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1993 ▅⚪᪆ReadingPractice193 Passage1Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfieelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild,sbabblingᕀ,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild'snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.21.ThepurposeofFrederickIPsexperimentwas[A]toprovethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytospeak[B]todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech|C]tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak[D]toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage22.Thereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostprobablythat[A]theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly[B]theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce[C]theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak[D]theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem23.Whatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutachildisthat
1[A]heisbornwiththecapacitytospeak[B]hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal's[C]hecanproducehisownsentences[D]heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing24.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?[A]Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.[B]Encouragementisanythingbutessentialtoachildinlanguagelearning.[C]Thechild'sbrainishighlyselective.[D]Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.25.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewill[A]haveahighIQ Blbelessintelligent[C]beinsensitivetoverbalsignals[D]notnecessarilybebackwardPassage1[]1.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpatternntoy-bearn.᪀ᑖ᪆ Ḅ Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain!Ḅ "#comparedwiththatofthemonkeys $ᐭ᪀#ᓫ'ᜐᳮ#* is,⊤ thecomplexsystem,,☢ which!Ḅ."#"Ḅ* /01enable2…to456#feel 7089☢Ḅ70sight:ᑡ 2®ᫀ᪆21.°±M²ᨬ,M#B ´µ®ᫀ22.°±²ḄHI#µ.C ´µ®ᫀ23.°±¶²#µ.C ´µ®ᫀ·ᦻḄevenmoreincredible8⚪¸Ḅexceptionallyremarkable ¹º»ᣚ24.´µ®ᫀ B,"¶²ḄM½¾A,"¶²Ḅ#½¾¿ÀC,Áᐸ 1ᦻᨵpickout8selectiveú"IJMḄ9Mᑖ½¾¿ÀD,¬ᐸfixedM0Vὃ⚪Ḅdefiniteú25."IJMḄbut½¾¿ÀD ´µ®ᫀᐰᦻ]ὃ_ᦻÆÇÈᱥM᪵#ËÌÍ eÎḄÏÐ◤ÑᔩÓᙠÔÕḄᐵ×ØÙ#m ÚÛᨵËÆÍÜÝᡈὅqᑮàáÓ"13âãäåæåçâᡠéḄêëᨵìḄíîᩭᑨÀ#? ᨵ½4ḄðFØñò45zóm ᙠÛᨵôᑮõöḄ÷øù#ÍCúûË#üýðᗿᕲ ᢝᡠᨵḄᙠᯠ᧕ ◀ !"#%ᨵ&'Ḅ()*+, -.Ḅ/01245ᨵ/0Ḅ᯿ᧇ89Ḅ:;ᱯ=,ᙠḄ:>?@ABᑮDEFGHᙠIJK>ᙠLMNMOᡠPQᑴ⌼ḄḄ*TDEḄ!" UḄVWXYZ[\]ᙠ!"⊤_?@`☢Ḅbcdᯠefghb:iTVWḄ(),)Q\]Ḅ/0jbkḄlmKnopஹḄᜧᾯᜩ:ᙠiuv?nxyᙢ{|!"4i[op}~ᶍᣵ*!"ᢈ?Ḅᳮv+┯i[ᢈ??Z᧕ᙢ{ᙠᔠ〉Ḅv}{ᖛ,i[ᐵv}#fiT{|+¡¢᠒⁎¥¦§ᢣkP©!"Ḅ▤«¬¬,gu®Ḅ¯°uឤ®Ḅ²ᩭ_ᑮḄᓾ>ᙠᨵ-[ᱯ¶ᨵ[\]·¸!"?@Ḅv}¹ºᨬfᓾ¡ᡂ½¾ᖪḄPᙠ12ᕜḄv+ÁÂbkÃᐗÅ•᪵ḄÈÅÉ12uᨴᜧvË+?Ì[ÍᓫḄᓫÏᳮÐ[ÍᓫḄ⌕Ò8uᨴᜧḄ\]ḄÏÓÔ+_ᑮ3Õ50uÏ!3ÖḄ\]+?n·¸×1000uÏØÙ?nᵨi[Ï!ÛᡂÜ]4ÖᜧḄ\]Ḅ!"᱄/ᙠ!Þßà5ᨵá=â,ËḄ!"ãäK᪵åᩭḄæç⊤èᜩ:+ᨵÌé?@êᲦ]ḄᜧᾯìíPᾯḄᱯî#ᜐᙠðPᾯuñᩖḄóô?nõ\]ö÷ᑮpBᑮḄøùὶóûᩭíÌöuüᐹþ“ ᐹ”ḄὶᩭḄḄᜧᾯ ᑮḄᕜ"ᔜ$%&'ᑮ()Ḅ*+,-ᐸ/0ᑖ᪆ 34$()5Ḅ67/08ᔠ:;58ᔠ<=>◤⌕ABCDEFGHIJKLMḄNOᙠ$NO&GH⌕QRSJKUᕀW(ஹᢕZ:[\&ᡠ^⌴Ḅ`,a-b`cSdegGH-b`hijklGNOmnopqrstJKphᑮuvmwnSxbyzḄ`-JK{()`Ḅij|-()Ḅ}~ᐵ;⌕Passage2Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic 3Ḅmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain---bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone'sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century"freeenterprise"capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities----thoseofloveandofreason- aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.26.By"awell-oiledcoginthemachinery"theauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis[A]anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividuafsfunctionisnegligible[B]workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety[C]anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety,thoughfunctioningsmoothly|D]ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly27.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat[A]theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs[B]theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife[C]theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence|D]theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence28.Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose[A]whoareatthebottomofthesociety[B]whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus[C]whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitors|D]whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld29.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould 4[AJresorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors[BJofferhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees[C]enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities[D]takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof[A]approval[B]dissatisfaction[C]suspicion[D]tolerancePassage23.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsandMhuman-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.᪀ᑖ᪆ᑖtᑖᑖ`◞(Ḅᑖ`F(Ḅ`xᑖḄ(theoiling(isdone,☢,ᑡḄ¡with:byc¢(ᑮ⊡ᐙ=yḄ¥ᵨ§Kᵨyet¨BḄ©ª¢( (allthisoiling,(doesnotalter,«(thefact,ᐸ¬ᵨthat¨BḄ,ᑡ®( ᪶°±participatein²/²I´beboredwith-.…jᑮ·¸²ὃºᦻ¼½¾Ḅ¿ÀÁÂÃÄஹÁÅÆÇḄᔆÉஹÊËÌ°ᳮWÎ:Ï▭ᐵÑÎᩭ/0Ḅᯠ3$¿À,Óᦋo᪵xÖ×ᓽÏÙopqtÚhÛᐰ°ᐰÝᢗᐭà¥,-à¥jᑮ·¸4.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities-thoseofloveandofreason-aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.᪀ᑖ᪆KḄáâᓫூsuggest,«(transformingoursocialsystem,☢Cåæç(from …intoᡂtséê7ëᳮtIsuggesttransformingoutsocialsystemfrom...into...¡from☢xindustrialismc«(ᐸCoinwhich¨BḄæ( ,ᙠæ( maximalproductionandconsumptionc(¡into☢ahumanistindustrialismcᐸ«(inwhich¨BḄæ( ᙠæ( manandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialitiesc(ᐸᵨxíᐭᡂᑖc⊡ᐙ=yᙠíᐭ᪀ᵨxîthose,ᢣîð☢SñḄpotentialities᪶°±bureaucraticallymanagedòF“ô+Âöᑖ”᪀ᡂx÷ᔠøùë¥ðæ(ú⛲☢Ḅüwellinformedmanýþᮣ ḄconstantlyappliedeffortsḄendsḄtoᵨtotheendoftothisendḄ;humanistᦻὅὃ ᦻ ᡃ!"