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1、DevotionalAestheticsandtheHoursofMaryofBurgundyRobertBaldwinAssociateProfessorofArtHistoryConnecticutCollegeNewLondon,CT06320robert.baldwin@conncoll.edu(Thisessaywaswrittenin2003andrevisedin2008.)Thetwoworksdiscussedbeloware“MaryofBurgundyPraystotheVirgin”and“ChristN
2、ailedtotheCross,”bothfromtheHoursofMaryofBurgundy,c.1475-1479.PaintedbyanunknownartistknownastheMasterofMaryofBurgundy,thismanuscriptisnowintheViennaLibrary.Illustrationscanbefoundon-lineusingaGoogleimagesearchorlookingatwww.artcyclopedia.com.]BackgroundonthePatronAs
3、thedaughterofCharlestheBold(d.1477)andthesoleheirtotheBurgundiandukeswhocontrolledtheLowCountries,theFrenchregionofBurgundyandpartsofNorthernGermany,MaryofBurgundywastherichestwomaninallEurope.InaworldofEuropeankingsanddukesalltryingtoallywiththeBurgundianNetherlands
4、,MaryreceivedmarriageproposalsfromtheageoffivefromSpanish,French,andAustrianprinces.In1477whenshewasjustnineteen,herfatherwaskilledinbattleagainsttheFrench.Withoutamaleheir,theBurgundiandynastywasfinished.ThedeathofherfatherputMaryinaprecariouspositionwithnorealpower
5、exceptthechoiceofafuturespouse.Themajorfactionsmovedswiftlytocapitalizeonherweakness,startingwiththeFrenchkingwhoimmediatelytriedtoseizeBurgundyandcontestedareasintheSouthernNetherlands.Athome,thepeopleoftheLowCountrieshadlongresentedtheBurgundiandukesfortheirrelentl
6、essattemptstocentralizeauthorityattheexpenseofthelocalnobilityandthetraditionalprivilegesandfreedomsofprovinces,districts,andtowns.Just35daysafterthedeathofherfather,thelocalnobilityandpoliticalbodiesforcedMarytosignTheGreatPrivilegeabolishingthelocalducalParliamento
7、fMechelenandrestoringallthelocalautonomyandprivilegesabolishedbythedukeofBurgundyoverthelast75years.Henceforth,Marywasforbiddenfromwagingwar,negotiatingpeace,orraisingtaxeswithoutlocalconsent.Inadukedomwithoutaduke,theyoungandinexperiencedMaryfellbackontheadviceofher
8、stepmother,MargaretofYork,whohelpedherdeflectEnglishandFrenchmarriageproposals.WithpressuremountingonallsidesandFranceconsideringmo
