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1、...13...THEPHILOSOPHYOFCHANGETHEBookofChanges(IChing)1grewoutoftheancientpracticeofdivination.Itstextisverycrypticandnodefinitephilosophicalconclu-sioncanbedrawnfromit.Inthecommentaries,however,whichhavebeenascribedtoConfuciusbytraditionbuttounknownwriterst
2、hreeorfourcenturieslaterbysomescholars,thereisaclearoutlineofara-tionalapproachtoawell-orderedanddynamicuniverse.Itisauniverseofconstantchange,andwhateverissuesfromitisgood.Oneisremindedof"perfectsincerity"intheDoctrineoftheMean,whichisthesourceofthegoodand
3、isunceasing.2Changeissimpleandeasy.(TheChinesewordforchange,i,also1TheBookofChangesisoneofthebasicConfucianClassics.ItisalsomuchcherishedbytheTaoists.Itisdividedintothetextsandcommentaries.Thetextsconsistofsixty-fourhexagramsandjudgmentsonthem.Thesehexagram
4、sarebasedontheEightTrigrams,eachofwhichconsistsofthreelines,dividedorundivided,thedividedrepresentingtheweak,oryin,andtheundividedrepresent-ingthestrong,oryang.Eachoftheseeightcorrespondstoadirection,anaturalelement,amoralquality,etc.Forexample,ch'ien(Heave
5、n)isheaven,k'un(Earth)isearth,chen(activity)isthunder,sun(bending)iswind,k'an(pit)iswater,li(brightness)isfire,ken(tostop)ismountain,andtui(pleasure)isacollectionofwater.Eachtrigramiscombinedwithanother,oneupontheother,thusmakingsixty-fourhexagrams.Thesehex
6、agramssymbolizeallpossiblesituations.Forexample,thehexagramwiththewatertrigramoverthefiretrigramsymbolizesconquest,success,etc.Eachhexagramisfollowedbytwotexts,namely(1)thekua-tz'uortheexplana-tionofthetextofthewholehexagramand(2)theyao-tz'uortheexplanation
7、ofthecomponentlines.Thecommentariesnumberseven.Firstis(3)thetuan-chuanorthecommentaryon(1)andthenthereis(4)thehsiangorabstractmeaningof(1)and(2).Forthefirsttwohexagrams(thech'ienorHeavenandk'unorEarth),thereareinaddition(5)thewen-yenorcommentaryonthefirsttw
8、otextstostresstheirphilosophicalorethicalmeaning.Followingthesesixty-fourhexagramsandtheirdiscussions,thereare(6)thehsi-tz'uortheappendedre-marks,(7)theremarksoncertaintrigrams,(8)theremarksontheordero