ᡃ#Ḅ$%ᑴ'()*+,ᨬᜧ▲'0123ḄḄ456ᳮ89:ᑴ;ᡂ)ᐙᑖ?ᢵḄAB))᰿ᳮឋḄAB——ḄḄ⍝89:ᑴIᫀK᪆26.N)OPQᑮSᡂasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachine....powerless....economic 5puppetsTᐵVWXᡠ,CZ[\Iᫀ27.N]ON)^_Ḅ`]ᑖ^N]^,aNbOPḄNc^ḄtherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependenceTZ⌱DḄef28.NbOᨬg)^Z⌱DḄef29.NhONh^Isuggesttransforming…into…PḄintog☢ḄkᑖZ⌱CḄef30.ᐰᦻḄPmnoZpὅq456ᳮrḄst$%u,vwឋឋ?xḄy%⊤{|ὃ ᦻ)}Qᩭᡃ#Ḅ$%[ᙠ;ᡂ)ᵫ456ᳮᩭḄᜧ9ᙠ)9PᡂyᘤPḄḄZ ஹ Ḅᔆஹ6amᳮ▭ᐵᩭḄᯠ¡ᦋ;᪵)¤¥ᓽS;`§B¨ᐰmᐰ©ᢗᐭ8pq8p¬ᑮ®¤¥¯°⚞²⚞8S³ᡂ´µ¶·ᓄyᘤ456ᳮḄ⁚º»»¼½Ḅ³¾¿Ꮤ8ÁÂᕒmÄᯖ⇋ÇÇZÈÉ#ÊBᜫ9ÌÈÉ#Bᙠ0ÍPÎ`Ï[Ḅ|ÐᐶÒpĬ¯ÁÓ¯vwḄஹᐹᨵÖ⌼ឋḄÉ#)0ØᨵÙ☢qÚ0ÛPḄ)Ü᪷*Þ¥ßÜàáâ$%Ḅ#ãä᪵ᙢæ⇋É#Ḅ0Íäᐸrè)᪵éêᙠëÜ☢É#ìí`îᐰÈÉ#ïðᙠñ)òóôõöḄ÷øùúᡈüýZþḄÿ⚪ḄḄ⚪ᵭᑮ !"#ᔠὃ&ᐸ()ឋ+,-ឋḄ./ 0123ᑮ4ᳮ67+89Ḅ :4ᳮ67; Ḅ<=>⍝89ᑣAB ᵨᩭᑨ3FGḄHIஹKLM NOLPḄM QRS3⌕UVWXOYZ:[᪵]^ᡈὅa:[]^Ḅ◤c3ᙢe 6becausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmodemtechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new1'ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,thatmakesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginatefromthelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear.31.Thepassageismainlyabout.[A]anapproachtopatents[B]theapplicationfbrpatents[C]theuseofpatents[D]theaccesstopatents32.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?[A]Whenapatentbecomesoutofeffect,itcanbere-patentedorextendedifnecessary.[B]Itisnecessaryforaninventortoapplyforapatentbeforehemakeshisinventionpublic.[C]Apatentholdermustpublicizethedetailsofhisinventionwhenitslegalperiodisover.|D]Onecangetallthedetailsofapatentedinventionfromalibraryattachedtothepatentoffice.33.GeorgeValensi\patentlasteduntil1971because[A]nobodywouldofferanyrewardforhispatentpriortothattime[B]hispatentcouldnotbeputtouseforanunusuallylongtime[C]therewerenotenoughTVstationstoprovidecolorprograms[D]thecolorTVreceiverwasnotavailableuntilthattime34.Theword"plagiarize” line8,Para.5mostprobablymeans""[A]stealanduse[B]giverewardto[C]makepublic[D]takeandchange35.Fromthepassagewelearnthat.[A]aninventionwillnotbenefittheinventorunlessitisreducedtocommercialpractice[B]productsareactuallyinventionswhichweremadealongtimeago[C]itismuchcheapertobuyanoldpatentthananewone[D]patentexpertsoftenrecommendpatentstoothersbyconductingasearchthroughdeadpatentsPassage3µ¶·¸5.Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bywhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopoly±ᚘ3³andpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.¹᪀ᑖ᪆¼·Ḅ½Agrantedpatent,¾½is,⊤½theresultofabargain,À☢Â"ÃÄÅBUᑖÅstruckbetweenaninventorandthestateÆÀÇȽÉ⛲x☢ḄËÅbargain0BywhichÌÍḄȽ)·É⛲x☢ḄËÅbargain±L᧕³ᙠȽ)·Ïtheinventorƽgets...andpublishesÆÐᑡ¾½ÒÅafterÌÍḄÓÔ½)·thatÆÕÖÅÉ⛲À☢ḄËÅperiod,×Øᡂ“0Ḅ”᪶4ÅÚ¼strikeabargain±ªᡂL᧕³,strikeabalance±ªᑮÝ⊝³ßterminate±à³áὃØᦻ¼ãᑭḄᣴæ£Wὅ+ç7>ÓªᡂSèÈḄ¹é᪷ëRSèÈ£Wὅ:XḄ£ 7WìíîÈḄᚘ3ᩗᚘ3¹ðÀ2⌕ñ⚗£WḄᐰôõ⁚÷øùú6.Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.¹᪀ᑖ᪆¼·ᵫonly+ûÅü½ÆÔ½ᡠÌÍḄ᎔ÿ ᪀⌕᎔Ḅᩩ⌕ᙠ✌oThelifespanofapatentisextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofeventsonlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances.ὃᦻ ᨵᙠ ᱯ!Ḅ"#$%&'()ᑭ+▲ᩭᦋ/012Ḅ347.Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseand,ifolderthanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent. ᪀ᑖ᪆89because:;Ḅ<=>?afterithasterminated:;Ḅ9>?attachedtothepatentoffice@ABC▲CD☢ḄFGHtheshelvesofthelibrary,Icontain,Jdetailsofliterallymillionsofideas,A☢KL9that:;ḄC?▲CD☢ḄFGideas,MIandNKḄO9PGIareQevenre-patent,RSifolderthanhalfacentury9Tᐭ ᪀Vᑮ⊡ᐙZ[Ḅ\ᵨ᪶_G`beattachedtoa▬cd᰿fghimiddleschoolattachedtoPekingUniversityaᓅᜧ▬Riὃᦻ= 1⚗)ᑭᑮ+Am)ᑭnopqrLᡠt)ᑭuᫀ✂Ḅyzf{ᨵᦪ}~9Ḅᐹ⁚hSᵨ039ᨵ⌕ᵭ)ᑭ8.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor'srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent. ᪀ᑖ᪆88 ᪀St0᪵ᩭᳮ:patentexperts...adviseanyone....thataJ?iPGadviseA☢KḄGanyone@ᐸJ,anyoneA☢ᵨL£ᙠᑖGwishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatents@ABCthat:;Ḅ9J?ᙠ?¤Htheonesureway,¥Gofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor'sright@ABC¦⛲D☢ḄFGway᪶_G`advisesb.todostha¨©gh@g2iªadvisesb.thataᔣgh¨©i;liveaᨵᦔḄ,®ḼḄ£°±²ḄiªὃᦻḄ³)ᑭ)´µ¶·¸r¹ᨵᦔ)ᑭº»¼½¾ᵨḄh¿À¨©19¼ÁÂÃh)ᑭᩗḄᨵᦔÅÆnᵨ3+)ᑭ9.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,thatmakesnewsandmoney. ᪀ᑖ᪆89ᵫItis....that:;ḄÈÉÊÈÉḄËḄHÌᑖHḄ᪶_Greduction,A☢KLᵫeitherthrough…orthrough:;ḄO9Íᑡ ᪀᪶_G`reductiontoᵫPÏÐbereducedtoaÑ /ᡂ ÓÔÕiÖᓄᩭḄFGÐᡠtreductiontoØmÙᡂ“/ᡂ ”ḄÜÝEither...or... ᡈὅᡈὅª⌕à⌕ài 8ὃᦻ⌕àá3âḄ◤ädæ⌕àá3çèéᑮᢈë)ᑭ%ì/ᡂᖪîïð?ï£Fᑭñᦈóᫀ᪆31.8ôᦻõḄR_ᨵᐵ÷ᣩùúé)ᑭ1ᢌü3+Ḅ)ᑭḕþḕÿᦻḄ⌱DḄ32.⌱CḄ33.⌱BḄ34.ᩗᑭḄᣩ ᵨ(plagiarize)!"Ḅᑭ(deadpatent),#$%&'Ḅ() stealanduse35.*+⌱AḄ,ὃ.ᦻ/0⌼23⚗56756ὅ9:;<=>9?Ḅ@ABᫀDE9:F!2᱐H56ᡂJKLMN9:Oᐸ56QRᡈO56ᵭUᑭᑭḄᣴW56ὅXYZ[\]ᡂ3>^_Ḅ`J᪷b>^_56ὅOcdḄ5693_7"Ḅᚘfᩗᚘf"`gh ⌕H%⚗56Ḅᐰkl⁚KLMnoᨵᙠsᱯuḄvwxyz{|ᑭ"▲ᩭᦋb3Ḅ!•ᑮ{|7\ᨬ|ḄᑭᢇEM1939ḄᵯᦈḄᑭ3{ᑮ1971#sᙠb⚗ᑭḄᜧkᑖ"▲ᑁ/7ᨵ⁐ᵯ⁚¡9:ᦈ#$b⚗ᑭ¢£ᑮ¤¥#s3⚗ᑭᑮ"h%ᑭ ¦§K¨ᡠ:ᑭªᫀ✂Ḅ®¯°ᨵᦪ²³´µ¶Ḅᐹ¸l⁚¹º»¼½9¾¿ÀᵨJbµ¶Ã!Ä´NÅᨵ7ÆÇÈ⌕ÉÊᵭUᑭḄËᑭZÌOÍ£¨5ᨵᦔᑭÏоÑÒ¿ᵨḄ¼Ó2ÔÕ3´Ð¾ÖE¼ᑭᩗḄᨵᦔB× Àᵨ!"ᑭØ᪵#sᵨº»ᐸEBÚKL3>µ¶½zÀ%µ¶¦§ᜫᦔᡠ:ÜݯÞᐸEᓺᑵᩞᧇ⚞äᩭÀᵨµ¶åᐰḄæçèéᢈëḄ5ì½íMbÂ×îåᐰḄὃ⇋º»ðᑭñ56RᑗóᐵḄ¼õöz÷çᦪÊḄµ¶ø¯ùó/▰ûoᨵHü7éḄ◤þ┦ ᢈḄᑭᡂᖪᑭᦈᵨ !"ᳮ$Ḅᨬ&ᑭ'(1886)ᵯ+,ᡂ-ᳮḄ./-0123'(19456782045&9:1904);ᙠ=6Ḅ;=ᑭ>?⚜AᑮCDEF6GḄHI“ᜧL”N=ḄO1994)▅QR⚪TU᪆1994)Passage1TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivateenterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystem,itisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemands 9canbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.21.InLine8,Para.1,"thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes^^means.[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes22.Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthat.[A]producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction[B]consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers[C]producersdecidethepricesofproducts[D]supplyanddemandregulateprices23.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby.[A]privatepropertyandrightsconcerned[B]manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol[C]ownershipofproductiveresources[D]freecontractsandprices24.Thepassageismainlyabout.[A]howAmericangoodsareproduced[B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods[C]howAmericaneconomicsystemworks[D]howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofitsPassage1XᫀZU21.[D]⌱⚗ ]^_I`abcᐸᦈᐭḄfghᦻjk1lᨬ6"mn,oὅqrsὅtuḄvwx᯿ᩭ{Ḅ|}lk1m~✌ᐜ▰C}ᦻᡠ⌕Ḅᑁ[A]8[0Ḅ 1n^_I`abcᐸᦈᐭ!qᦻḄᔠ]ᐵḄnuḄᐵn,oὅqrsὅḄᐵ[B]“overstate” ]“ᜲᜧஹᜲ”!⌱⚗ḄqᦻjḄᑁᙠ!"⚪¡¢“maximize”"£Ḅ 1GᐭᦻjḄ¤ᦻὃ¦ᐸ¨⌕22.[D]ᦻjk2lk1m8k2mᡠ⊤ªḄᑁn}lḄ⚪^«¬Ḅ®E¯n°±ᐵ,oὅqrsὅḄᐵ¯Ḅ}lḄᨬ6"m~¨²³C!"⚪"A]"mechanized" 10 ]“F´ᓄḄ"-ᦻ“mechanism" ]"Fᑴ”¸(ᏕᣚC£ឋ¼£½Ḅ┯¿ B-ᦻk2lk1m“bywhich” ᢣ“bymeansofthismechanism^^,ᓽ:ÃÄ!"FᑴOᩭÅ}mḄ“byproducers”ᑣÇq"respondedto”ᨵᐵᓽ^,oὅxrsὅḄ◤⌕OÊ Cᡠ⊤ªḄᑁËÌ]-mÍÌᢣO^«¬]°±ᐵᡠÎ⁚23. A}⚗ ]^Ð`ÑoḄÒᨵ¯TÊḄᩗᑭ-ᦻk3lḄtmÔ!tu☢²³C_IÐᨵᑴ?Öᑴ×ḄᱯÙ⌱⚗ B ]^EhTÚᯠÜḄÝᑴᦻjÞᑮ`ßàáὺᕒ8ÝᑴÚᯠܼ⌕ä]_Iåæ?ÖḄᱯÙᨵçèᱏ☢⌱⚗ C~Ç⊤ªC_I?Öᑴ×ᱯÙḄ"u☢ê~ëCàìᭆᐰḄ┯¿⌱⚗ DÇnᩗhḄ"u☢ê~nᱏ☢Ḅ24. C ]^_I?ÖïḄðñuò!n}ᦻᡠ⌕▊ÍḄᑁ⚪¡•õ⌕ÃQᐰᦻlöḄ✌m!"ᙠᦻjḄk1lk18k2mqk3l{÷øÍÌ⌱⚗ A, B, DIᦻjḄnoùḄ,oÄú~nrsὅüfᱥþnᖪ`üÿ জTheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.▲᪀ᑖ᪆ḄTheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedarounda..…economy,☢inwhichḄ inwhichconsumerslargelydetermine, ᨵ!" whatshallbeproduced..ᙠ ᨵ!$%byḄᑖ%᪀spendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost&'()*+,ὅ/0123/435( 67' ᨵ! thattheywantmost,8⛲:☢Ḅ;%goodsandservices»<=ᑖ᪆᪀(ᡃ?@⍝BḄᡠᨵDEFG$%aroundḄ"economyᩭIJḄ(KBᙠ▅M 1ᑖNO(⌲NᳮR!᪶T%Ḅ▰V(ᑖWO(ᐰ☢ᳮ᪶T%Ymarket-orientedeconomyZ[\]^_`largelyZ⌕ᙢ(ᙠcᜧefg_hὃjᦻlm]^nᑴpq!᪷sgGtᨵuvw[\]^xyẠ {|}ᩭḄᙠ4nᑴ~(+,ὅᙠcᜧefg<=ᑮ[\ ?ᨬ◤⌕Ḅᖪ5wᩭ0[\23᪵Ḅ35ঝThus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.▲᪀ᑖ᪆✌ᐜ⌕ᢕ✌Ḅthus,ᑮ%(1ᑮBᙠR:☢VᡠḄ᪀(=$%intheAmericaneconomicsystem'ᡂᑖ(ᐜᢕ!᪀Itis...that,KBᡠḄᑖᳮḄ( ¡ᵫ£¤¥ᡂᑖ¦ᡂ(ᑖ§xthedemandofindividualconsumers,thedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitswthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes, ¨ᵨcoupledwithwandª ᙠthat☢Ḅᑖᨵ«¬ᑡ" whatshallbeproducedwhowresourcesareusedtoproduceitᙠ®%determineḄ☢ ᨬ!itᡠᢣ°ḄR±whatshallbeproduced.᪶T%YdemandZ◤²_coupledwithZ³´Ḽ(¶g_maximizeZᨬᜧᓄ_hὃjᦻ 11KB(ᙠlm]^nᑴ (+,ὅ¸Ḅ◤²(¶gᖪ¸¹ºᨬᜧᑭ¼Ḅ½²¾+,ὅᨬᜧ▲fÀÁᦈᐭḄÄÅᐳÇ0123w/ᑭᵨÈÉᩭ23Ê35ঞAnimportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.▲᪀ᑖ᪆BḄḄ᪶T%factor,☢!$%inamarket-orientedeconomyᐸÌ(⊤mechanism☢bywhichḄ (ᙠ consumerdemands(☢ «®%canbeexpressedwrespondedto¬ᑡ(x6Îᳮandrespondedtobyproducers,ᡃ?ÏGÐBandḄÑ®ᦋx®andproducerscanrespondtoconsumerdemands,᪵ÏGÓÔRrespondedtobyproducersḄÕᳮ᪶T%YfactorZKÖ_`market-orientedeconomyZ[\]^_`mechanismZ×ᑴ_`respondtoZR...ÙÚ1_hὃjᦻ[\]^ Ḅ!⌕KÖ⊤Û+,ὅ◤²G¾23ὅR+,ὅ◤²ÙÚ1Ḅ67ᡈ×ᑴটIf,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.▲᪀ᑖ᪆!ᵫifḄᩩÞ' (ᙠifḄ ßḄ®;%producingmoreofacommodity,resultsin"à®;%reducingitscost,$%ontheotherhandáᐭᡂᑖ Ḅthis,ᑖwilltendtoincrease,"thesupply," =âᑖ%offeredbyseller—producersÌ(ß☢ãᒹå!æ▲ᑴឋḄ whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct0sᙠᳮ Ḅ °%Ḅᢣ°ᐵé(ᐸ ê!itsᡠᢣḄcommodity, ḄthisᡠᢣḄᩩÞ' Ḅ à¬Õ8⛲ì!ᱯḄ%( ᢣ°:☢Ḅ᪶T%YresultinZî_`tendtoZïᔣñ(᧕ñ_`inturnZÚ=ᩭ(óô_hὃjᦻõ!6☢(ì435ᜧö23÷îᡂs~ø(3├ὅÀúḄ35÷û¶(Ú=ᩭ÷üýþ~ÿ ḄὅঠIntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.▲᪀ᑖ᪆Ḅ᪀theconceptembracesnotonly...butalso...⌕Ḅ ᙠ !"ᑖ #$notonly...butalso...%&Ḅ'ᑡ᪀ )⌹+,☢.&/#$01Ḅ234!includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual5certainrightsḄ⊡ᐙ89 :3right,☢&/;$<=>to5ᐸ,@=!ABCDḄ ᙠ FᳮHIᩖ! KLᙠMNḄOᐜRᢕ TUᐜ<ᳮ⌹+,☢Ḅ⊡V!"ᑖ ᯠ,Xᑖ᪆including,☢Ḅᡂᑖ ZO⌕[\]#"ᑖ^⛲certain 12rightsḄ᪶b3cCembraced&e,ᐕhijnotonly...butalso 1325.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto.[A]withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes[B]obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo[C]enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper[D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesto26.Fromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat.[A]inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcards[B]creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatestoday[C]nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash[D]itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore27.Thephrase“ringupsales"(Line2,Para.2)mostprobablymeans"[A]makeanorderofgoods[B]recordsalesonacashregister[C]callthesalesmanager[D]keeptrackofthegoodsinstock28.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.[B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.Passage2ùᫀûH25.[B]ü⁚⚪ᦻþḄÿ•ᑭᵨ•ᑡḄᵨᓱ(creditcard)ᐸᵨὅᩭḄ21 ᭆ!1Ḅ"⚪ᡠ&[B]'()*ᫀ,ᦻᢣ/ᵨᓱḄᢝᨵὅ2&34ᙢ6789Ḅ▲ᑴ<=>?@A3BᕡḼE=FG=FH3IBᕡḼᔣᙠLMᙢᐟᣚPQR2.&ᡠ&⌱⚗[A]7[D]VWXYZ[┯]⌱⚗[C]B^_(a3ᢝᨵᵨbḄcde)g4hḄij⌱⚗┯ᙠk,ᦻḄcredit(lm/o)ḄpqᏕᣚᡂtrust,ᐸtuḄBvᙠ,ᦻw'3dxḄ26.[C]yᳮ{⚪|},ᦻ4ᑁ_Ycᩭ“PQ”ᩭᑮ3'⌕ᩭᑮ(onthehorizon)o⌱⚗[A]┯ᙠalltheAmericans(ᡠᨵc)RᵨᵨᓱZ[VWXY⌱⚗[B]┯ᙠmainly@Mp,ᦻw3/ᩭᦻᑮᙠᵨᵨᓱḄ⚪?Aᨵᵨᓱ"⌕ᙠᵨ[D]ᦻAᢣ/& ᵨᓱḄᵨ3Z[ᡃuH/e,H@☢ḄB27.|B]pq⚪¡ᑮpq⚪¢'k£'¤☢BvḄ⌱⚗◀ᣵᡠ&ᐜ◀[C]@M¤☢BvḄ⌱⚗pq¢⌕|}©ªᦻ¬I®jḄ"'“ᵯyᦈ±²”GI³⍝jpq'µ¶ḄBvZ^“register”B^_µᦪᘤµ¶ᘤ,¹ringupB^_……µ¶ᙠµᦪᘤᑁsalesB^_├¼½¾ªᦻ¿ᢣ/_tu¿2ÀÁᔜÃᔜ᪵Ḅµ¶ᒹ!ÆᓬÈÉ8ᓬḄᓬÆ2ʵ¶├¼½'ᵯyᦈ±²ᨬÌḄÍI⌱⚗[A]B^_ÎÏÐᱥ7[D]B^_ÒÓµ¶P<Ðᱥ@ÔM⌱⚗RᙠªᦻÕᑮ?R'businessmen7ᖪ×ᑮḄØÙ3ÚWelectroniccashregistersḄᱯÜ 1428.|B"Þ⚪"Þ⚪ᐵà'áᑮᐰᦻḄ"⚪ᦻḄ"Þᙠᨬãᵯyᦈ±²aᵨᓱᵨR'äå²ᙠᖪæ©çᵨḄᦻÞᙠᢣ/äå²ḄçᵨᵨὅᩭḄ⌱⚗Aᦻ3'ᙠäå²ᙠᖪæ©ᵨḄè'ᙠ"⌕éäå²ᙠᖪæ©ḄçᵨᡠᩭḄᑭCB^_ᖪæêëᓄḄBqᦻḄḼíÜ3ᙠ“êëᓄḄBq”ᓃhïᙠäå²ḄçᵨðñὅaòóὅᩭḄD'ᦻḄ1Ḅ"Þ?ªᦻAᨵôḼᵨᓱḄõᜐ'ᙠ÷ᵯᾯcuḄõᜐù&úᭆᐰḄ┯]ᡠ&H3'ᦻḄ"Þûὅüü'ýþVᵨᓱ@yᩭäå²ḄçᵨòóὅᩭḄ@"Þÿ জTheygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroadandtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.▲᪀ᑖ᪆ ᵫandḄᑡ ᐸ ᪀ᩖᨵᩖḄᙢ !instores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,ᙠ▅$%ᙠ&ᜐ()〉+ᙢ,-./1 ᳮḄ3 4!givesomebodycredit,&ᜐcredit5ᳮ6“89:/”ᙠ<ᦻcreditcard>ᕡḼᢝᓱC()ᨵDḄEF:/᪶HIJautomaticcreditKLMNOPQbankingservicesKRSTUPVὃXᦻYᵨᓱᢝᨵὅ(ᙠᖪ]ஹ_]ஹ`✂ஹ+ᙢஹᐰcᔜᙢefcNhiᱥk%Yᵨᓱl()mnopᑮRSrsḄtuvU©Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.▲w᪀ᑖ᪆x4 yᯠ{ᓫ}ᵫ~ᐸᒹᨵ4!idelectroniccashregisters,muchmorethan...,ringup>keepawiderangeof&ᙠ▅$ᙠḄ,ᙠᡃo⍝4!Ḅᑗ>ḄᦻᩭDᐸᜧ>p⌕᪶HIJelectroniccashregisters>6“ᵯᦈR£¤Ḅ¥ᘤ“QmuchmorethansimplyḄ>“§§¨ringupsalesḄ>()©-4 Ḅ᪀«¬4 Ḅ᪀6AcandomuchmorethansimplyB,ᡃo⍝AB®¯¨ᙠ°/Ḅ±²³´µk&ringup51¶electroniccashregisters>µkᡈµ¸56“ᦈ9£¤''Ḅ>VὃXᦻᵯᦈR¥º»Ḅ¼½£¤├¿:Ào(ÁSᔜÂᔜ᪵Ḅ£¤ᒹÄÅᓬÇÈÉÊ%ᓬḄᓬËÅÇ 3Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.▲᪀ᑖ᪆ Ḅ᪀ᙠ~ÌÍrecordMIᙠ »Î!Ï☢Çᑡ`!© whichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,³⌹ÒÏ☢ᵨḄᑖI᪀allowing,ᵨᩭÓ⛲⊡ᐙ× ᑁÙ᪶HIJatthesametime QaccordinglyK&µ5ᙢP 15VὃXᦻk%xÛÜÝ¥£¤ÞÛ%¯ßàáÞÛᕒãᨬᨵᦔ᳛Á³ºçCᕒᑖèÁSµ5Ḅé©Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.▲᪀ᑖ᪆ Ḅ×!ëì᪶Hᡂᑖenterprises,Ï☢ÇìḄÓ⛲ᡂᑖfromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,ᙠ▅$Ḅ%ðᡃoñ>ᑮÀ¨ᙠ⌹Ò®¯Ḅ⊡ᐙòóᡂᑖᡃo()ᐜõöᢕ Ḅ×øᡂᑖÎ!MIbringsth.tosb.KËÅùᩭÈÉPúI4!throughtheuseofcomputers»ûü!᪶HIJnumerousKýᦪḄPQcommercialenterprisesKᖪTÿ magazinepublishersᩖ᱐ᖪ;electricutilitiesᵯᘤmilkprocessorsᔆὃᦻᐸᖪ ᒓ▾ᑮᩖ" #$ᵯᘤᑮᔆ%&'()*Ḅ,ᵨ./0ὅ2345ஹᦔ᳛49Ḅ:;ᐰᦻᦻ1.3>?@AḄBCᢝᨵFGHIJKLKḄMᵨᓱMᵨᓱᢝᨵὅOᙠᖪQஹRQஹS✂ஹUᙢஹᐰ@ᔜᙢXF@Z[\ᱥ ^_Mᵨᓱ`Oa,bcᑮJK23Ḅ:;dᩭdḄMᵨᓱOafghi jkᢝᓱAlOaᙠm^ᙢnoi mpqᙢrKkᔲ⃩ ujᡃbwAᩭx “z{|Ḅ"}”mkᓽᩭ kᩭᑮ()*ᙠ/0ὅ23nḄ^_ .ᖪIᩭwᵯᦈJ*Ḅm├ bOKᔜᔜ᪵Ḅ ᒹᓬ¡ ¢_ᓬḄ ᓬ.£¤M¥&'¦§├ᖪ¨Ḅ©ª├«¬ ,ᖪI®¯ªbḄᖪ¨°ᓫ ᯠ³´µk¶µ\`k·ᖪ¨⌨.3¹ᖪ^_£¤()*º¤_»¼k9½ º¤ᕒᨬᨵᦔ᳛ luAᕒᑖÁK¹ḄÃÅ b`ƵᳮÈḄÉÊËKÌ├ÍgÎj^᪵ḄÏÐ ÑÒᖪbÓÔ()*()*ᑖ᪆Ḅ⃩├Ö×ᨵØj´µÙÚ¹ÛÜÑÒº¤ᖪ¨ ᩭÝLº¤Ò¨ º¤¹ÞÑÒ()*®¯ßoᖪ¨ {ᨵÏᩞᧇXFÑÒ'âqãᐸᖪ ᒓ▾ᑮᩖ" #$ᵯᘤᑮᔆ%&'()*Ḅ,ᵨ./0ὅ2345ஹᦔ᳛49Ḅ:;Passage3Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety'sunderstanding—theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration.Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatedthestrong 16feelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.“Allmenarecreatedequal."We'vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythiscountry'sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforethelaw,ithasalsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityfbrallchildren—therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren—disabledornot—toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.29.InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthestagetoshowthat.[A]thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamilyandthesociety[B]exceptionalchildrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiliesthannormalchildrenare[C]exceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandsociety[D]theneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsoftheexceptionalchildren30.Thereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernineducationisthat[A]theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthesociety[B]theymightbecomeaburdenofthesociety[C]theyshouldfullydeveloptheirpotentials[D]disabledchildrendeservespecialconsideration31.Thispassagemainlydealswith.[A]thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningcapabilities[B]thedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernsociety[C]thespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalchildren[D]thenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalchildren32.Fromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptionalchildren.[A]isnowenjoyinglegalsupport[B]disagreeswiththetraditionofthecountry[C]wasclearlystatedbythecountry'sfounders[D]willexertgreatinfluenceovercourtdecisionsPassage3åᫀçè29.[A]éê⚪éê⚪_ᐵíkîᑮïÜð ÐékᵨᩭêñïÜḄòὅóᵨôõöḄ÷⌕ùᕒḄékᵨᩭóúêñûHðḄᑁýkÅûHð2ᑮïÜðᱯ ᡠᜐḄᡂḄᐵ⌱⚗[A] Ḅ!"#ᣚ% ⌱&⚗'“havemuchtodowith”()*+……ᨵ.ᜧḄᐵ0,+……234ᐵ⌱⚗[B][D]5┯ᙠᦻ9':;ᨵ<=>?@A?@B◤⌕ᱯ ?@◤⌕FGHIJK'LᨵḄMGH⌱⚗[C].ᨵN%P┯ᙠ᯿ᢌS TḄkey=UVW% ⌱⚗:;ᨵ⊤Y+ Ḅ(Z[Ḅ\]30.[C]^⚪᪷a⚪Nᑁcdeᑮ^ᦻghiḄj%kᱯ lmᜧnᦟpḄᐵq⊤rḄst*uvwx5y zᑮ{ᐸ}~ᐙᑖḄ=ᦻ9Ḅs*ᦟpy ᨵᑭ 17Sᱯ Ḅᡂ%⌱⚗|0Ḅ(Z*ᐸ}~yzᑮᐙᑖḄ⌱⚗A+ᦻᡠstḄᱯ mᦟpḄZᐰ4⌱⚗DḄ(Zkyᱯ᯿%^ᦻ%ᡠᨵwx%ᨵḄᱯ %5y mᑮᐙᑖᐸ~Ḅ%=¡ᯠᒹ¤ᱯ ?@%=U⌱⚗ḄᨬᜧN¦ᵨSspecial=UᓫV%specialPᙠ^ᦻTª⛲condition,ª⛲consideration.,IJ¬⚪ᢈ®'ḄUVWḄ¦ᵨ31.Ds⚪ᐰᦻḄ'¯ᙠjiT°ᩭS%⌕ᦋ³ᦟ´µᑜᩭ〉yᱯ Ḅ⌕¸ᦻs⌕ᙠJrᦋ☩º»Ḅᦟp¼½{¾¿ᨵᑭJᱯ ḄᡂḄÀ⌕ឋÂᡈÄ⌕ឋÅAᦻÆᑡÈᙠ´É~¼☢ËᙠÌ>ÍᦻÆkÎ᪵ḄÐ)ᱯ ÑÒÓdCᦻs⌕ÔḄ{º»Ḅᦟp¿〉ᔠᱯ ḄḄÀ⌕ឋ%Ö:;st)×Ø\ᝅᱯ Ḅᦟ´µᑜ%¿;ÔᐹÛ×ØÎᦟ´µᑜᡈ⚗º32.AÜᳮ⚪ÞÜᳮ⚪ß⌕àáâa⌱⚗ᩭde%Aãäᫀâag4ig4*ᨬæḄçèéêëìãdSᡠᨵ——î+ᔲ\\5ᨵlm4〉yḄᦟpḄᩗᑭ%:ê¬ñwØ´᪥óôÄ⌕Ḅõöᩭ°÷=øᦟp'confirm()*ùú%ᢇü%{……ᨵᦔ%ᡠB⌱⚗Aᨵâa⌱⚗B┯ᙠdisagreewithÂ+……\]Å%+^ᦻᑁcþ4ÿ ⌱⚗Cᦻ43ḄὅḄᒹ ᦟ"Ḅᩗᑭ%&'(ᕡḼ+,-.ᙢ⊤1 clearlystated2ᱯ4 Ḅᦟ"Ḅᐵᝰ2ᱯ4 Ḅᐵᝰ78ὅ9:ᩭḄὅ&<ᨵ9ᑮ?@⌱⚗|DḄ(7AB2CDEFGHᜧKLᦻM9ᑮ ᦟ"ḄᩗᑭNOPCQRḄSTCDEFUVCWXYZ[⌱⚗7'\.Ḅ]^_A©Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.▲a᪀ᑖ᪆Aefa᪀ghᓫj⌕ᙠmnopeqrAaredifferentfromstuqrinsomesignificantwayvᙠwxy⌕Ḅz☢|}MForthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential7e⊤ḄḄrTᡂ7ejtheireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences☢9 Ḅtua᪀᪶uAexceptionaluᡃᦻ☢ḄMT⍝'7ᡃᳮ_Ḅᩲ:Ḅ:⃓Ḅ”ᢣḄᨵ◍Ḅ”ᐸ¡ZᜐḄexceptional7x£ᨵ¤¥”Ḅ¦§⊤1CA©some☢ª⛲Ḅ7eᓫᦪu®¯ᡂw•ew--xsignificantᳮ_²y⌕Ḅᐵ³Ḅ"©ª⛲µ¶”Ḅurᳮ_ᡂᜧḄ·℉Ḅ”Ḅ(}¹ḄdeveloptotheirfulladultpotentialḄdevelop7e'ºᱥ¼u(²½¾¿ᡂpotential7eu(²"ÀÁ"ÂbeadaptedtoḄ(7ÃÄ〉”Çὃ¯ᦻAᱯ4 Éᐸ+ÊËḄ\ÌfÍÎᨵwxgᜧḄ'ÊÏᜐ2mÐᱯ4 ᩭÑ⌕Ò+ᑮᡂÓÔᐰÖḄÀ×ÁPᑮؽÙÚ+ᡠḄᦟ"ÜUV〉Ùе¶ঝWhiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself. 18▲a᪀ᑖ᪆AÞ7ᵫewhileàáḄâãrwhileYZ®¯ᡂ²AäᯠæçḄ(ᙠjèḄér7theimportance,ᐸê peuthesupportingplayerssthesceneryoftheplayitselfëìír⌕sîὶðñᩭy@7ᑮ7•eÎò¤¥ Îó²ôõRḄj⌕ö⁐+ḄDsøùúÃÎó²üösýᒓḄÿ ᙠὃẆḄ▅ᳮᡃᑮὅᵨᔜᨬ ⌕Ḅ !"⌕#$ᐸᵨᩭ'(Ḅ)*᪶,-./leadingactor01⌕2⁐45captureone'sattention0ᔾ789Ḅ:;<45beawareof0;=ᑮ4>ὃ?