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1、PhilosophyofmindFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumpto:navigation,searchAphrenologicalmapping[1]ofthebrain.Phrenologywasamongthefirstattemptstocorrelatementalfunctionswithspecificpartsofthebrain.Philosophyofmindisabranchofmodernanalyticphilosophythatstudiesthenat
2、ureofthemind,mentalevents,mentalfunctions,mentalproperties,consciousnessandtheirrelationshiptothephysicalbody,particularlythebrain.Themind-bodyproblem,i.e.therelationshipofthemindtothebody,iscommonlyseenasthecentralissueinphilosophyofmind,althoughthereareotherissu
3、esconcerningthenatureofthemindthatdonotinvolveitsrelationtothephysicalbody.[2]Dualismandmonismarethetwomajorschoolsofthoughtthatattempttoresolvethemind-bodyproblem.DualismcanbetracedbacktoPlato,[3]Aristotle[4][5][6]andtheSankhyaandYogaschoolsofHinduphilosophy,[7]b
4、utitwasmostpreciselyformulatedbyRenéDescartesinthe17thcentury.[8]SubstanceDualistsarguethatthemindisanindependentlyexistingsubstance,whereasPropertyDualistsmaintainthatthemindisagroupofindependentpropertiesthatemergefromandcannotbereducedtothebrain,butthatitisnota
5、distinctsubstance.[9]Monismisthepositionthatmindandbodyarenotontologicallydistinctkindsofentities.ThisviewwasfirstadvocatedinWesternphilosophybyParmenidesinthe5thcenturyBCandwaslaterespousedbythe17thcenturyrationalistBaruchSpinoza.[10]Physicalistsarguethatonlythee
6、ntitiespostulatedbyphysicaltheoryexist,andthatthemindwilleventuallybeexplainedintermsoftheseentitiesasphysicaltheorycontinuestoevolve.Idealistsmaintainthatthemindisallthatexistsandthattheexternalworldiseithermentalitself,oranillusioncreatedbythemind.Neutralmonists
7、adheretothepositionthatthereissomeother,neutralsubstance,andthatbothmatterandmindarepropertiesofthisunknownsubstance.Themostcommonmonismsinthe20thand21stcenturieshaveallbeenvariationsofphysicalism;thesepositionsincludebehaviorism,thetypeidentitytheory,anomalousmon
8、ismandfunctionalism.[11]Mostmodernphilosophersofmindadopteitherareductiveornon-reductivephysicalistposition,maintainingintheirdifferentwaysthatthemindis
