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专题05阅读理解（议论文）（原卷版）目录1.上海市徐汇区2023年高三试卷2.上海市2023年奉贤高三统考测试3.上海市2023年高三“六校联合教研”调研试卷4.上海交大附中2023年高三试卷5.上海市2023年年高三模拟试题6.上海市进才学校2022年高三试卷7.上海市复旦附中2022年高三试题8.上海市嘉定2022年高三试卷9.上海市嘉定区2022年高三试题10.上海市2023年高三一模试卷1.【上海市徐汇区2023年高三试卷】Castingblameisnatural:itistemptingtofaultsomeoneelseforamistakeratherthantakingresponsibilityyourself.Butblameisalsoharmful.Itmakesitlesslikelythatpeoplewillownuptomistakes,andthuslesslikelythatorganizationscanlearnfromthem.Researchpublishedin2015suggeststhatfirmswhosemanagerspointedtoexternalfactorstoexplaintheirfailingsunderperformedcompaniesthatblamedthemselves.Blameculturecanspreadlikeavirus.Justaschildrenfearmomanddad’spunishmentiftheyadmittowrongdoing,inablamingenvironment,employeesareafraidofcriticismandpunishmentiftheyacknowledgemakingamistakeatwork.Blamecultureasks,“whodroppedtheball?”insteadof“wheredidoursystemsandprocessesfail?”Thefocusisontheindividuals,nottheprocesses.It’smucheasiertopointfingersatapersonordepartmentinsteadofdoingtheharder,butthemorebeneficial,exerciseoffixingtherootcause,sotheproblemdoesnothappenagain.TheNoBlameCulturewasintroducedtomakesureerrorsanddeficiencies(缺陷)werehighlightedbyemployeesasearlyaspossible.Itoriginatedinorganizationswheretinyerrorscanhavecatastrophic(灾难性的)consequences.Theseareknownashighreliabilityorganizations(HROs)andincludehospitals,submarinesandairlines.Becauseerrorscanbesodisastrousintheseorganizations,it’sdangeroustooperateinanenvironmentwhereemployeesdon’tfeelabletoreporterrorsthathavebeenmadeorraiseconcernsaboutthatdeficienciesmayturnintofutureerrors.TheNoBlameCulturemaximizesaccountabilitybecauseallcontributionstotheeventoccurringareidentifiedandreviewedforpossiblechangeandimprovement.TheNationalTransportationSafetyBoard(NTSB),whichsupervisesairtrafficacrosstheUnitedStates,makesitclearthatitsroleisnottoassignblameorliabilitybuttofindoutwhatwentwrongandtoissue学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
recommendationstoavoidarepeat.Theproudrecordoftheairlineindustryinreducingaccidentspartlyreflectsno-blameprocessesforinvestigatingcrashesandclosecalls.Themotivetolearnfromerrorsalsoexistwhentherisksarelower.Thatiswhysoftwareengineersanddevelopersroutinelyinvestigatewhatwentwrongifawebsitecrashesoraservergoesdown.Thereisanobviousworryaboutembracingblamelessness.Whatifthewebsitekeepscrashingandthesamepersonisatfault?Sometimes,afterall,blameisdeserved.Theideaofthe“justculture”,aframeworkdevelopedinthe1990sbyJamesReason,apsychologist,addressestheconcernthattheincompetentandthemalevolent(恶意的)willbeletoffthehook.ThelinethatBritain’saviationregulatordrawsbetweenhonesterrorsandtheothersortisagoodstarting-point.Itpromisesacultureinwhichpeople“arenotpunishedforactionsordecisionstakenbythemthatarecommensuratewiththeirexperienceandtraining”.Thatnarrowsroomforblamebutdoesnotremoveitentirely.1．Accordingtotheresearchpublishedin2015,companiesthat________hadbetterperformance.A．blamedexternalfactorsB．owneduptomistakesC．conductedinvestigationsD．admittedfailures2．Accordingtothepassage,theNoBlameCulture________.A．encouragestheearlydisclosureoferrorsB．onlyexistsinhighreliabilityorganizationsC．enablespeopletoshifttheblameontoothersD．preventsorganizationstolearnfromerrors3．Whatisthemajorconcernaboutembracingblamelessnessaccordingtothepassage?A．Innocentpeoplemighttaketheblamebyadmittingtheirfailure.B．Beingblamedformistakescandestroytrustinemployees.C．Thelinebetweenhonesterrorsandtheothersortisnotclear.D．Peoplewon’tlearntheirlessonsiftheyaren’tblamedforfailures.4．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．WhyWeFailtoLearnfromOurOwnMistakesB．HowtoAvoidDisastrousErrorsinOrganizationsC．WhyWeShouldStoptheBlameGameatWorkD．HowtoDealwithWorkplaceBlameCulture1.【上海市2023年奉贤高三统考测试】学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