ᦻ/ABCDEḄ12ᔾ7FᡃḄ:; 19▲U᪀ᑖ᪆qYḄ1`"Thatconcept,«`"implies,c`"educationalopportunityforallchildren,¬ẚᢚa☢Ḅ")educationalopportunityforallchildrenḄÞ ß'(ᐸ᪶,ᡂᑖ"theright,a☢Ḅà-of⊤á"“â”Ḅᩗ 20Thisyear,50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.Intheyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimatesthatfigurewillbe75percent.Forsomeskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.Butothersurvivalstatisticsarestilldiscouraging—13percentforlungcancer,and2percentforcancerofthepancreas(ýþ).Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes(SM),areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomescancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers."Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,saysoncologistWilliamHayward.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,“Wecan'tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.”Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighter.44First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounteractitsaction.”33.TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto.[A]predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecade[B]indicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebright[C]provethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyears[D]warnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeconquered34.Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2000,.[A]therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskincancerpatients[B090percentoftheskincancerpatientstodaywillstillbeliving[C]thesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvariouscancers[D]therewon'tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofallcancerpatients35.Oncogenesarecancer-causinggenes.[A]thatarealwaysinoperationinahealthyperson[B]whichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotactivated[C]thatcanbedrivenoutofnormalcells[D]whichnormalcellscan*tturnoff36.Theword“dormant“inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans.[A]dead[B]ever-present[C]inactive[D]potentialPassage4জ“But"hecautions,nsomepeoplemayhavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur,hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable.1'▲᪀ᑖ᪆•ᨵ☢Ḅᨵ ᩖḄ!"thatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow#⛲theidea,&'☢(ᑮ*•+ᨵbut,,'☢Ḅitᢣ.☢0 2123Ḅᐵ5'ὅᵨᩭ9:☢;<=Ḅ┯?@AḄBὅᙠDEFḄG+ঝTheresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes,areinactiveinnormalcells.▲᪀ᑖ᪆HIJTheresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,'☢whenKḄL"#⛲theearly1970s,&ᙠDL"MᨵN"ᙠN"OᨵP▲LឋL"whicharecancer-causinggenes#⛲oncogenes0ᨵSTUoncogenes,VᡃXYZ"'☢#⛲,ḄL"[\ᐸ^ᑗ`aDbcᵨᑮḄ▅efA2ᓽYZᵨL"ᩭG[ᡠ#⛲UḄiঞTheexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers.▲᪀ᑖ᪆ᵨbutjḄ ᔠ☢Ḅinvolved⊤m“oᐵḄ"#⛲☢Ḅmechanisms,q'rL&'☢ḄsḄJtthelikelihoodsuggeststhat...,E☢Oᒹ`ᨵ!"vN"wx᪀&'☢Ḅlikelihood⊤m“Yyឋ”©Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,"Wecan'tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays."▲᪀ᑖ᪆ᵨᑖ{◞}☢~ᓫḄ&'☢ᡃX*ᑖ{ḄᵨA⍝,cᵨᩭjioᡈoḄ&ᙠDEᑖ{'☢Ḅᑖ ☢Ḅi;ᡃXb⍝cosmicraysenvironmentalfactorsḄ+ᫀ33. DJH⚗(⏨=XᡊḄ⍝M¡ᦻ£1¤ᡠFḄ¥¦ᱯḄ+ᙠ¨ᔲL¡¤£2(ᑮḄª<=Ḅ«¬:®¯ᑮ°±²ᶭfA´µ¶¯ᑮ(rapidlyfollow),&ᙠ¨£4ᡠ▊Ḅ⍝ᳮ A¹ᦻ£1¤£1ᵨ*WeinbergḄ0º»=Xᙠ¼ᓝ¾ᑁ´Ḅ°±ᨵᜧḄ*VDÁÂᕡḼ´Å}(disclose)ḄÆÇÈDbÂF¥¦ᱯḄ+ᡠ⌕ḄË⚪ BJᢣ\²ៜḄÎPcÏ«Ḅ¡ᦻBὅoÐD¬VDÁÂF¥¦ᱯD+ᡠ⌕Ḅ«¬ Cᙠ¥¦ᱯ¯ᑮÑÒ°°±ÓÔᓝ¾2'Õ¯ᑮ²ᶭfAVDÁÂᕡḼÓÔᓝ¾Z'bÖL´¯ᑮ²ៜḄfA34.|D|ᔜØÙὅḄÚᙳÜÝ᳛´ᨵᜧßàḄáâᦻã£ä¤ᵨᦪæ*yçèéêÝÓ¾ZëḄ°=ḄᦪìḄí+Dí+áâYîḄVyïᐰ"°ñêÜòᩭḄ=óᯠ´ᨵᜧßàḄáâ Aᦻãõ(ᑮ*öYZÜÝÓ¾Ḅ÷ø°=Ḅí+90%(ᦻã¹ᵨḄúûᙠü)Vþ(ᑮ2000¾ÿ ᪵ Bᵫ A⚗Ḅᑖ᪆ὃ2000ᨵᜧḄ Ꮙᙠ C"⚪$“fairlyeven”%&“(")*”,⚗ᡠ⊤/Ḅᑁ1234ᙠ5 D⚗6ᡃ89ᢣᔜ< =ὅḄ?ᙳAB᳛) ᨵᜧDEḄFGH,I)%ᕡḼ᪷"MᨵF 22G35.[B]"activate”ᙠN%&“OBPBQRᩭ”ᦻUV3WV4XᢣY[\]^(_(oncogene)`OBabcdef8ḄghḄiabj k*[A]l▅ᦻUV3WV2Xn⚗⊤/Ḅᑁ1op4qr[C]ᦻUV3Wᢣ^(_AᙠsᏉtab(normalcells)$[D]uᦻV3WV4X“unabletoturnthemoff"v⊤/w]Ꮇyqz{|D]⊤/Ḅ|w]p436.[C]"dormant”%&“}~Ḅ”oV3WV2X$“inactive”w|[A]“dead”Ḅ%)“ever-present”%&“6ᜐ)ᙠ”2)[D]“potential”%&“}ᙠḄ”owX$“activate”(make...active)Ḅ%)ᐰᦻ“ᡃᨵᜧḄqᑮ,]ᓝ6ᡃ8 ᙢ᧽abḄᡂu_”ᱥᱯ♦¡¢w£ ¤N¥⍝“H|”§c¨©¥“ᨵª «&w¬ 8® _¯ᶭ±²³j ´µᐸ4)ᯠ¸¸¹aº»¼½§k¾¿ÀÁ Ḅᡂ_H¯ᶭ±ᓾᙠÃÄᓝÅÆÇÈ”É91Ê =ὅ$ᨵwËÌÍÎB5¹ ẆÐᡠÑÒᑮ2000AB᳛ᓣÌ75%¾ᙠs•ªÕÖᩭ¥5AB᳛×/90%,Hᐸ§ØÙ ḄABᦪÛᓾÜÝ Þß——á13%,âã2% ¾ᨵ<Ø/120<k¾ᐸäå4æ)᧕ẆÐ ᕒᙠ70éêëì²ᜧíî§8k¾ï^ Ḅ(_ᙠðñabò|)BóḄôõö÷øஹú÷ᑮûñüýþÿ ᜐ☟Ḅ !"#$%&◀)*+,ᡂ.#$/,Ḅ0ᑗ2ᑴ456789:;ឋ⊤>ᡃ@ABC⚜■ᡠᨵ9”,ᓄ5JᓄKLMḄNOPᑖ”R᷈TUVW XYZ[⍝]_BC%`aᐰc◀NXYZᡠᢣeḄf᪵h“ᡃ@%`jᜓelᢙnopqḄr”stuvw⍩Cyzᩭz>ᨽ“✌ᐜᡃ@◤⌕.NO#$ᑴᐸᡃ@>#$M5ᔲᨵᦪḄPᑖ5ᨵ ᡃ@9Ḅᡃ@*Ḅ¡”Passage5Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds^^tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(◭)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakethemostshotsatthegoalandsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity,theprimedifferencebetweeninnovatorsandothersisoneofapproach.Everjbodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirsandtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions;professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities. 23“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere'snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone.”wroteRudolphFlesh,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:"Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?^^Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummen37.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“untaughtmind^^inthefirstparagraph?[A]Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.[B]Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.[C]Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.[D]Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.38.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfromnon-innovators?