assessing ‘workfare’ programmes and ‘activation ：评估的工作福利计划和激活

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1、20/06/2021Assessing‘workfare’programmesand‘activationstrategies’intheUSAandEuropeafter20years,anempiricalresearchprogrammeJean-Claude.Barbier@univ-paris1.frPaperforthesecondASPEN-ETUI-REHSconferenceMasarykUniversity,BrnoMarch2009Draft,nottobequotedplease1720/06/2021IntroductionTheFamilySupportActwa

2、senactedintheUSAtwentyyearsago:itcontainedelementscharacteristicofa‘workfare’strategy(HandlerandHasenfeld,2007).Thatsameyearin1988,theRevenuminimumd’insertion(RMI)ActwaspassedunanimouslyinFrenchparliament.Somescholarshavecontendedthat‘insertion’and‘workfare’wereexamplesofacommontrend.Somestronglydi

3、sagreed.UsingP.Pierson’sconcept,wearguedthat‘activationofsocialprotection’wasconstitutiveofsocialprotection“restructuring”andthatoneshoulddistinguishideal-typesofreform.In2008,alargebodyofliteraturehasbeenpublishedabouttheconsequencesof‘activation’and‘workfare’reforms.Withhindsight,itispossibletota

4、kestockoftheirconsequencesacrossEurope:havethepromisesbeenheldintermsofparticipationtothelabourmarketandpovertyalleviation?Canonemakesenseofthiswiderangingideologicaltransformation?How‘socialcitizenship’hasbeenaffected?Inafirstsectionwewillreviewtheextentofthereformsandshowtheirdiversity,withinEuro

5、peandbetweenEuropeandtheUnitedStates,underthesame‘umbrella’buzzwordsof‘workfare’and‘activation’:aretrospectiveviewleadstosomerobustconclusions.Inthesecondsectionwewillrecallthepoliticalpromisesthatweremadebypoliticiansinmanycountrieswhentheyintroducedthereforms.Afterassessingwhetherthesepromiseshav

6、ebeenfulfilledwewillseethatthetransformationsstillgoingoncannotbejudgedjustbytheaccumulationofpiecemealeconometricevaluationstudiesfocusedonparticularprogrammes.Hencesocialscientistsarefacingaconsiderableissueforthenearfuturewhen,becauseoftheeconomiccrisis,newreformsareinevitablylooming.1.Workfarea

7、ndactivation,whathasreallyhappened?Undertheapparentlysimilarpoliticalbannerof‘workfare’/welfare-to-work’/‘activation’,reformswereimplementedinmanycountriesinthelate1980’s(theUSAandFrance),andinalargergroupo