exists[C]existing（A）[D]toexistPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)11.Yourmathinstructorhappytogiveyouamakeupexaminationandthatyourparentsillatthetime.（[D]were）12.Asthechildrenbecomeindependentthefamily,theemphasisfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectionfortheretirementyears.（[D]saving）13.theTimesCo.topurchaseanothermajormediacompany,thereisnodoubtthatitdramaticallytransformaenterprisethatstillgets90%ofrevenuesfromnewspapers.（[C]family-run）14.Symposiumtalkswillcoverofsubjectsover-fishingtophysicalandfactorsthataffecttheofdifferentspecies.（[C]environmental）15.Conversationcallsforwillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwithof,anditcallsforoccasional‘digestivepauses’both.（[B]that）16.Iftwotheoriesareequaltheirabilitytoaccountabodyofdata,thetheorythatwiththesmallernumberofassumptionsis.（[A]in）17.TheCommitteeadoptedaresolutionthesevenautomakersthemostcarsinthestate2percentofthosevehiclesby1998.（[C]tomake）18.poorpeople,whoingeneralarecolored,arericherpeople,whoingeneralare,there’sgoingtobeaconstantracialconflictintheworld.（[D]skinned）19.Allthosemaysoundintheory,buteventhehasgreatdifficultyitcomestospecifics.（[B]great） 20.automakersmodifycommerciallyproducedcarstorunalternative,thecarswon’tcatchoninabigwaydriverscanfillthemupatthegasstation.（[D]until）PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21.Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto________furtherresearchandfurtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.[A]stimulate[B]renovate[C]arouse（A）[D]advocate22.Althougharchitecturehasartisticqualities,itmustalsosatisfyanumberofimportantpractical________.[A]obligations[B]regulations[C]observations（D）[D]considerations23.Lifeinsuranceisfinancialprotectionfordependentsagainstloss________thebread-winner’sdeath.[A]atthecostof[B]onthevergeof[C]asaresultof（C）[D]forthesakeof24.Ineducationthereshouldbeagood________amongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.[A]distribution[B]balance[C]combination（B）[D]assignment25.TheAmericandreamismost________duringtheperiodsofproductivityandwealthgeneratedbyAmericancapitalism.[A]plausible[B]patriotic[C]primitive（A）[D]partial26.Povertyisnot________inmostcitiesalthough,perhapsbecauseofthecrowdedconditionsincertainareas,itismorevisiblethere.[A]rare[B]temporary[C]prevalent（C）[D]segmental27.Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthoselivingin________populatedareas.[A]densely[B]intensely[C]abundantly（A）[D]highly28.Asawayof________themailswhiletheywereaway,theJohnsonsaskedthecleaningladytosendlittleprintedslipsaskingthesenderstowriteagainlater.[A]pickingup[B]copingwith[C]passingout（B）[D]gettingacross29.Tom’smothertriedhardtopersuadehimto________fromhisintentiontoinvesthissavingsinstockmarket.[A]pullout[B]giveup[C]drawin（D）[D]backdown30.Anincreasingproportionofourpopulation,unabletolivewithoutadvancedmedical________,willbecomeprogressivelymorereliantonexpensivetechnology.[A]interference[B]interruption[C]intervention（C）[D]interaction31.Thesecausesproducedthegreatchangeinthecountrythatmodernizedthe________ofhighereducationfromthemid-1860’stothemid-1880’s.[A]branch[B]category[C]domain（C）[D]scope32.Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslythe________inthefinancialsystemwilldragdowntheeconomy.[A]shallowness[B]shakiness[C]scantiness（B）[D]stiffness33.Crisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribethe________inmanyanimalspecies.[A]minimization[B]restriction[C]descent（D）[D]decline34.Thecityisanimportantrailroad________andindustrialandconventioncenter.[A]conjunction[B]network[C]junction（C）[D]link35.Prof.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmeto________myselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.[A]assure[B]inform[C]avail（C）[D]notify36.Researchersdiscoveredthatplantsinfectedwithavirusgiveoffagasthat________diseaseresistanceinneighboringplants.[A]contracts[B]activates[C]maintains（B）[D]prescribes37.Corporationsandlaborunionshave________greatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmembersaswellasuponthegeneralpublic.[A]conferred[B]granted[C]flung（A）[D]submitted38.Themovementofthemoonconvenientlyprovidedtheunitofmonth,whichwas________fromonenewmoontothenext.[A]measured[B]reckoned[C]judged（B）[D]assessed39.Thejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwas________totheissueathand.[A]irrational[B]unreasonable[C]invalid（D）[D]irrelevant 40.Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases________automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.[A]persuaded[B]prompted[C]imposed（B）[D]enlightenedSectionIIClozeTestIndustrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companieslowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthemandactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,aofaccident-freeoperationsisestablishedtimelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmaygreatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesbyrulesorregulations.othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety.Thefewertheinjury,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingatorataloss.41.[A]at[B]in[C]on（D）[D]with42.[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile（A）[D]diverse43.[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance（B）[D]requirement44.[A]where[B]how[C]what（A）[D]unless45.[A]alter[B]differ[C]shift（B）[D]distinguish46.[A]constituting[B]aggravating[C]observing（C）[D]justifying47.[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even（D）[D]Still48.[A]comesoff[B]turnsup[C]paysoff（C）[D]holdsup49.[A]claims[B]reports[C]declarations（A）[D]proclamations50.[A]anadvantage[B]abenefit[C]aninterest（D）[D]aprofit SectionIIIReadingComprehensionText1It’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly.”Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“We’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.51.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?[A]Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.[C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.（B）[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.52.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto________.[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts[B]becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts[C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability（C）[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomers’safetyastheirfirstconcern53.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat________.[A]someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw[B]helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded（A）[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes54.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe________.[A]biased[B]indifferent[C]puzzling（D）[D]objectiveText2InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,”sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskby conductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon.com,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.55.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness________.[A]hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket[B]intendedtofollowafancifulfashion[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket（A）[D]hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso56.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat________.[A]thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers[B]businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions[C]thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy（C）[D]itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners57.IntheviewofNetpurists,________.[A]thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture[B]moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb[C]theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset（D）[D]thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests58.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce[B]interactivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers[C]leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago（B）[D]settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpowerText3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeed,contradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheir otherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.59.