[A]Thevarietyofideastheyhave.[B]Theintelligencetheypossess.[C]Thewaytheydealwithproblems.[D]Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.39.TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinparagraph3because [A]RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativity[B]thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthings[C]thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch'spointofview[D]thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented40.Thephrase“marchtoadifferentdrummed'(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare,[A]diligentinpursuingtheirgoals[B]reluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings[C]devotedtotheprogressofscience[D]concernedabouttheadvanceofsocietyPassage5¦§¨©Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby"untaughtminds"tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.▲ª᪀ᑖ᪆§Ḅ®!5Discoveriesarethoughtby...todosth.orassth.oᙠ§Mby"untaughtminds”°☢ᨵ²³ᑡḄᵨor¶·¸ᩭḄª᪀¹"ºḄ»⌕ᳮ§*✌ᐜ⌕ ⍝”untaughtminds”Ḅ5ᢣf½“¾¿ÀÁḄ⁎ÃKL.Ḅ Äblindingflashesᢣ“ḱÆḄÇ”ᐸÀÈÉÊËÌMḄ“ᮣᐝÏ”ঝSirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemoldonapieceofcheeseandgettheideafbrpenicillinthereandthen. 24▲ª᪀ᑖ᪆§Ḅ®!5SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot...lookatandgettheidea...Mв⌹Ò◞ÔḄPᑖ5Õᐭᡂᑖ³×Ø▅Ú⌕ᳮ§*⌕¾¿ÛᨵḄ.ÜÝ>᱃ßà>.☘◭_penicillinâÄtheãandthen⊤ä“ÊåÊᙢ”ᵨᩭçè @é[Ḅᮣê©Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.▲ª᪀ᑖ᪆§Ḅ®!5ᵫᑖÒ◞ÔḄ²ᑖ§°ì§íîïᩖ®Ì5thebestplayersᨵ²³ᑡḄñÌmissòhavetheirshotblocked,°☢ᨵíîª᪀ïóᑖÒḄᵨ`* ⍝°ì§5⊡ᐙ[>tì§Ḅ@Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakethemostshotsatthegoal-andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.▲ª᪀ᑖ᪆§ᵫ²³ᑡ§᪀ᡂt☢ḄḄ⊤Ìíîïᩖö☢÷ᨵ²Ìø§ᑖùú⛲⊤Ìø§Ḅ®Ìò⊤ÌẚᢚÒ°☢Ḅª᪀îþᓫᳮsoitgoesḄᳮḄ⊤“᪵Ḅ⍝ᳮᳮ.....᪵ᙠὅ !⌼#$%&'ᳫ) *#$%'ᳫ+,ᕒ©"Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthereisnoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,"wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.▲/᪀ᑖ᪆34567ᙠ6789Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealization...,;☢3=7>?⛲therealization,)ᙠ>>Aᨵ3C7>?⛲D7thewayvEue⊤“EF⍝ᳮ”Ḅ)thewayH☢IJKL%MN3OPinডThisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:"Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?"▲/᪀ᑖ᪆Ḅ89RSTᓫVThisaccountsforourreaction»ᨬ;Ḅ67ourreactionḄ=7)reaction;☢OPtoḄX7#YZᩖ᪶]Psimpleinnovations,;☢ᨵ^3_`aᨵ3C7>ᩭ?⛲᪶]Pᙠ▅dC⌕ᢕgḄ89ᐸijklplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheels kmn oᦻqḄstuvwxyz|⍝accountforḄ}⌕~ᫀ37.A᪷ᦻ1“untaughtminds”ᦻᢣkN ☩Ḅ⁎ḄBஹDᑣknCF'untaught”Pᨵ“ᦟḄ”3>ᦻ1ᩭjRᢣᦟḄkN !⌼Ḅ⁎Ḅᨵᦟ38.C1ᦻq8⌕⌕Ḅ⚪ᦻq22ᢣ¢£ᨵ!⌼¤Ḅ¥Ḅᨬᜧ§¨ᙠ©¥ªn«¬ᱥḄ®¯k°“one”ᢣ“difference”ᦻqᨬ;J/±Ḅ²³´µN8¶A%£ᨵ!⌼¤Ḅᡠ¸ᨵḄᔜºᔜ᪵Ḅ»ᦻ½C⚗¿ᡠᢣ¢Ḅᦻ⌕Ḅ£ᙠn«¬ᱥḄ®¯ᨵ!⌼¤ḄSk¥ªᡠᢝᨵḄ»ḄÁMᨵᐵÃBᡠᑖ᪆ÄὅḄ8⌕§¨kᙠ©Å¤ḄkD%£ᗐ© !⌼Ḅ⊤ÇÈÉḄ ÊḄ®³kknḄ39.Bὅ6ᵨFleschḄÌÍᯠ%NÏᢝÈÉḄУᨵ!⌼¤ḄÑSÒÓÔ¬Ḅ®¯ᦻq3Fleschᢣ¢£!⌼ឋÖ××ØÙÚ©ºÛÜ£Ô¬ÝḄÞßḄ®¯ 25ᨬàḄ|AஹCᡠ⊤áḄᑁãäåæḄkᦻq6ᵨFleschḄçḄIDJFleschḄÌᡠ⊤áḄ»ὅḄj¯èéᔠḄᨵëìḄ»íî_᪵6ᵨᐸ¥ḄÐïå☢6Çàð)6Çàñ %NᦻqḄ8¶ᡈ8⚪ᔲᑣ6Çôõ⌕N6ᵨᐸ¥Ḅ Êᡈᦪ°>•IJj¢ oᦻqḄ8¶ஹ8⚪ønåæ⌱ú~ᫀḄ⌕ឋ40.B|ᦻq"marchtodifferentdrummer”3#$“drummer"%"üý""to"%"þḼ“ḄḼḄᡠḄ⁚ᓽ⌲ ᐸ!"Ḅ⍝$ᡈᡠᢝḄ$()*ᦻ,-.Ḅ/012A34Ḅ)567)898☢CஹD34Ḅ)<=>7)898☢ᐰᦻ@ᦻABᢈDEḄFGH⌼J“KLMᡂO◤⌕⁎STḄ!”VWᮣYḄḱ[\]ᡈ^ᒓឋabḄ2Ocᔊeᜧ ghG᱃jk)lmnoḄp᪵VrsuEḄ◭wxyzᑮr☘◭}ḄFG)*ᢙᱥr9ḄMᨵr(⚗FGḄFGH)⁎SḄLMᜫḄᱥHwlᳫᓽ)ᨬ⁐ḄᳫᕒᜫᳫᐸJᢱḄᜧᜧ¡ᳫḄ¢⚪ᙠ¡¥ᑖᨬὅ¨)p©ªᦪᨬḄᳫᕒ7=¬⚞®ḄH¯°)²Hὅ ³´!Ḅ-⌕µ¶ᙠ¡ᜐᳮ¢⚪Ḅ89¹!ᨵz9»Hὅ¼½ᙢ¿ẆḄz9ÁÂÃ6ÄᑮÅGz9ᑗkᡈk³´!ÇÈÉz0ḄÊ0ᭆÌᙠÍÎHὅsÏᓾᐹᨵÒḄkÓឋ“H⌼ឋÔÕÖ×ᕡḼÓÙÚᑮᢥὁÝ9ÝaÞßàᱯ¶kâãᜐ”äåᩗç!jè⍝é•ghᑏᑮ(íîrᡃðVᑮlᛛᧇᚗôõö÷øᒹãúûü¯ýþᑭ ᓫḄḄ“ᨵᑮᕖ” ⌼ឋ!"“#ᑗ%&'(”Ḅ)* ,ὅ%./012ᨵ#3Ḅ45☢78AᑮBḄᢧᡊ;<=.>?@A#ᩩᨬDE៉ஹHᯠᨬᓫḄJK ,ὅᑣ.MNO%QḄ⍝J;S᪵Ḅ⍝JU&V.ᨬWXYZ[ᓫஹ\#•^[ᨵ_ஹ[`ᢧᡊឋ;ᓽbcd=ᔣf` ⌼ឋḄḄijkḼ%QmnᡭpḄmqrsḄ1995tPassage1MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabor,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue. 26AdvertisingdoesmorefbrthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.ThereisonemorepointIfieelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation—andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive—advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.21.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat.[A]heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertising[B]everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming[C]advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelse[D]itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising22.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?[A]Securinggreaterfame.[B]Providingmorejobs.[C]Enhancinglivingstandards.[D]Reducingnewspapercost.23.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis.[A]verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertising[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers*attention[C]correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising24.Intheauthor'sopinion,.[A]advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformation[B]advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover[C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisementPassage1vwxy©MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.▲{wḄ)|}~ᓫ;jMoneyismoneyqᙠ"⌕⛲moneyḄ^;ᱯj☢#⛲Ḅaswellasoᳮy{wḄᐵᙠ"yaswellas%j“\”Ḅ;ᐸḄwellj#⊤“”;⛲ᑖspent,S☢ḄanyᢣḄjanymoneyঝItservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.▲{wḄ)|jItserves...toassist...distribution...,Sthereby☢jᵫand/ᩭḄᑖ¡⊡;£☢¤ᨵ#make+it+adj.+todosth.Ḅ¥᪀{wḄ▅¨qᙠ"ᳮy©?ª«Ḅ¬ᐵ®ঞApartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,no 27regularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.▲{wḄ)|jnoregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproduct.r☢j#apartfrom¯°Ḅ±¥᪀;±²thefact☢¤ᨵ#Q³8wᙠ)w;aproduct☢j#^8whatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements<)´ᦻactsᢣḄj“ᫀ”,Sliveupto⊤”Z¸,ᐟ¸”ḄapartfromḄj“◀…ª”টIfyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.