My21-year-oldniece,asecond-yearundergraduate,mentionedthatshewatchesvideolecturesofflineattwicethenormalspeed.Struckbythis,IaskedsomeotherstudentsIknow.Manynowroutinelyspeeduptheirlectureswhenlearningoffline—oftenby1.5times,sometimesbyevenmore.Speedlearningisnotforeveryone,buttherearewebsiteswherestudentsdiscusshowodditwillbeoncetheyreturntothelecturetheatre.Onecontributorwrote:“Normalspeednowsoundslikedrunkspeed.”EducationwasadaptingtothedigitalworldlongbeforeCovid-19but,aswithsomanyotherhumanactivities,thepandemichasgivenlearningahugepushtowardsthevirtual.Overnight,schoolsanduniversitiesclosedandteachersandstudentshadtofindwaystodowhattheydoonlyviatheinternet.“Thisisatimeforschoolsandsystemstoreimagineeducationwithoutschoolingorclassrooms,”saysProfessorYongZhao.DrJimWatterstoninAustraliathinksthat,whilethetraditionalclassroomisstillaliveandwell,educationneedstobemoreadventurousandflexible.Earlierthisyear,ZhaoandWatterstonco-authoredapaperinwhichtheyidentifiedsomemajorchangesthatshouldhappenineducationpost-lockdown.Thefirstconcernsthecontent,whichshouldemphasizesuchthingsascreativity,criticalthinkingandleadership,ratherthanthecollectionandstorageofinformation.“Forhumanstoprogressintheageofsmartmachines,itisessentialthattheydonotcompetewithmachines.”,theywrote,“Instead,theyneedtobemorehuman.”Thesecondisthatstudentsshouldhavemorecontrolovertheirlearning,withtheteacher’sroleshiftingfrominstructortosupervisoroflearningresources,advisorandmotivator.Thisiswhereso-called“activelearning”comesinwithagrowingbodyofresearchsuggestingthatcomprehensionandmemoryarebetterwhenstudentslearninahands-onway—throughdiscussionandinteractivetechnologies,forexample.It’salsowheretheconceptof“productivefailure”applies.ProfessorManuKapurinarguesthatstudentslearnbetterfromtheirownorothers’failedattemptstosolveaproblembeforeoreveninsteadofbeingtoldhowtosolveit.Iftheprogressofthetimesisunabletoholdbackthecomingrevolutionineducation,itseemsunlikelythatthetraditionalclassroomisgoingtohaveanyluckinitsattemptstryingtoturnbacktheclock.AsLaurillardputsit,“Ittookaglobalpandemictodrivehomewhatwe’vebeensayingfor20years.”5．Bygivingexamplesof“speedlearning”inthefirstparagraph,theauthorwantstoshowthat_________.A．digitalworldisdramaticallyreformingthewayoflearning.B．speedlearningcompletelyreplacesnormalspeedlearning.C．returningtothelecturetheatreisstrangeafterspeedlearning.D．educationbeginstoadapttodigitalworldafterCovid-19.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
6．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A．Itisessentialforsmartmachinestobemorehuman.B．Studentsshouldpossessmoreinformationaboutcreativity.C．Studentsvalueothers’failureovertheirownfailure.D．“Activelearning”callsfordiversewaysofinvolvement.7．AccordingtoZhaoandWatterston,themajorchangesineducationshouldinclude_________.①learningmode ②learningmotive ③learningattitude ④learningfocusA．①④B．②③C．①③D．②④8．Accordingtothepassage,whatdoestheauthormostprobablyagreewith?A．Speedlearningharmsstudents’learningefficiency.B．Thecomingrevolutionineducationisirreversible.C．Teacherswillplayalessimportantroleinthefuture.D．Thetraditionalclassroomswilleventuallydisappear.1.【上海市2023年高三“六校联合教研”调研试卷】Theworldisastage,andnowmenandwomenaren’ttheonlyplayers.AMicrosoftresearcher’sanalysisusingartificialintelligencetobreakdownShakespeareisagreattrickshowingoffsomeshinysoftware.Butit’salsoareminderinanincreasinglyautomatedageofwhatexactlymakesushuman.TheMicrosoftprojectusesnaturallanguage-processingtechniquestomapoutemotionsinWilliamShakespeare’stext.Thetestisdesignedtopromptpeoplewhoalready(atleastsortof)understandShakespearetoconsiderhisworksinnewways,andtohelpthosewhohavetroubleunderstandinghisworks,tobecomebetterininterpretingtheircomplexity.Romeo,itrevealsincolorfulgraphs,feelseverythingmorekeenlythanhisCapuletloverJuliet,despiteprevailingstereotypesofstoicmasculinity(斯多葛派的男子气概).KingLeartellsastoryofsteadydecline,whereasCoriolanushashighsandlowstosignalitstwistynarrative-drivenride.Asusefulaneducationaltoolasthissystemmightbe,theBard’sgreatestadmirersmaybeunabletoresistraisinganeyebrow.Doreadersreallyneedanalgorithm(算法)totellthemthatRomeoiseye-rollinglymopey(无精打采)orthatthingsgomoreorlessrightforMacbethuntiltheystartgoingverywrong?Isn’titpartofthepointofstudyingShakespearetodaythatit’soverwhelmingandforeignuntil,suddenly,it’sfamiliar?Theseobjectionsmightallbesecondarytoamorepowerfulfear:ThethoughtthatacomputercanreadShakespearejustaswellaswecanseemstotakethehumanoutofthehumanities.Therefore,itisreassuringtolearnthat,advancedasmachine-learninghasbecomeandasfar-reachingasthe学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
implicationsofthetechnologymaybe,Microsoft’stoolthoughtthatTheComedyofErrorswas,well,atragedy.That’sbecausetheslapstickphysicalityintheplayconfusedit.Algorithmshavetroubledistinguishingfriendlyteasingfromcruelmockery(嘲弄),whichwouldpuzzleanycomputerthattriedtomakesenseofMercutio.Sarcasmisanongoingcomputationaldilemma.Noneofthisshouldsurpriseanyonewhofollowssocialmediasiteslosingbattlesagainstracisttrolls,whosetendencytomaskracisminironymakestheirpostsdifficulttodeletethroughtheuseofautomatedcontentmoderationtools.Inthatcontext,algorithmicshortcomingsareaburden.BalancingthebenefitsmorehumanlikeAIcouldbringwiththeriskforabuseisatoughtaskfromapracticalpointofview.Fromamorehumanone,however,itcanbehardnottohopethetideoftechnologicalchangewillrollinslowly.Thosehiddenmeanings,mystifyingrelationshipsandevengroan-worthypuns(双关)thatbeatmachinesarewhatmakeShake-speareShakespeare.They’realsowhatmakeusus.43．Inparagraph2,thewritermentionsRomeo,Juliet,KingLearandCoriolanusinorderto________.A．highlightAl’sdifferentunderstandingofShakespeareB．provethattherearevariouswaystounderstandShakespeareC．illustratethecomplexityinunderstandingShakespeareD．showhowtechnologymayhelpusbetterunderstandShakespeare44．WhydomanypeopleobjecttotheideaofAIreadingShakespeare?A．BecauseAIcanonlyreadmorefamiliarliteraryworks.B．BecausereadingShakespeareislikeawalkinthepark.C．Becausehumanbeingsareamustinliteratureanalysis.D．Becausecomputersoftenmisinterprethowacharacterfeels.45．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Itisquiteuncertainwhethertechnologicalchangewilloccur.B．WeshouldtakeAl’sadvantagesanddisadvantagesintoaccount.C．ThattheAlwronglyclassifiedTheComedyofErrorsisfearsome.D．Algorithmsoftenfailtoidentifythetrueintentionsbehindhumanlanguage.46．Whichofthefollowingbestservesasthetitleforthepassage?A．InterpretationofShakespeareSuffers-IsThereAnyFix?B．MachinesCan’tQuiteCrackShakespeare-That’saRelief!C．ShakespeareNoLongerExistsinAutomation-IsThatTrue?学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
D．AIRevitalizesShakespeare—WhatanAmazingBreakthrough!1.【上海交大附中2023年高三试卷】TheHappinessMythHappinessisnotnatural.Itisamerehumanconstruct.Astateofcontentment(letalonehappiness)isdiscouragedbyourgeneticdesignbecauseitwouldlowerourguardagainstpossiblethreatstooursurvival.Chasinghappinessislikechasinganelusive(难寻踪迹的)ghost,butthepositivethinkingindustryclaimstoknowitssecrets.Self-helpwaspopularizedbyNormanVincentPeale,acolorfulAmericanpastor(牧师).Heinvented“positivethinking”,aconceptnowdeeplyembeddedinourcultureandsteadilygrowingininfluence.Theglobalpersonaldevelopmentindustrywasvaluedat$38.28billionin2019andisexpectedtogrowatarateof5.1%.Popularfilmsandbooksarefullofsupposedlyinspirationalstatementsabouthowallyouneedtodoisbelieveinyourselfandthenyou’llbeabletoachieveanythinginlife.Thisissimply,andobviously,nottrue.Idon’tthinkthereisaneedtoexplainthatmanyobstaclesandmisfortunesinlifeareinevitable,orunmanageable.Ourancestorsknewthis,andmanyphilosophicalandreligioustraditionsarebasedontheacceptancethatbeingaliveisaverychallengingtask,whichcomeswithsignificantamountsofsuffering.