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis________.[A]far-reaching[B]dubiouslyoriented[C]self-contradictory（B）[D]radicallyreformatory60.Thebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren________.[A]isindicativeofapessimismindisguise[B]cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputers[C]isdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputeredadvocates（D）[D]originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountries61.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor’scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis________.[A]dependentuponthestartingageofcandidates[B]worthtryinginvarioussocialsections[C]oflittlepracticalvalue（C）[D]attractivetoeverykindofprofessional62.Accordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe________.[A]includedasanauxiliarycourseinschool[B]highlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualifications[C]masteredthroughalife-longcourse（A）[D]equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwiseText4WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment--althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptableto attempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill“upintheair.”63.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.[A]federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumans[B]theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloning[C]NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique（B）[D]theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel’srecommendationsoncloning64.Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat________.[A]thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw[B]thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol[C]itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning（C）[D]itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeing65.NBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause________.[A]embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloning[B]thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch[C]anembryo’slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch（D）[D]theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelaw66.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely[B]alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotime[C]privatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC’sappeal（A）[D]theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettledText5Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethings,youdon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe“scientificmethod”asubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid“thedataarestillinconclusive.”“Weknowthat,”themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,“butwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?”Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournals indicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“workwellwiththeteam.”67.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat________.[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch（A）[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch68.Theauthorassertsthatscientists________.[A]shouldn’treplace“scientificmethod”withimaginativethought[B]shouldn’tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings[C]shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals（B）[D]shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings69.Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists________.[A]haveakeeninterestinprediction[B]oftenspeculateonthefuture[C]thinkhighlyofcreativethinking（D）[D]stickto“scientificmethod”70.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch________.[A]maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected[B]canbemeasuredindollarsandcents[C]relyonconformitytoastandardpattern（A）[D]aremostlyunderestimatedbymanagementSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslation71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.72)Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.SectionVWriting76.Directions:[A]Studythefollowinggraphscarefullyandwriteanessayinatleast150words.