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1、气象与气候学（meteorologyandclimatology）ReviewofMeteorologyandClimatologyThefirstchapterisintroductionVerse11.weatherandclimateThesynthesisofatmosphericconditionsandatmosphericphenomenaataninstantorinashortperiodoftime.Theweatherprocessisashort-termprocessinthea
2、tmosphere.Climate:theintegrationofalargenumberofweatherprocessesoveragivenperiodoftimeinthelong-terminteractionofsolarradiation,atmosphericcirculation,underlyingsurfaceproperties,andhumanactivities.Thetwoarerelatedaswellasdifferent,Climateisbasedonweather
3、TheweatherisdifferentfromthebackgroundoftheclimateTheweatherchangesrapidly,thecycleofchangeisshort,andtheclimateisrelativelylong.Secondquarter1.:theclimatesystemincludingtheatmosphere,hydrosphere,biosphereandcryosphere,landsurface.Amongthem,theatmospherei
4、sthemainpart,butalsothemostvariablepart.Thecompositionoftheatmosphere,watervapor,dryair,atmosphericaerosolparticles.Theatmosphericstructure:thetroposphere,stratosphere,middlelayer,layer,heatdissipationlayer.Thirdquarter1.Mainmeteorologicalfactors:temperat
5、ure,airpressure,humidity,windspeed,winddirection,cloudcover,precipitation,visibility,etc..(emphasisonwindhere)ThesecondchapteristhethermalenergyandtemperatureoftheatmosphereVerse11.thebasiclawsofradiationTheKirchhoff'slawItshowsthatatacertainwavelengthand
6、acertaintemperature,theabsorptionrateofanobjectisequaltotheemissivityoftheobjectwiththesametemperatureandwavelength.Thatis,theradiationabilityofthematerial,anditsabsorptivecapacityisalsostrong.Theblackbodyhasthestrongestabsorptioncapacity,soitisthebestemi
7、tter.AtthetemperatureT,thesameobjectradiatedradiationatacertainwavelengthandabsorbedradiationofacertainwavelengthatthesametemperature.TheStephenBoltzmannlawWiththeincreaseoftemperature,theradiationcapacityoftheblackbodyincreasesaccordingly.Thetotalradiati
8、oncapacityofablackbodyisproportionaltoitsfourabsolutetemperature.TheWiendisplacementlawThehigherthetemperatureofanobjectis,theshorterthewavelengthofitsmonochromaticradiationis,andviceversa.Secondquarter1.theeffectiv