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatweshoulddoallwecantomaximizeoursenseofwellbeingandminimizeoursuffering(asthe“utilitarian”philosophersexplain),buttheendresultcannotbeastateofsustainedbliss(极乐).Wearenotdesignedthatway.Theself-helpgenreisnotahomogeneous(同种类的)beast,however.Itis,infact,ironichowself-helpbooksonhappinessandthoseonhowtomakeitbiginlifeareputtogetherinthesamebookshopshelves,giventhatmanyoftheformertellusthatcaringtoomuchaboutthelatteristhemainobstacletohappiness.Theinevitableclashbetweenmandatory(强制的)optimismandtherealitiesofourexistencecomeswithaheavypsychologicalprice.Itcouldbearguedthatpositivepsychologyblamesthosewhoaresufferingfortheirsuffering,asitisbasedonthefalseideathatunhappinessisentirelyavoidable.Itfollowsthereforethatanunhappypersonmustbeinadequateandincompetent.Positivepsychologyencouragespeoplewhoarestrugglingwithaparticulargoaltopersevereinthefaceofunfavorableodds,whichismuchmorepunishingpsychologicallyinthelongrunthanacceptingdefeat.Ibelievethatcomingtotermswithlifeasitis,andnotasthehappinessindustrytellsusitcouldbe,willmakeushappier,andwewillfeelmoreatpeacewithourselvesandwiththeworld.Unfortunately,thedevilalwayshasthebesttunes.9．Whatisauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthefirstthreeparagraphs?A．Toanalyzehowpersonaldevelopmentindustryworks.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
B．Toexplainhowunrealisticitistopursuehappinessinlife.C．Tocontrastmodernpeople’sviewoflifewithourancestors’.D．Toreviewhowtheconceptofhappinesshaschangedoveryears.10．Itseemsironictotheauthorthatputtingself-helpbooksonhappinessandthoseonhowto“makeitbig”togetherbecause.A．theycamefromdifferentpublishersB．theyoffercompletelyoppositevaluesC．theirtargetreadersbelongtodifferentagegroupsD．theyarethebest-sellingandslowest-sellingbooksonthemarket11．Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingquoteswouldtheauthormoststronglydisagreewith?A．Happinessisachoice,andsoissuffering.B．Happinessisideal.Itistheworkoftheimagination.C．Happinessisaby-product.Youcannotpursueitbyitself.D．Thesearchforhappinessisoneofthechiefsourcesofunhappiness.12．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence“thedevilalwayshasthebesttunes”mean?A．Thecoreideaofthehappinessindustryisabeautifullie.B．Thehappinessindustryhasnegativeeffectsonthesociety.C．Sufferingcontributesmoretoameaningfullifethanhappiness.D．Theone-sidedinterpretationoflifeprovedmoreattractivetothepublic.1.【上海市2023年高三模拟试题】Everythingweknowsuggeststhattheuniverseisunusual.Itisflatter,smoother,largerandemptierthana“typical”universepredictedbytheknownlawsofphysics.Ifwereachedintoahatfilledwithpiecesofpaper,eachwiththespecificationsofapossibleuniversewrittenonit,itisunlikelythatwewouldgetauniverseanythinglikeoursinonepick—orevenabillion.Thechallengethatcosmologistsfaceistomakesenseofthisspecialness.Oneapproachtothisquestionisinflation—thehypothesis(假设)thattheearlyuniversewentthroughastageoffastexpansion.Atfirst,inflationseemedtodothetrick.Asimpleversionoftheideagavecorrectpredictionsforthespectrumoffluctuationsinthecosmicmicrowavebackground.Butacloserlookshowsthatwehavejustmovedtheproblemfurtherbackintime.Tomakeinflationhappenatallrequiresustofine-tunetheinitialconditionsoftheuniverse.Andunlessinflationishighlytuned,itleadsto学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
arunawayprocessofuniversecreation.Asaresult,somecosmologists(宇宙学家)suggestthatthereisnotoneuniverse,butaninfinitenumber,withahugevarietyofproperties:themultiverse.Thereareaninfinitenumberofuniversesinthecollectionthatarelikeouruniverseandaninfinitenumberthatarenot.Buttheproportionofinfinitytoinfinityisundefined,andcanbemadeintoanythingthetheoristwants.Thusthemultiversetheoryhasdifficultymakinganyfirmpredictionsandthreatenstotakeusoutoftheareaofscience.Theseotheruniversesareunobservableandbecausechancedictatestherandomdistributionofpropertiesacrossuniverses,suggestingtheexistenceofamultiversedoesnotletusgettoanythingaboutouruniversebeyondwhatwealreadyknow.Asattractiveastheideamayseem,itisbasicallyasleightofhand,whichturnsanexplanatoryfailureintoanapparentexplanatorysuccess.Thesuccessisemptybecauseanythingthatmightbeobservedaboutouruniversecouldbeexplainedassomethingthatmust,bychance,happensomewhereinthemultiverse.Westartedouttryingtoexplainwhytheuniverseissospecial,andweendupbeingaskedtobelievethatouruniverseisoneofaninfinitenumberofuniverseswithrandomproperties.Thismakesmesuspectthatthereisabasicbutunexaminedassumptionaboutthelawsofnaturethatmustbeoverturned.Cosmologyhasnewquestionstoanswer.Notjustwhatarethelaws,butwhyaretheselawsthelaws?Howweretheychosen?Wecan’tjusthypothesisewhattheinitialconditionswereatthebigbang,weneedtoexplainthoseinitialconditions.Thusweareinthepositionofacomputerprogramaskedtoexplainitsinputs.Itisclearthatifwearetogetanywhere,weneedtoinventnewmethods,andperhapsnewkindsoflaws,togainascientificdescriptionoftheuniverseasawhole.13．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofouruniverse?A．Thereareseveralhypothesesaboutitsearlystage.B．Therearemorethanonebillionuniversessimilartoours.C．Itisexpandingatagreaterspeedthatitdidatthestageofthebigbang.D．Itisdifferentfromthepredictionsmadeaccordingtothelawsofphysics.14．Whatdoesthewriterimplyaboutthehypothesisofinflation?A．Ithasn’tbeenchallenged.B．Itdoesn’tmakemuchsense.C．Itisbyfarthemostreasonableapproach.D．Itisthesimpleversionofacomplicatedidea.15．Whichwordinthepassageissimilarinmeaningtothephrase“sleightofhand”(paragraph4)?A．processB．predictionC．trickD．infinity16．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthewriter________.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
A．believestheideaofthemultiversewillhelpustounderstandouruniversebetterB．arguesthereisafixedproportionofuniverseslikeourstothoseunlikeoursC．holdscomputerprogramscanworkbetterthanhumansincosmologyD．thinkssomelawsofnaturethatwetakeforgrantedmaybefalse1.【上海市进才学校2022年高三试卷】Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear’srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybealittlebitlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation(通货膨胀).Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidise(补贴)thedailycommute(通勤)ofarailtravellerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthesufferingsofcommutersintheSouthEast,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorsboastingabouttheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspromisedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,alongwithregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwitharevengeifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.17．Theauthorholdsthatthisyear’sincreaseinrailpassengersfares________.A．createsextraburdenontaxpayers.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
B．haskeptpacewithinflation.C．isbeyondtheexpectationofcommutersD．remainsanunreasonablepractice.18．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisright?A．Compensationsaretobegiventothecommutersaffectedbythestrikes.B．Aminimumservicerequirementwillbelikelytosettletherailwayproblems.C．Intermsofservice,thereisaconflictbetweentrainoperator’sclaimandthereality.D．Trainoperatorshavesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.19．Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface________.A．thelossofinvestment.B．thecollapseofoperations.C．areductionofrevenue(收入)D．achangeofownership.20．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．WhoAretoBlamefortheEver-risingFares?B．RailStrikesNeedtoBeStoppedC．EnhanceRailwayService,EasePassengerAngerD．Ever-risingFaresAreUnreasonable1.