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1、FeminisminTomJonesandJaneEyre汤姆琼斯和简爱中的女权主义I.IntroductionFeminismisbothanintellectualcommitmentandapoliticalmovementthatseeksjusticeforwomenandtheendofsexisminallforms.However,therearemanydifferentkindsoffeminism.Feministsdisagreeaboutwhatsexismconsistsin,andwhatexactlyoughttobedon
2、eaboutit;Theydisagreeaboutwhatitmeanstobeawomanoramanandwhatsocialandpoliticalimplicationsgenderhasorshouldhave.Nonetheless,motivatedbythequestforsocialjustice,feministinquiryprovidesawiderangofperspectivesonsocial,cultural,andpoliticalphenomena.Importanttopicsforfeministtheoryand
3、politicsinclude:thebody,classandwork,disability,thefamily,globalization,humanrights,popularculture,raceandracism,reproduction,science,theself,sexwork,andsexuality.1.1 FeminismBeliefsandFeministMovementsTheterm‘feminism’hasmanydifferentusesanditsmeaningsareoftencontested.Forexample
4、,somewritersusetheterm‘feminism’torefertoahistoricallyspecificpoliticalmovementintheUSandEurope;Otherwritersuseittorefertothebeliefthatisinjusticesagainstwomen,thereisnoconsensusontheexactlistoftheseinjustices.Althoughtheterm‘feminism’hasahistoryinEnglishlinkedwithwomen’sactivismf
5、romthelate19thcenturytothepresent,itisusefultodistinguishfeministideasorbeliefsfromfeministpoliticalmovements,foreveninperiodswheretherehasbeennosignificantpoliticalactivismaroundwomen’ssubordination,individualshavebeenconcernedwithandtheorizedaboutjusticeforwomen.Althoughtheterm‘
6、feminism’inEnglishisrootedinthemobilizationforwomansuffrageinEuropeandtheUSduringthelate19thandearly20thcentury,ofcourseeffortstoobtainjusticeforwomandidnotbeginorendwiththisperiodofactivism.Thereforesomehavefounditusefultothinkofthewomen’smovementintheUSoccurringin“waves”.Onthewa
7、vemodel,thestruggletoachievebasicpoliticalrightsduringtheperiodfromthemid-19thcenturyuntilthepassageoftheNineteenthAmendmentin1920countsas“FirstWave”feminism.Feminismwanedbetweenthetwoworldwars,tobe“revived”inthelate1960’sand1970’sas“SecondWave”feminism.Inthissecondwave,feministsp
8、ushedbeyondtheearlyquestforpoliti