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1、lantern-lithousegreatlycontributestothereader’ssenseofunease,andsohelpstobuildthestory’seffectiveness.AnotherexampleisLawrence’s“TheHorseDealer’sDaughter,”thedescriptionatthebeginningofwhichcontributesmuchtotheatmosphereofthestory. 4.Theimportanceofatmosphereincreatingthesetting Butiti
2、samistaketosaythattheatmosphereofapieceoffictiondependsonthesettingalone.(AsillustratedinShakespeare’sHamlet,thedialogueattheverybeginningoftheplayhelpspowerfullytoestablishtheatmosphereofuncertainty,inadditiontothesetting—thecoldmidnightcastle.)Thevocabulary,thefiguresofspeech,andther
3、hythmofthesentencealsohelpdefinethegeneralatmosphere,forbythesefactorsthewritermanagestocontrolthekindofassociationsthatcometothereader’smind.Atmospherealsodependsoncharacterandaction.Inshort,wemaysaythattheatmosphereoffictionisthepervasive,generalfeeling,generatedbyanumberoffactors(se
4、tting,character,action,andstyle)thatischaracteristicofagivenstoryornovel. ChapterFivePointofView Theissueofpointofviewishighlyphilosophical,becauseitconcernstherelationbetweenthenovelistandthe“facts”inthenovel,therelationbetweenthenovelistandthereader,andtherelationbetweenthenovelandth
5、ereader.Thepointofviewistheattitudeoroutlookofanarratororcharacterinapieceofliterature,oritistherelationshipbetweenthenarratorandthenarrated.Metaphorically,apointofviewisastandpointfromwhichthenarratorseesthestoryandhowheintendsthereadertoseethestory.Whenweopenanovel,weopenawindowtolif
6、e.Whatavisionthenovelprovideslargelydependsonthepointofview. Fictionalproseandpointofview Asweknowthereareatleastlevelsofdiscoursetoaccountforthelanguageoffictionalprose(nomatteritisanovelorashortstory),justbecausethenarratorlevelintervenesbetweenthecharacter-characterlevelandtheauthor
7、-readerlevel.Fromthediagramshownbelowyouwillsee: Addresser1MessageAddressee1 (Novelist)(reader) Addresser2MessageAddressee2 (Narrator)(narratee) Addresser3MessageAddressee3 (CharacterA)(CharacterB) Thisdiagramonlyaccountsforthenovel“ingeneral”inthesensethatallthreelevels,andallthreep