【上海市复旦附中2022年高三试题】Myfriendwasheartbroken.Her8-year-oldsonhadcomehomefromschoolreportingthattheywereweighedingymclass,andthatithadledtoadiscussionamongtheboysabouttheirweights.Itwasthefirsttimehersonhadrealizedthathewassignificantlyheavierthanmostofhisfriends,andhecamehomethatdaywithabrand-newmessageinhishead:Beingheavierwasn’tagoodthing.Herstorygavemeflashbackstomyowngymclassweigh-ins.Irememberbeingcalleduponebyone,howthescalewasconnectedtoalargedigitalreadoutbigenoughforeveryonetosee—andhow,sadly,itfeltlikeacompetitionamongthegirlstobethelightest.Thoughitvariesfromstatetostate,manyschoolshaveaprograminplacetomeasurehealthandfitnessingymclass.Theassessmentusuallyincludesthingslikepush-ups,flexibilitytests,andascale.Weightisthenusedwiththechild’sheighttocalculatetheirbodymassindex(BMI).ButisBMIavalidandimportantmarketofhealthoraharmfulpracticethatshouldberetired?“BMImeasurementinschoolcanprovidesomebenefits,providedthemeasurementsaredoneprivatelyandsensitively,freeofjudgement,”saysDr.Muth.“Whenit’snotdonewiththeutmostcare,thedownsideoutweighs学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
anyupsideandit’spotentiallyharmfulandstigmatizing.”Weighingstudentsshouldnotbedonewithinsightorhearingdistanceofotherstudents.Still,it’sinevitablethatsomekidswillcomparenumbers,andthatcanbepotentiallyharmful.AccordingtotheNationalEatingDisordersAssociation,upto60percentofelementaryschoolgirlsareworriedaboutbeingtooheavy.Ontheflipside,boysmayfeelshameifthey’reseenastoosmallorscrawny.That’swhyit’simportanttoavoidanystigmatizinglanguage.“Weshouldn’tassumethathigherweightkidsarelesshealthy.That’sweightstigma,whichcanincreasetheriskforeatingdisorders,”saysRebeccaScritch-field,R.D．,authorofBodyKindness.Besides,sheadds,somekidsnaturallytendhigheronthegrowthcurve,andthat’snormalforthem.Weighingstudentsinschoolcanbebeneficialtohelpkidsgetonahealthierpath,butitmustbedoneproperly.Thatmeansawayfromotherstudentsandwithoutanyweightstigmaattached.Parentsshouldalsocommunicatewithschoolstoknowwhenandhowweigh-insarebeingdoneinordertodecidewhetherornottheirkidshouldparticipate.21．Whatannoyedtheauthor’sfriendwasthat_________.A．Shehasgainedmuchweightafteragymclass.B．Hersonhasgainedmuchweightthoughwithexercises.C．Hersonrefusedtoattendthegymclassbecauseofhisweight.D．Hersonfeltembarrassedwhenweighedpubliclyingymclass.22．Accordingtothepassage,whatcanweknowaboutBMI?A．BMIisemployedtomeasurechildren’shealth,whichareusedinallschools.B．InordertocalculateBMI,achild’sweightandheightareneeded.C．BMIissuchanimportantfactorthatitshouldbemadepublicamongkids.D．ThedisadvantagesofBMImeasurementinschooloutweighsanyadvantages.23．Whatdoes“scrawny”(paragraph5)mean?A．tallB．depressedC．energeticD．skinny24．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsweighingstudentsinschool?A．Itshouldbetotallybanned.B．Parentsshouldprotestagainstit.C．Itshouldbeheldcautiously.D．Itshouldbepostedinpublic.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
1.【上海市嘉定2022年高三试卷】Whyaresomanypeoplesoafraidoffailure?Quitesimplybecausenoonetellsushowtofailsothatfailurebecomesanexperiencethatwillleadtogrowth.Weforgetthatfailureispartofthehumanconditionandthateverypersonhastherighttofail.Mostparentsworkhardateitherpreventingfailureorprotectingtheirchildrenfromtheknowledgethattheyhavefailed.Onewayistolowerstandards.Amotherdescribesherchild’shurriedly-madetableas“Perfect!”eventhoughitdoesn’tstandstill.Anotherwayistoshiftblame.IfJohnfailsscience,histeacherisunfairorstupid.Thetroublewithfailure-preventionmethodsisthattheyleaveachildunequippedforlifeintherealworld.Theyoungneedtolearnthatnoonecanbebestateverything,noonecanwinallthetimeandthatit’spossibletoenjoyagameevenwhenwedon’twin.Achildwho’snotinvitedtoabirthdayparty,whodoesn’tmakethehonorrollonthebaseballteam,feelsterrible,ofcourse.Butparentsshouldnotofferaquickconsolation(慰藉),prizeorsay,“Itdoesn’tmatter,”becauseitdoes.Theyoungshouldbeallowedtoexperiencedisappointment—andbehelpedtomasterit.Failureisneverpleasant.Ithurtsgrown-upsandchildrenalike.Butitcanmakeapositivecontributiontoyourlifeonceyoulearntouseit.Steponeistoask“WhydidIfail?”Resistthenaturalimpulse(冲动)toblamesomeoneelse.Askyourselfwhatyoudidwrongandhowyoucanimprove.Ifsomeoneelsecanhelp,don’tbeshyaboutasking.Success,whichencouragesrepetitionofoldbehavior,isnotnearlyasgoodateacherasfailure.Youcanlearnfromadisastrouspartyhowtogiveagoodone,fromanill-chosenfirsthousewhattolookforinasecond.Evenafailurethatseemstotalcanstimulatefreshthinking,achangeofdirection.After12yearsofstudyingballet,afriendofminewentforaprofessionalcompany.Shewasturneddown.