the protection of fundamental rights in a digital 在数字权利的根本保障

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1、theprotectionoffundamentalrightsinadigitalageTHEPROTECTIONOFFUNDAMENTALRIGHTSINADIGITALAGE*Theauthorthanksdr.P.J.J.Zoontjensforhiscommentsonafirstdraftofthisreport.19theprotectionoffundamentalrightsinadigitalageG.Leenknegt***UniversityofTilburg.IVB21ICTandfundamentalrights:thedebate

2、intheNetherlandsIntheNetherlands,asinallmodernsocieties,allkindsofdataoneveryindividualpersonarebeingcollected,stored,sold,anddistributed.Governmentsholdextensiverecordsofalltheircitizens.Retailbusinessesprovidetheircustomerswithelectronicdiscountcards,inexchangefortheirpersonalpart

3、icularsandinformationabouttheirshoppinghabits.Surveillancecamerasobservecrowdsinfootballstadiums,shops,bars,andstreets.Inagrowingnumberofplacesitisbecomingincreasinglydifficulttogounnoticed.Mostpeople,however,donotexperiencethisdevelopmentasathreat:theytendtoacceptaninfringementonth

4、eirprivacyifityieldsthemaprofit,orhelpstofightpublicdisorderandfeelingsofinsecurity.Nevertheless,questionswithregardtoprivacyremainvalid.Forwhatpurposemaygovernmentsprocessormakeuseoftheircitizens'data?Whatusemayprivatecompaniesmakeofthepersonaldatagatheredfromtheircustomers?Underwh

5、ichconditionsisitallowedtofilmorphotographaperson?Isitallowedtomakeuseofthatinformation,forexampleforcriminalinvestigations,orforcommercialpurposes?TheDutchConstitutionandlegislationprotecttherighttoprivacy,butdonotalwaysprovidedirectanswerstothosequestions.Equallydifficultquestion

6、sarisefromtheextensiveuseofmediasuchase-mailandinternet.Inthecourseofthelastdecade,e-mailandinternetintheNetherlandshavebecomeavailable,eitherathomeoratwork,toapproximately55%ofthepopulation..InSeptember2001,theCurrentInternetUniverseEstimatebyNielsen//NetRatingsfortheNetherlandswas

7、8,899,365.TheNielsen//NetRatingsInternetuniverseisdefinedasallmembers(2yearsofageorolder)ofhouseholdswhichcurrentlyhaveaccesstotheInternet.ThetotalpopulationoftheNetherlandsinAugust2001was16,061,921(sources:and

8、/statline.cbs.nl/st