▲{wj#ᩩ½w;)wḄ¥᪀¾¿Àᩖ;´Iknowj#}~Ḅ^8w;⛲proof,S☢Ḅthat¯°ḄjQ³8w;⛲thesurestproof,r☢ḄÂQ³8w¤ᨵ#²8w{wḄÃ{¥᪀j▅¨ḄqQ´¡ὅ7ÄÅÆÇᐰÉ^ḄËঠIfitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation-andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive—advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.▲{wḄ)wj--if¯°ḄÎÏÐIfitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation,advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattentionẚᢚÓ«ḄÔᑖj#⊡ᐙÖᡂᑖ{wḄÃ{¥᪀j▅¨Ḅq´¡ὅbᵨÎÏÐ;H¡ὅÙDÄÅ2p¸ÅÚឋÛÜḄ%&VឋÝᫀxy21.DwÞ&ßàDUáâᙠÄÅAjᡃᡠÚ⍝ḄḄâáåª#DUáâᙠÄÅAᡈçè(worthwhile)éwḄ}¾¿êëåDMoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentwell.ᙠéw;anyᢣìí#3Ḅâáå(anymoneyspentwell)îknowofDÚ⍝;ᡠyᑮḄᐸZ;éwᡠ▰ðḄᑁò%ójô#õḄ)⚪;\jᐰᦻ÷ᙠÖḄø⚪ᙠô#õḄᐸùÔᑖ;¡ὅᑡûᔠᳮḄÄÅýᩭḄþÿ ☢ḄᜐAḄᢣᯠBḆ (moneyconsuming),ᓽ "C# ᐸ%&᪵( ⌕*22.Asecureᙠ,-.(/.A/.0ᜧ 234ᦻᡠ78ᑮḄ4ᦻ:…<ᔊᦪᡠ?ᩭḄABᜐCDEᨵGHIJKᔠᳮNO├Q(distribution),ᙠRSTᑁVW(homemarket)ḄXY((ZIJ[Kᨵ\]^(competitive)ḄQ_`ᐭT▭VWcCdKeḄf g(hiᜧᜧᙢ8klḄmn᪗pcCqrVW◤t(demand),ᜧvw^(labor)VW(ᨵᦔᙢᜧyzCZ{B|ᐳ%zḄ~((~KᑭᵨᡠḄ⊡ᐸ⃩ ᵨ(Z.ClK|B4ᦻᑁ|C8kmn᪗p4ᦻᑁ|D4ᦻᑁ23.Dᙠ&⚪Ḅ8ᑖ(deem⌱⚗Dpartialᱏ☢Ḅ(|Ḅᦻ:<:¡<¢£&¤¥Ḅ℉2ᵯ¨©ªὅ(televisionpersonality)Ḅ¬¥Ḅᳮᵫ¯°ឋḄ(persuade),i²gᙢ8³´µ(inform),¶(ªὅª·¸¹ᨵºH»¼(excessivelyfine),½ᯠ⌕¯°lᓽZᙠ ¾Ḅ ☢(¿ À ᑮÁÂ▲H(confine…to)²gᙢ8³´µ(iÄ(Å᪵ḄÆ(yᜫ 28ÉᔾË^(ÌÍÎCᵫ,Ï(ᙠªὅ¬ᩭ(ḄÐ ☢ ÀÑᙢ¸¹Òᩭ(ÓὅᨵÔᙢÕᔠᙠ&ÖḄ([×,ᜫØ[A]pÙᙢ⊤ÛḄÜÝ(pass⊤Þ(⊤Û(8Q[B]Áᐵàf ὅḄÎ^Ý(nothingbutÁᨵ(◀...ã[C]¸ᑖ¯°´µ8³ᨵ⍝ᳮḄÝ(tellthedifference¸ᑖ(¸¹24.[C]¯°f ὅæᢣçªὅ(èæᶧ(ͯ°f ὅCê᪵(iÄëì᪵(ᔲᑣ(ïᜫÉᔾË^i̬ð▅:53⚪⚪ò[A]Ḅó:ô<ᡠᢣQḄ(dõÍ(community)?ᩭḄᱥ÷ᑭ(materialbenefit)øᐸùúᜧ[B]ëdKeḄ(f )gý(iᙠHþ~Ý(winoverþ~(]-cratherthaniÏ(ᡠ⊤ÛḄᑁ4ᦻªὅ⊤ÛḄgÿ |D|ὅᐵᡠḄὅḄὅ ▲!"ᔲᑣ%&'ᔾ)ὅ*▅,53⚪⚪.ᐰᦻ1ᦻ2ᙠ4Ḅ56ᡃᡠ82ᙠ9:;ᜐḄ5=᪵?@ABCᨵE!ᖪGHᔠᳮḄKL├NᵫPQRSTḄUᑁWXYZᖪG H[ᨵ\]^ḄKL_`Aᔾ)abcdeḄfgᜧᙢklm᪗oᨵE!pqWX◤stuvwcxy^◤sḄpqzP {ᑴᜫ~Ḅ=ᨵᦔ'AᵨᨵᜩḄKL4ᵯᦈᐳᡈᙢἠ@k20%H4ᨬ¢⌕Ḅ ¤¥¦ḄᖪGᡈkᔠᳮḄK?☢Ḅw¨◀UᑴªḄ«ᓝ⚗'ᫀ°±qH²³´ᨵ¶·¸ᖪ¹ᦢ»├¼½¾Ḅ¿GÀbᡈ ÁÂÃÄឋḄᨚ°ÇÈ=ÉaÊ°ËÌÍzÎÏḄ ÐᨵÑÒḄgÓÀb=•uÕᙢÖ¥¦×ØᖪGÚ¤ᑮ=ᖪGÜᙢᡭᡃÞ ᨬß☠Ḅ¨áᓽPᖪG=ªᐸäåæçᐸè=ªéêÑÒḄK?ëìíᩭḄᱥØᑭñò9:ᡃᡠ óᑮḄôõᡃö@ᨵ=÷@ø=øᨬùᡃúᑮ=û℉æᵯaäýÀczgᙠþÿ ὅᑖᙢ⌕ ὅ"Ḅᑁ%&&▲() *+,-ᑮḄ/0123+45-Ḅ6+ᢧ9:;⁐*᪵Ḅ⁚3?ᨵAᑖ Bឋ)EFGHIJKLMHNOᳮF/3Q*R+ES℉UᵯWHᡠYZ[ᑮḄPassage2Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage—theseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfront 29theunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitytheymay"fail''atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.DowethinkweTeslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe'renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.25.Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen.[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit[B]hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork[C]heiskeenonlearninganythingnew[D]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney26.Intheauthor'seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould.[A]succeedinclimbingupthesocialladderLB]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownachievements[C]facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges[D]aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime27.Whentheauthorsays“anewwayofbeing,?(line2,Para.3),heisreferringto.[A]anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld[B]anewwayoftakingrisks[C]anewmethodofperceivingourselves[D]anewsystemofadaptingtochange28.Forpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingexcept.[A]curiosityaboutmorechances[B]promptnessinself-adaptation[C]open-mindednesstonewexperiences[D]avoidanceofinternalfearsanddoubtsPassage25]^_জTheworkerswhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage—alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowforthereefforts.▲1]ẚᢚcd☢+fghᑡḄUjjkᐸ᪶nj+theworkers,thestudentotheforeigner,0pq☢rᨵsgtuv] ẚᢚcq☢Ḅwᑖ+sgxᓫḄz{⊤}᪀ẚᢚcd☢Ḅ+sᙠ[ḄKᯠ",^ᳮ_0pḄᳮ_ὅᡂWs3ᨵঝTheprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.▲1]z}᪀R+not...but,butq☢ḄᡂᑖᩖᨵghᑡḄᡂᑖattitudes,feelings,caution,courage,ᙠ0pḄq☢ᨵsguv] 30ᢕnot...but}᪀¢butq☢Ḅwᑖ*£+▅¥Ḅ¦§ঞInthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.▲Kᵨᑖc]sᑖ©q☢sªḄ⊤u«ᩖᨵfgnewḄ¬®newways,newideas,newchallengesoᙠ¯]o¯]Ḅ°ᦻ¢²☢Ḅᳮ_,ᡂ³⚪/ὃI¶·¸¹ᳮ_ὅᙠ*£HIḄᡂWs +sgxᓫḄ}"*sº»টInordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay"fail"atfirst.▲1]¼½Ḅgt¾+¿Ḅuz]}᪀+peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstodosth.,q☢À+fghᑡḄt¾ᙠ¥ᑮ*s]ᡃpR¶·¯ᦻὅḄᦻÂᨵsgᜧLÄ,1ᦻḄὅ«ÆÇÈᵨ«}᪀ᩭÈᐸËÌÍÎÏÐᨵÑঠIfwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.▲Òsg]KgifÓÔḄᩩÖv]¼½,᪶nᙠthenḄq☢q☢Ḅ]¢becomeq☢ḄOᑖj⊤u1]Ḅ¼½+ifḄ««%᧕ᳮ_qª]£ᨵsg«ØshellᢣḄ+“ÛᡃÜÝ”ᜧßᳮ_àᩭ3Mᨵáâ³⚪ãᫀ^_25.[A]ÒsåᢣæHpᡂᨵç1[è®ᨵHéêW}"(product),ᨵHéêWsg(process)sëᩭìHíᔣégHḄᡂ(ᡈðñ)[+sg᧕òóoôõḄᙠḄ}"®÷HøùúIᡂû(grades)üúFsýu*r+p-æþÑ(efforts)êqᡠÿ Ḅ⊝Ḅ[A]⊤ḄᑁᦻᑮᡃᓫḄ ᡂ!"ᡄ$%&'᧕Ḅ%◤⌕+,-./Ḅ0123⌕4 5ᡂ6789:/᪵[B]<=>?@ABCDᜧḄ,/%FGᓾᑮB,B/IJᩭLM᪵ḄNO%PQRSᕖU[C]<=>V⊭X2!YZ[bekeenon\<=V⊭X]⌕-[B]᪵FGN^=>%ᔲ2`YZ[U[D]<=>]aa(ᡈdef)hiᙠklḄ⍝n(journey)opᑮqrCFst⍝ᳮC26.[C]\<=☢?wxyzᢧᡊᙠ}~Aὅᢣ9klaA%Ḅᐵ,Ḅ'%>sᙢ%☢?YḄ(experiences)-'Ḅᡠ⊤9Ḅ-z=%%⊤9klR?¢£¤Ḅ'¥¦%ᨵYḄ¨n◤⌕©YḄᢧᡊ(challenges)ªyz«¬▅}¯}°[A]<=ᡂ±ᙢ²oC³`▤µ(ᓽ=ᡂ±ᙢ·ᐭ³`o¹)F%'%º»%'0dḄ¼ᦻ½ᑮF¾[B]<=¿>hiḄᡂÀᩭᑨÂᐸkl(Ä)/FÅᯠ%¿ḄÇᩭaÈḄkl[D]<=deÉḄ(kl)Ê᪗(aimhigh),¼ÌÍÎÏhiḄÊ᪗ᦻ½^“Ê᪗”Ḅde¼Ò⌱Ô⚗ḄIÖ¢ᑖ(reachhisgoaleachtime)ÅᯠØ%ᙠÙ27.[A]ᙠÒ°Úbeingᙠ»\<=3ÛÛᙠ}¯}~°ᢣ9ÜᡃᵨYḄÞß3Û(ᡈ 31£¤)ᡃ?hiḄaà?ᡃáᔲklᐵ⌕fᦻâCãäåᩭ▊çFè¾ᡃê 32awayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.Addingtosocialchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachinereadablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andveryshortlyelectronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.""Knowledgeispower“maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.29.Theword“it"(line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto.