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1、lantern-lithousegreatlycontributestothereader’ssenseofunease,andsohelpstobuildthestory’seffectiveness.AnotherexampleisLawrence’s“TheHorseDealer’sDaughter,”thedescriptionatthebeginningofwhichcontributesmuchtotheatmosphereofthestory. 4.Theimportanceofatmosphereincreatingthesetting Butitisamistak
2、etosaythattheatmosphereofapieceoffictiondependsonthesettingalone.(AsillustratedinShakespeare’sHamlet,thedialogueattheverybeginningoftheplayhelpspowerfullytoestablishtheatmosphereofuncertainty,inadditiontothesetting—thecoldmidnightcastle.)Thevocabulary,thefiguresofspeech,andtherhythmofthesenten
3、cealsohelpdefinethegeneralatmosphere,forbythesefactorsthewritermanagestocontrolthekindofassociationsthatcometothereader’smind.Atmospherealsodependsoncharacterandaction.Inshort,wemaysaythattheatmosphereoffictionisthepervasive,generalfeeling,generatedbyanumberoffactors(setting,character,action,a
4、ndstyle)thatischaracteristicofagivenstoryornovel. ChapterFivePointofView Theissueofpointofviewishighlyphilosophical,becauseitconcernstherelationbetweenthenovelistandthe“facts”inthenovel,therelationbetweenthenovelistandthereader,andtherelationbetweenthenovelandthereader.Thepointofviewistheattit
5、udeoroutlookofanarratororcharacterinapieceofliterature,oritistherelationshipbetweenthenarratorandthenarrated.Metaphorically,apointofviewisastandpointfromwhichthenarratorseesthestoryandhowheintendsthereadertoseethestory.Whenweopenanovel,weopenawindowtolife.Whatavisionthenovelprovideslargelydepe
6、ndsonthepointofview. Fictionalproseandpointofview Asweknowthereareatleastlevelsofdiscoursetoaccountforthelanguageoffictionalprose(nomatteritisanovelorashortstory),justbecausethenarratorlevelintervenesbetweenthecharacter-characterlevelandtheauthor-readerlevel.Fromthediagramshownbelowyouwillsee:
7、 Addresser1MessageAddressee1 (Novelist)(reader) Addresser2MessageAddressee2 (Narrator)(narratee) Addresser3MessageAddressee3 (CharacterA)(CharacterB) Thisdiagramonlyaccountsforthenovel“ingeneral”inthesensethatallthreelevels,andallthreep