“Wouldfurthertraininghelp”sheasked.Theballetmastershookhishead.“Youwillneverbeadancer”,hesaid,“Youhaven’tthebodyforit.”Insuchcases,thewaytousefailureistotakestockof(估量)thesituationcourageously,asking,“WhathaveIleft?WhatelsecanIdo?”Myfriendputawayhertoeshoesandmovedintodancetherapy,afieldwhereshe’sbothableanduseful.Failurefreesonetotakerisksbecausethere’slesstolose.Oftenthereisrecoveryofenergy—awaytofindnewpossibilities.25．Accordingtothepassage,howdoesapersonusuallycoverhisfailureup?A．Herefusestoacknowledgethatfailurewilleventuallyleadtogrowth.B．He’dratherpraisethanstatethefactdespiteanyapparentdeficiency.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
C．Hetriesallthepossiblemeanstohidethetruthfrombeingrevealed.D．Hewilltakeeveryopportunitytopronouncehisnaturalrighttofail.26．Whatcouldbemeantbytheunderlined“make”?A．produceB．becomeC．achieveD．draw27．What’stheauthor’sassessmentoffailurevssuccess?A．Comparativelyspeaking,successisamuchbetterteacher.B．Failureteacheshumansasmuchassuccess,ifnotanyless.C．Everyonefailsnowandthen,buttheymaynotsucceedatall.D．Successarousesfreshthinking,thusleadingtofurthersuccess.28．Bytheexampleoftheballetstudent,theauthortellsus________.A．Itisnaturalforafailuretoshiftblameontoothers.B．Failureenablessomeonetorethinktheirpotential.C．Successpavesthewaytofindnewpossibilities.D．Infailureliesrecoverywhereonehaslesstolose.1.【上海市嘉定区2022年高三试题】Isitpossibletopersuademankindtolivewithoutwar?Warisanancientinstitution,whichhasexistedforatleastsixthousandyears.Itwasalwaysbadandusuallyfoolish,butinthepasthumanracemanagedtolivewithit.Moderntechnologyhaschangedthis.Eithermanwillabolishwar,orwarwillabolishman.Forthepresent,itisnuclearweaponsthatcausethemostseriousdanger,butbacteriologicalorchemicalweaponsmay,beforelong,offeranevengreaterthreat.Ifwesucceedinabolishingnuclearweapons,ourworkwillnotbedone.Itwillneverbedoneuntilwehavesucceededinabolishingwar.Todothis,weneedtopersuademankindtolookuponinternationalquestionsinanewway,notascontestsofforce,inwhichthevictorygoestothesidewhichismostskillfulinkillingpeople,butbyarbitration(通过仲裁)inaccordancewithagreedprinciplesoflaw.Itisnoteasytochangeveryoldmentalhabits,butthisiswhatmustbeattempted.Therearethosewhosaythattheadoptionofthisorthatideologywouldpreventwar.Ibelievethistobeabigerror.Allideologiesarebasedupondogmatic(武断的)statementsthatare,atbest,doubtful,andatworst,totallyfalse.Theirfollowersbelieveinthemsofanaticallythattheyarewillingtogotowarinsupportofthem.Themovementofworldopinionduringthepastfewyearshasbeenverylargelysuchaswecanwelcome.Ithasbecomeacommonplacethatnuclearwarmustbeavoided.Ofcourseverydifficultproblemsremainintheworld,butthespiritinwhichtheyarebeingapproachedisabetteronethanitwassomeyearsago.Ithasbegunto学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
bethought,evenbythepowerfulmenwhodecidewhetherweshallliveordie,thatnegotiationsshouldreachagreementsevenifbothsidesdonotfindtheseagreementswhollysatisfactory.Ithasbeguntobeunderstoodthattheimportantconflictnowadaysisnotbetweendifferentcountries,butbetweenmanandtheatombomb.29．Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“approached”?A．Addressed.B．Reached.C．Divided.D．Praised.30．Aprobableinterpretationofthesentenceinbold(黑体)inthe1stparagraphcouldbe_____.A．Man,aswellaswar,willhavetomaketheultimatechoicebetweenthemtwoB．ModerntechnologyhasempoweredmantochoosewarornotC．PeoplewilleventuallydestroythemselvesiftheychoosetogotowaratmoderntimesD．Atleast6,000yearslater,manhasfinallydecidedtoabandonwaronceandforall31．Fromparagraphs1and2,whichofthefollowingconclusioncouldwearriveat?A．Theauthorbelievesanyideologyiseitherdoubtfulorfalse.B．