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1、lantern-lithousegreatlycontributestothereader’ssenseofunease,andsohelpstobuildthestory’seffectiveness.AnotherexampleisLawrence’s“TheHorseDealer’sDaughter,”thedescriptionatthebeginningofwhichcontributesmuchtotheatmosphereofthestory. 4.Theimportanceofatmosphereinc
2、reatingthesetting Butitisamistaketosaythattheatmosphereofapieceoffictiondependsonthesettingalone.(AsillustratedinShakespeare’sHamlet,thedialogueattheverybeginningoftheplayhelpspowerfullytoestablishtheatmosphereofuncertainty,inadditiontothesetting—thecoldmidnight
3、castle.)Thevocabulary,thefiguresofspeech,andtherhythmofthesentencealsohelpdefinethegeneralatmosphere,forbythesefactorsthewritermanagestocontrolthekindofassociationsthatcometothereader’smind.Atmospherealsodependsoncharacterandaction.Inshort,wemaysaythattheatmosph
4、ereoffictionisthepervasive,generalfeeling,generatedbyanumberoffactors(setting,character,action,andstyle)thatischaracteristicofagivenstoryornovel. ChapterFivePointofView Theissueofpointofviewishighlyphilosophical,becauseitconcernstherelationbetweenthenovelistandt
5、he“facts”inthenovel,therelationbetweenthenovelistandthereader,andtherelationbetweenthenovelandthereader.Thepointofviewistheattitudeoroutlookofanarratororcharacterinapieceofliterature,oritistherelationshipbetweenthenarratorandthenarrated.Metaphorically,apointofvi
6、ewisastandpointfromwhichthenarratorseesthestoryandhowheintendsthereadertoseethestory.Whenweopenanovel,weopenawindowtolife.Whatavisionthenovelprovideslargelydependsonthepointofview. Fictionalproseandpointofview Asweknowthereareatleastlevelsofdiscoursetoaccountfor
7、thelanguageoffictionalprose(nomatteritisanovelorashortstory),justbecausethenarratorlevelintervenesbetweenthecharacter-characterlevelandtheauthor-readerlevel.Fromthediagramshownbelowyouwillsee: Addresser1MessageAddressee1 (Novelist)(reader) Addresser2MessageAddre
8、ssee2 (Narrator)(narratee) Addresser3MessageAddressee3 (CharacterA)(CharacterB) Thisdiagramonlyaccountsforthenovel“ingeneral”inthesensethatallthreelevels,andallthreep
