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1、PhilosophyforChildrenFirstpublishedThuMay2,2002;substantiverevisionMonJun8,2009StanfordEncyclopediaofphilosophyhttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/children/IntheUnitedStates,philosophytypicallymakesitsformalentryintothecurriculumatthecollegelevel.Agrowingnumberofhighschools
2、offersomeintroductiontophilosophy,ofteninspecialliteraturecoursesforcollegeboundstudents.InEuropeandmanyothercountries,itismuchmorecommontofindphilosophyinthehighschoolcurriculum.However,philosophypriortohighschoolseemsrelativelyuncommonaroundtheworld.Thismaysuggestthatse
3、riousphilosophicalthinkingisnotforpre-adolescents.Tworeasonsmightbeofferedforacceptingthisview.First,philosophicalthinkingrequiresalevelofcognitivedevelopmentthat,onemaybelieve,isbeyondthereachofpre-adolescents.Second,theschoolcurriculumisalreadycrowded;andintroducingasub
4、jectlikephilosophywillnotonlydistractstudentsfromwhattheyneedtolearn,itmayencouragethemtobecomeskepticsratherthanlearners.However,bothofthesereasonscanbechallenged.Theywillbeaddressedinturn.•1.AreChildrenCapableofPhilosophicalThinking?•2.PhilosophyinaCrowdedCurriculum•3.T
5、heInstitutefortheAdvancementofPhilosophyforChildren(IAPC)•4.PhilosophizingWithOthers?•5.PhilosophyForChildrenAroundTheWorld•Bibliography◦BooksandArticles◦Periodicals•OtherInternetResources•RelatedEntries1.AreChildrenCapableofPhilosophicalThinking?JeanPiaget's(1933)well-kn
6、owntheoryofcognitivedevelopmentsuggeststhatpriortoage11or12,mostchildrenarenotcapableofphilosophicalthinking.Thisisbecause,priortothistime,childrenarenotcapableof“thinkingaboutthinking,”thesortofmeta-levelthinkingthatcharacterizesphilosophicalthinking.This“formaloperation
7、al”levelofcognitivedevelopmentincludesanalogicalreasoningaboutrelationships,suchas:“Bicycleistohandlebarsasshipistorudder,with”steeringmechanism“beingthesimilarrelationship”(Goswami,p.xxi).However,thereisagrowingbodyofpsychologicalresearchsuggestingthatPiaget'saccountseri
8、ouslyunderestimateschildren'scognitiveabilities(Astington,1993;Gopnik,etal.).PhilosopherGarethMa