Arbitrationinsteadofcontestscanhelpchangeoldmentalhabits.C．Nuclearweaponshaveposedthegreatestthreattohumanrace.D．Adoptionofoneideologyoranotherdoesnothingtopreventwars.32．Theauthor’sattitudetowards“theworldopinionofnuclearwar”is_____.A．pessimisticB．indifferentC．optimisticD．neutral10.【上海市2023年高三一模试卷】Buildinggoodtransportationisagoodidea.Tohaveenvironmentalvalue,newtransportationhastosufficientlyreplaceoreliminatedrivingtocutenergyconsumptionoverall.Thatmeansthatanewtrafficsystemhastobesupportedbyreductionincaruse.Trafficlanesshouldbeeliminatedorconvertedintobikeorbuslanes.Ideally,theseshouldbecombinedwithhigherfueltaxes,andparkingfees.Needlesstosay,Ihavetostruggletomakemyselfextensivelyunderstood.Butthey’renecessary,becauseyoucan’tmakepeopledriveless,inthelongrun,bytakingstepsthatmakedrivingmorepleasant,economical,andproductive.Lengthycommuting(通勤)timeisaforcefulfactorwhichcanslowthegrowthofsuburbs.Thefartherpeopleliveawayfromcities,thelongercommutingtimetheyneed,whichmeansmorepollutiontheircarsproduce.If,inamisguidedefforttodosomethingofenvironmentalvalue,governmentstakestepsthatmakelong-distancecarcommutingfasterormoreconvenient—byaddinglanes,buildingbypass,employingtraffic-controlmeasuresthatmakeitpossibleforexistingroadstoaccommodatemorecarswithfewerdelays—weareactuallyencouragingpeopletolivestillfartherfromtheirjobs,stores,andschools.Asaresult,governments学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
areforcedtofurtherextendroadnetworks,waterlines,andotherfacilities.Ifyoucutcommutingtimeby10percent,peoplewhonowdrivefiftymileseachwaytoworkcanfindreasontomovefivemilesfartherout,becausetheirtraveltimewon’tchange.Trafficcongestion(拥堵)isn’tanenvironmentalproblem;trafficis.Relievingcongestionwithoutdoinganythingtoreducethetotalvolumeofcarscanonlymaketherealproblemworse.Highwayengineershaveknownforalongtimethatbuildingnewcarlanesonlytemporarilyreducescongestion,becausethenewlanesaddadditionaldriving.Wideningroadsmakestrafficmovefasterintheshortterm,buttheimprovedconditionseventuallyattractadditionaldrivers,andcongestionreappears.Withmorecarontheroads,peoplethinkaboutwideningroadsagain.Movingdriversoutofcarsandintootherformsoftransportationcanhavethesameeffect,ifexistingtrafficlanesarekeptinservice:roadspacestimulatesroaduse.Oneoftheargumentsthatcitiesinevitablymakeinpromotingtransportationplansisthatthenewsystem,byrelievingautomobilecongestion,willimprovethelivesofthosewhocontinuetodrive.Nooneeverpromotesatransportationsystembyarguingthatitwouldmaketravellinglessconvenient—eventhough,fromanenvironmentalperspective,inconvenienttravelisaworthygoal.37．Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorgivesusthehintthathisrecommendationsare______.A．notwidelysupportedB．costlytocarryoutC．generallyrecognizedD．temporarilybeneficial38．Accordingtothepassage,whatwillhappenifcommutingtimefordriversisreduced?A．Driverswillbecomemoreproductiveemployees.B．Masstransportationwillbeextendedfartherintosuburbanareas.C．Driverswillbemorewillingtolivefartherfromtheirworkingplace.D．Masstransportationwillcarryfewerpassengersandreceivelessgovernmentfunding.39．Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheauthor’sattitudetowardsthemeasurestoimprovetraffic?A．Theyareenvironmentallybeneficialandshouldbecarriedoutimmediately.B．Theyarewellintentionedbutultimatelyleadtoenvironmentalharm.C．Theywilldefinitelyarousepeople’sawarenessofenvironmentalprotection.D．Theywillonlyworkiftheycanmakedrivingmoreeconomicalandproductive.40．Theauthorwrotethismassagemainlyto______.A．supporttheclaimthateffortstoreducetrafficactuallyincreasetraffic.B．opposethebeliefthatimprovingmasstransportationsystemsisgoodfortheenvironment.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
C．provideabalancebetweensuburbanexpansionandtrafficcongestion.D．indicatethatmakingdrivinglessagreeableisawaytoreducenegativeeffectsoftraffic.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
