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1、Theprotectionoftechnologicalmeasuresvs.thecopyrightlimitationsPaperpresentedattheALAICongress,NewYork,15June2001KamielJ.KoelmanInstituteforInformationLaw,UniversityofAmsterdam(www.ivir.nl)Justasusesofinformationcanbeexcludedonthebasisofcopyright,technologicalmea
2、suresallowtheexclusionofuses.However,whilecopyrightislimitedinmanyways(byitsterm,itsobject,thescopeoftherestrictedactsandtheexplicitstatutoryexemptions),exclusivitybasedontechnologyispotentiallyunlimited.Itmay,forexample,bepossiblebywayoftechnologytoexcludeother
3、sfromusinginformationwhichisnotcopyrightable,ortoexcludeactswhicharenotrestrictedactsundercopyright,eitherbecausetheydonotfallunderthedefinitionsoftheexclusiverightsorbecausetheyareexplicitlyexempted.Howshouldalegislatordealwiththisphenomenonofexpandingexclusion
4、?Shouldhemaintaintheinformationpolicywhichisexpressedincopyrightlaw–ofwhichthelimitationsontherightareanintegralpart–orshouldheendorsethebroaderexclusivitybasedontechnology?Dothechangingcircumstancesintheon-lineenvironmentperhapsrequiremoreorlessexclusivity?Inan
5、alyzingwhattheproperapproachmightbe,adistinctionmustbemadebetweenthescopeofprotectionoftechnologieswhichcontrolaccesstoinformationandcopy-controllingtechnologies.Theissuesinvolvedpartiallyoverlap,butforevidentreasons,theprecedentofcopyrightcanmoreeasilybeapplied
6、tothelattertypeoftechnologicalmeasures.DilemmaTheanswertothequestionwhichisthepreferredapproachbecomesallthemorepressing,asitappearstobeimpossibletoreconcileaneffectiveprotectionoftechnologicalmeasureswith(all)thelimitationsoncopyright.Technology–atthisstage–iss
7、implytoocrudetoaccommodateallthesubtletiesofthelaw.Theapplicabilityofmanyexemptionsdependsuponthecircumstances.Toquotethesamepartofthesamework,forinstance,maybepermissibleinonesituationandaninfringementinanother.Technologycannotrecognizewhetheraparticularquotati
8、onisallowedornot.Atechnologicalmeasurewhichblockscopyingwillthereforeblockboththeinfringingandthenon-infringinguse.Alegislatorcoulddecidethatthecopyrightlimitationsar