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points) [C]Youressayshouldcoverthesethreepoints:1.effectofthecountry’sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife2.possiblereasonfortheeffect3.yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotectionTHEUPSANDDOWNSOFPOPULATIONGROWTH1999年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[D]2.[B]3.[A]4.[C]5.[A]6.[D]7.[B]8.[D]9.[C]10.[A]PartB(5points)11.[D]were12.[D]saving13.[C]family-run14.[C]environmental15.[B]that16.[A]in17.[C]tomake18.[D]skinned19.[B]great20.[D]unlessPartC(10points)21.[A]22.[D]23.[C]24.[B]25.[A]26.[C]27.[A]28.[B]29.[D]30.[C]31.[C]32.[B]33.[D]34.[C]35.[C]36.[B]37.[A]38.[B]39.[D]40.[B]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[D]42.[A]43.[B]44.[A]45.[B]46.[C]47.[D]48.[C]49.[A]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[B]52.[C]53.[A]54.[D]55.[A]56.[C]57.[D]58.[B]59.[B]60.[D]61.[C]62.[A]63.[B]64.[C]65.[D]66.[A]67.[A]68.[B]69.[D]70.[A]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。72.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。73.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。74.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。75.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文ThetwographstellussomethingaboutpopulationgrowthandwildlifeextinctionintheU.S.From1800,theAmericanpopulationhasbeengrowingallthetime.Inthe100yearsfrom1600to1700,thenumberofwildlifespeciesremainedalmoststable,withthenext200yearswitnessingagrowingtrendinwildlifeextinction.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatthemorethehumanbeings,thefewertheanimalspecies.Theremaybeseveralreasonsforthiseffect.First,ashumanpopulationexpands,moreandmorewildanimalsarehuntedforfood.Second,duetoallkindsofpollutionandthedamageofecosystemcausedbyman,someanimalshavenowheretolive.Third,someanimalsareofgreatmedicalvalue,theybecomethetargetsformakingmoney.Itistimewetooksomemeasurestostopthisdisturbingtrend.Ononehand,governmentshouldpasssomelawsandregulationstopreventpeoplefromkillingmorewildanimalsandforbidfurtherdamagetoourenvironment.Ontheotherhand,weshouldcultivatetheawareness thatanimalsareourfriendsandtheirextinctionposesathreatratherthanbringsbenefitstous.Onlywhenhumanbeingsliveinharmonywithallkindsofanimalscanwereallybuildabeautifulandhealthyworld螈芃蒇薆袇莅蚃袅袆肅蒆螁袅膇蚁螇袄莀薄蚃袄蒂莇羂袃膂薂袈袂芄莅螄袁莆薀蚀羀肆莃薆罿膈蕿袄羈莁莁袀羈蒃蚇螆羇膃蒀蚂羆芅蚅薈羅莇蒈袇羄肇蚄螃肃腿蒆虿肃芁蚂薅肂蒄蒅羃肁膃莇衿肀芆薃螅聿莈莆蚁肈肈薁薇肇膀莄袆膇节薀螂膆莅莂蚈膅肄薈蚄膄芇蒁羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄膁膁蚄蚀螈芃蒇薆袇莅蚃袅袆肅蒆螁袅膇蚁螇袄莀薄蚃袄蒂莇羂袃膂薂袈袂芄莅螄袁莆薀蚀羀肆莃薆罿膈蕿袄羈莁莁袀羈蒃蚇螆羇膃蒀蚂羆芅蚅薈羅莇蒈袇羄肇蚄螃肃腿蒆虿肃芁蚂薅肂蒄蒅羃肁膃莇衿肀芆薃螅聿莈莆蚁肈肈薁薇肇膀莄袆膇节薀螂膆莅莂蚈膅肄薈蚄膄芇蒁羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄膁膁蚄蚀螈芃蒇薆袇莅蚃袅袆肅蒆螁袅膇蚁螇袄莀薄蚃袄蒂莇羂袃膂薂袈袂芄莅螄袁莆薀蚀羀肆莃薆罿膈蕿袄羈莁莁袀羈蒃蚇螆羇膃蒀蚂羆芅蚅薈羅莇蒈袇羄肇蚄螃肃腿蒆虿肃芁蚂薅肂蒄蒅羃肁膃莇衿肀芆薃螅聿莈莆蚁肈肈薁薇肇膀莄袆膇节薀螂膆莅莂蚈膅肄薈蚄膄芇蒁羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄膁膁蚄蚀螈芃蒇薆袇莅蚃袅袆肅蒆螁袅膇蚁螇袄莀薄蚃袄蒂莇羂袃膂薂袈袂芄莅螄袁莆薀蚀羀肆莃薆罿膈蕿袄羈莁莁袀羈蒃蚇螆羇膃蒀蚂羆芅蚅薈羅莇蒈袇羄肇蚄螃肃腿蒆虿肃芁蚂薅肂蒄蒅羃肁膃莇衿肀芆薃螅聿莈莆蚁肈肈薁薇肇膀莄袆膇节薀螂膆莅莂蚈膅肄薈蚄膄芇蒁羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄膁膁蚄蚀螈芃蒇薆袇莅蚃袅袆肅蒆螁袅膇蚁螇袄莀薄蚃袄蒂莇羂袃膂薂袈袂芄莅螄袁莆薀蚀羀肆莃薆罿膈蕿袄羈莁莁袀羈蒃蚇螆羇膃蒀蚂羆芅蚅薈羅莇蒈袇羄肇蚄螃肃腿蒆虿肃芁蚂薅肂蒄蒅羃肁膃莇衿肀芆薃螅聿莈莆蚁肈肈薁薇肇膀莄袆膇节薀螂膆莅莂蚈膅肄薈蚄膄芇蒁羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄膁膁蚄蚀螈芃蒇薆袇莅蚃袅袆肅蒆螁袅膇蚁螇袄莀薄蚃袄蒂莇羂袃膂薂袈袂芄莅螄袁莆薀蚀羀肆莃薆罿膈蕿袄羈莁莁袀羈蒃蚇螆羇膃蒀蚂羆芅蚅薈羅莇蒈袇羄肇蚄螃肃腿蒆虿肃芁蚂薅肂蒄蒅羃肁膃莇衿肀芆薃螅聿莈莆蚁肈肈薁薇肇膀莄袆膇节薀螂膆莅莂蚈膅肄薈蚄膄芇蒁羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄膁膁蚄蚀螈芃蒇薆袇莅蚃袅袆肅蒆螁袅膇蚁螇袄莀薄蚃袄蒂莇羂袃膂薂袈袂芄莅螄袁莆薀蚀羀肆莃薆罿膈蕿袄羈莁莁袀羈蒃蚇螆羇膃蒀蚂羆芅蚅薈羅莇蒈袇羄肇蚄螃肃腿蒆虿肃芁蚂薅肂蒄蒅羃肁膃莇衿肀芆薃螅聿莈莆蚁肈肈薁薇肇膀莄袆膇节薀螂膆莅莂蚈膅肄薈蚄膄芇蒁羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄膁膁蚄蚀螈芃蒇薆袇莅蚃袅袆肅蒆螁袅膇蚁螇袄莀薄蚃袄蒂莇羂袃膂薂袈袂芄莅螄袁莆薀蚀羀肆莃薆罿膈蕿袄羈莁莁袀羈蒃蚇螆羇膃蒀蚂羆芅蚅薈羅莇蒈袇羄肇蚄螃肃腿蒆虿肃芁蚂薅肂蒄蒅羃肁膃莇衿肀芆薃螅聿莈莆蚁肈肈薁薇肇膀莄袆膇节薀螂膆莅莂蚈膅肄薈蚄膄芇蒁羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄膁膁蚄蚀螈芃蒇薆袇莅蚃袅袆肅蒆螁袅膇蚁螇袄莀薄蚃袄蒂莇羂袃膂薂袈袂芄莅螄袁莆薀蚀羀肆莃薆罿膈蕿袄羈莁莁袀羈蒃蚇螆羇膃蒀蚂羆芅蚅薈羅莇蒈袇羄肇蚄螃肃腿蒆虿肃芁蚂薅肂蒄蒅羃肁膃莇衿肀芆薃螅聿莈莆蚁肈肈薁薇肇膀莄袆膇节薀螂膆莅莂蚈膅薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃葿螆羈莂薁羁莇莁螃螄芃莀袆肀腿荿薅袂肅荿蚈肈羁莈螀袁艿蒇葿肆膅蒆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄袆袇莆蒃薆螀节蒃蚈羆膈蒂螁螈肄蒁蒀羄羀薀薃螇艿蕿蚅羂膅薈螇螅肁薇薇羀肆薇虿袃莅薆螂聿芁薅袄袂膇薄薄肇肃芁蚆袀罿芀螈肅芈艿蒈袈芄芈蚀膄膀芇螂羆肆芆袅蝿莄芅薄羅芀芅蚇螈膆莄蝿羃肂莃