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1、103DemashkiehAnti-infectives(Antibiotics,Anti-viral,Antifungal)Antibioticsaredrugsusedtokillorharmspecificbacteria.Antibioticswerediscoveryinthe1930s;sincethenantibioticshavecureddiseasescausedbybacteriasuchaspneumonia,tuberculosis,andmeningitis-saving
2、thelivesofmillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.Butantibioticsmustbeusedwisely.Becausebacteriaarelivingorganisms,theyarealwayschanginginanefforttoresistthedrugsthatcankillthem.Whenantibioticsareusedincorrectly,bacteriacanadaptandbecomeresistant.Antibioticsare
3、thennolongerusefulinfightingthem.Antibioticresistanceisnowamajorpublichealthissue.Thecorrectuseofthesedrugsisthebestwaytoensurethatantibioticsremainusefulintreatinginfections.Antibioticscanbeeitherprimarilybacteristaticorprimarilybactericidal.Bacterist
4、aticdrugsinclude:sulphonamides,tetracycline,chloramphenicol,erythromycin(lowconcentration),PAS(sodiumaminosalicylate),lincomycin,clindamycinandfusidicacid;whilebactericidalantibioticsinclude:penicillin,cephalosporin,aminglycosidees.Co-trimazole,erythro
5、mycin(highconcentration),isoniazide,rifampicinandvancomycin.Properantibioticischosenaccordingtositeofinfectionandthesusceptibleorganisminvadingthatsite;accordinglythedoseanddurationoftreatmentisspecified.Refertotable1(AntimicrobialDrugsofChoice)Inthefo
6、llowingstudyantibioticsareclassifiedintoelevengroups:amonglycosides,cephalosporin(1st,2nd,3rdgeneration),lincosamides,macrolides(erythromycin,spiramycin),nitroimidazole,penicillin(penicillinA,penicillinM,penicillinIV,penicillincombinedwithβlactactamase
7、),quinolones,cycline(doxycycline,tetracycline,lymeccline,minocyclin),sulfonamidewithtrimethoprim,antituberculosis.Althoughphenicol(chloramphenicol,thiamphenicol…)usedtoplayanimportantroleintreatingdiseases,thefollowingstudywillnotfocusonthedrugscontain
8、ingphenicolastheyweredeletedfromthemarket.Antiviralagentscanbeclassifiedinto:aciclovir,famciclovir(famvir),ganciclovir(cymevene),penciclovir(vectavir),HIVtreatment(3TL,crixivan,hivid,norvir,retrovir,valtrex,videx,zerit,interferon(intron
