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1、美国现代企业的诞生历程（ThenaissanceofAmericanmodernenterprise）CiyupengFrom1840tothefirstWorldWar,inwhichmorethanhalfacenturyoftime,greatchangeshavetakenplaceintheUnitedStates,allwalksoflifetherehavebeenmanybigcompanies,theyandAdamSmith?Smallfactoryprofessionaltypehasasignificantdifference.Chandleronces
2、aidinhismasterpiece"visiblehand":"......AnAmericanbusinessmanin1840mayfindthatheismorefamiliarwiththebusinessenvironmentofItalyinfifteenthCenturythanthebusinessenvironmentofhiscountryafter70years."Forsuchlargeenterprisesspringinguplikemushrooms,theUnitedStatesandabroadhavebeenexaminingthesem
3、onsterswithasuspiciouseye,observingtheirsocialeffects.Thereisreasontoworrythatsuchfast-growinglargecompaniesmayunderminepublicinterestandAmericantraditionalvaluesbyvirtueoftheireconomicstrength.Italsoseemstoverifyingthedoubtsofthepeople,atthebeginningoftwentiethCentury,largeenterprisesathome
4、andabroadintheUnitedStatessummonwindandcallforrain,themarketisalmostequaltoanything,onbehalfof,themosttypicalisJohnRockefeller'sMobilOiltrust?.Thus,inordertopreventthedamagetothe"freedom"bythetrust,theUnitedStateslaunchedavigorousantitrustwaveinthe"progressivemovement".Especiallyduringthetim
5、eofPresidentTheodore,theShermanantitrustlawbegantobestrictlyenforced,attemptingtobringtheseenterprisesmonsterswiththemagicof"freetrade"principle.ThereasonAmericansopposethetrustissimpleanddirect.AccordingtoSmith'stheory,economicdevelopmentstemsfromcompetition,andlargeenterprisesnearmonopolys
6、tatuswillcertainlyhinderorevenrestrictfreecompetitiontosomeextent.InthemindsofAmericanswhoseefreedomasimportant,monopolyisterrible.However,theactualeconomicdevelopmentisnotcalculatedaccordingtothetheoreticalformula.Asarule,thedominanceoflargeenterpriseswillinevitablyreducethelevelofcompetiti
7、on.SincetheUSeconomyhasbeendominatedbylargeenterprises,thesebigenterpriseshavegainedmonopolystatus,andtheAmericaneconomyshouldbeinefficientorinefficient.However,therealityisjusttheopposite,theU.S.economyhasbeenthrivingunprecedentedattheturnofthecen