[A]thelackofstablecommunities[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace30.Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesfromthefactthat.[A]theyhavetolearnnewthingsconsciously[B]theylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthyinformation[C]theyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationreadily[D]theycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedfamily.31.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat.[A]electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingmessages[B]itwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationera[C]peoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsorconferences[D]eventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsatellites32.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat.[A]itisnecessarytoobtainasmuchknowledgeaspossible[B]peopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformationaccessible 33[C]weshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformation[D]itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationefficientlyPassage3l@Manyoflife'sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.▲zḄ Manylife'sproblems...arebeyondthecapability...oproblems]☢ aᵫwhich¡¢Ḅ£¤¥3*capability]☢ ¦⛲ᡂᑖ©✌ᐜ⌕ᳮbebeyondthecapabilityḄ®ᙠὃẆḄ▅²³beyond¡¢ḄᔜKµ¤¶·R¸31Ḅ® “ᙠ……Ḅ »”¾,extendedfamily ᢣ“ÂÃÄÅ,ÆÇÈᚪᡈὅ ᒹÌᔜKÍÎᐵÏḄÄÅ”ঝWheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.▲zḄ¤ᵫÐᑡḄÒ᪀Wheretoturnforexpertinformationhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoaccept᪀ᡂ3⊤¤ questions,]☢Ḅfacingmanypeopletoday¦⛲questionso©✌ᐜ⌕ÕH3Ö×ØᩖḄ¤4kᳮzḄ®3¾ÕturnforÚÛ>askfofo@Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.▲zÜ3✌ᐜdÝᑮ4 theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,_☢Ḅßᑖ aas¡¢Ḅàá/ãä¥3*ᙠ]☢Ḅå aæçឋḄçè3ᐸ᪶ëç theconfidence,_☢Ḅwithit ìçÒ᪀¦⛲theconfidence,]☢ḄthatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliableåR theconfidenceḄÈí¤3äîᡃïðand_☢ añ3*and]☢ᓾ aæ絤confidence,äîᡃåᨵὃ⇋ᐸ]☢ôõ¤ßᑖöḕᶍù3%ùᳮ3ᡃ$ᙠúḄᙢ 34%"ᑡᡂᑖHthesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radioIveryshortly,electronicmailstobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages0(Ḅ▅KLMᙠO9PQ,television,radio,electronicmails)ᡂ#$viaḄ6ᑡ%"ST᪵ᳮWXY ☢Ḅ⚪[\PḄ=]ᯠbombard$_`ᡃbcdᐸf$7gbombhijQklᐸ4m©Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.▲ᵫ᪀noḄᵨand ᡂ-bḄ᪀psth.canbedone ☢Ḅqᑖᨵ#$without᪀&rᩖ(34)*᪀t☢u$vexpertise(xyz{)teleconferencing(}~)ᡃbp+ᵨ᪀$,ᐸ4mlᩭ©"Knowledgeispower"maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.▲ᵫ᪀noḄᵨand ᡂ☢Ḅ "Knowledgeispower, ☢Ḅ "accesstoinformation(34)*᪀1234OᫀW29.B0ᢣl0ᜧᡊ Ḅឋ(mobility)ᜧyᩭḄ¡Ḅ¢£P¤ᙠᜧyt(extendedfamilyᢣH6ᡈ¦1ᚪḄy)T᪵Tyᩭ¨©ªḄ(informal)«¬®ᨵ(iscutoff)¯Ḽ©ªḄ«¬±⍝Ḅ³ᜫ(thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels),bḄ«µj®ᨵH¶bd·n«◤⌕2¹Qºᑮ+«+☠Ḅ«¬A/H½¾¿À9C/HyÁÂឋD4/HÃᩭÃḄP9+ÄAஹCஹD⊤ÇḄᑁ8ÉiÊËpP ÌS-b?ÍΕÐÑXYᦻ?theconfidenceÓ⌕Ô9Õ☢ᳮWᓽHḄឋ×bØᨵ«µ……TÙᯠgᦻ0⊤ÇḄᑁ8nÚÛḄ30.C4/H¶bᡠ◤Ḅ«¬PQÝÞ+ºßadilyᙠËP“ᨵáᜓᙢ”4 “¯2¯ᙢ”4ᦻ0ᢣl¯Ḽ½ḄឋbḄ©ªḄ«¬Påᙠd·uæçḄᨬfÕ☢(thesimplestaspects)Ḅ«¬èéPê(ᡈë4{)ᙢ(unconscious);ìḄíîᙠᓾPìd·ð4{ᙢ(subconsciously)¯ᜐ¯2ᙢ+cdᜧyᑁqḄ©ª(casual)ᡠWᑮḄ(learn)«¬îᙠòóᨵ4{ᙢ·W(ᡈôº)0ᢣl◀½Ḅᓄîß½«¬Ḅ÷øù(stockpile)ᜧÁT׺úûnᐵ«¬Ḅd~ºØýᳲØÿ (time-consuming),ᨵ ᑗḄᨬᙠᐰ ᢣᢈḄ ᑭᵨḄ!"#$%&Ḅ'!"()*+!", ,ᜐ .A/012.2ᨵ34ᙢ6789:ᱥ#2'<“>⚪”)AB2'C⌕(main)>⚪)#E'ᢣ0178!"ḄFGIB/Hᙠ01IJK. ☠!"Ḅ!MNᦻP'Q,ḼSTUVḄIJ)W6XY .Ḅ ☠!"2.2ZWᐸ0⌶](ᢈY)6K.7 a)B⊤cḄᑁefNᦻ⊤cḄᑁe*2ghD/01ij2klᜧnopqSTUV7r#'<>⚪Ḅs)#tu2'C⌕>⚪vw)#sQ.2xyz){tuᓄὃ⇋#<⚪ ὃ▅59⚪⚪8 3561.[A]ᢣ),Ḽᵯ!:Ḅ)Wᵯஹᵯ*ᙠ2Ḅᩭ(veryshortly)WᵯḄFGᡠ⌴Ḅ!"ᦪ ᓟᙢ〈ᑮ 1Y)bombardN/“¡¢”ஹ“£¤¥Gᙢ¦ᔣ“)#$ᵨ¨©ª(ᜧmultitudesofᢣ“ᜧ(Ḅ”[A]/ᵯ(electronicmail)2ᡂ/⌴!"ḄC⌕(dominant)Y[B]/ᙠ!" ¬(era),®¯°ៜ²!"⌴³´Ḅµ¶f®¯°·ᨵ¸¹ᐵ»)vw)ᦻ¼½ᙢF¾¿ᨩÁ#Â[C]/ÃÄ ÄÅÆ( ᳮ8/ÃÄÈᦪÄÅÆ)Éᢣ)(ÊËÌ)ᵯsÄÍ gÎUV(ÏÐ)Ñ4(expertise),8Ò>⚪◤ÔÕᵨᔜᙢḄ ×ᙠØḄÄÍÙG a)#$P'QÄÍÃ.FÚ)*¿QÃÛÄᡈÆÃÄ[D]/:Ý⍝C⌕Õᵨßà¸áÙGNᦻᢣ)ßàḄᵨᜧ7Hã(attheinstanceofoccurrence)¸á:Ḅäå62.[D]ᙠᨬæὅᢣ)èéêë'<ìஹíᩖḄêë)!"u Bᐵï⌕(ofgreatestimportance)« 1⌕ðÄᑭᵨñòஹ ☠ஹᨬ9Ḅ(up-to-date)!"ᩭ8ÒḄST(day-to-day)>⚪ ó01ôæõöÄU÷ஹnoøḄïᜧ(critical)>⚪)Pᨵ#᪵Ḅ úkûஹúkᡂü“Ñ4ý'ä(”#᪵ḄQþÔÿ (accesstoinformation)ᡠᨵḄᨬ⌕⌕Dᨵᦔᙢᡠ◤ ᐵ⌕|A|!"#ᙢ$%&'()*Ḅ"ᓾ,)*Ḅ-(0 ஹ2☠ஹᨬ4)6▭89:Ḅ";ᜧ=◤⌕>?@ᡠ◤Ḅ&=&AᡠB⌕CDḄ[B]>ᐙᑖᑭᵨ2IᑮḄ(accessible)9ᡃ>ᙠᑖ᪆N⚪Pᡠ•Rᢣ@ḄNAᡠ)*ḄᗐU$IḄ⌕ឋ(ᙠNAWXYZ[ὅ]ᵨ^_`theneedforinformationீbXBXுwhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformation,accesstoinformationீbWXdeXBfு)[C]ᡃ>ghᑮijḄ⌕ឋ&kl▅N⚪⌱o⚗[A]Ḅᑖ᪆ᐰᦻsᦻᙠ&᪵uvᓄḄxᩖz'{|}ᓫᙢ$%ḄvIxᩖ#ᦟஹᡈḄ⚪ᙠᓾ@ᜧḄ? ¡ᡂ£¤#☢¦Ḅ⚪◀¨©«ᡊ{ᩭ®¯°ឋ±²;ᜧ³Ḽµ¶·Ḅz¸ஹ#¹ḄᜧḄººᐵ»¼9½Ḅ¾¯¿ᑗuPᙠ◤⌕PÁIᑮ2☠2ḄḄÂk³©ÃᜫᐵUᨬÅNḄ☢☢ḄḄÆh¾¯k¿ᑗu:¨ÇÈᙠᜧᑁÊ˱̾¯Á2^hᑮḄÍÎᙠᓾ⌕ᨵhᙢ◀£¤Ḅzvᓄ©Ïᨵ"ÐᜧḄ⚪¤ᜩ2$IḄÒÓPÔḄÕ#Ö⌕?ᑮᩩØÙÚ⚪ÛᐵḄÜxᩖÝὑPᨵPß Û£àáâ³Ḽ"u;ãḄᢈåḄæç&èᢈå]I>éÒ{êëḄìíîê#Ḅᙢïðñæ〈ê#Ḅ&ᙠ{|2Ḅóôõᢈå]>2{öᜧ"Ḅᦪøïðᑮõùᦻú'ÏËóôõûü?ᑮýᵯᢈåḄæç]>2Ëᵯÿஹᵯ〈ᵯ〈Ḅᜧ ⌼!"#$%&'()*+,-./⍝12345678&ᙠᐰ;<>ᑁ@ᑖBᨵD4ḄE⚪G&@HIJKGLMNOPஹQR6ᜧὁ1TU3$ᢈWḄ#X+$ᑖBஹYZ[⌴]^_`aḄbᑮ`aḄ 36ᙠ]daefghᩖḄ; 37Passage4HজButtheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.▲Ḅ…theenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffecto☢Ḅsincedf]dgdifḄᩩhᔠ¡¢£profoundḄ¤¥n“£¥¦1Ḅ“§⌕©ᑮᨬd⌹«☢ḄitᡠᢣḄcompetitionoঝOneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.▲ḄOneplace...isschool,]d®ᓫḄ[°±ᨵ•d³´⛲¶☢Ḅ▲³ឋḄf☢Ḅ¹▲³ឋḄvºᙠᐸj☢¼ᨵ-d¾ᐭᡂᑖbyitsverynatureo¡()ᐜᢕᯠᑖ᪆pÄd³§¢£soakupḄ£Å“ᔾᦈ'ᐸᓽ_ᡃÌÍÎ]d¤ÏḄ£ÅÐ⌕ᡃᢕÑsoakḄңœÓÔÓÕÓÖ”¤ÏḄ£ÅG&×ØᩭঞThecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.▲ᩈḄThecurrentpassion...producesatwo-layersystem,passion☢ḄÚ¤forḄÛÜÝhᩖdmakesb.dosth.ḄÞ᪀fḄÛatwo-layersystem☢ᨵd¹▲³ឋḄ³¡()ᐜᢕᯠᑖ᪆ᐸàᡂᑖ§ᙠᳮHḄKG⌕ᨵ³Ḅãä'Ücompeteagainsttheclock&æ☢çᳮHn“[è⊤êD”fëìᳮHᡂ“íKîêD/[Kîðñ”টThemeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.▲ᵫÄd᪀ᡂ{îᨵdbut⊤ó£ÅḄôᢚ¡⌕tᳮHoöᙠ÷ᢕÑᓫ¤Ḅt£Åquestionable(ᶧḄùbᶧEḄúf☢ḄknowledgeûᳮHᡂ“78”pü]ý^þüG©ÿ ᙠḄ“⍝᧽”intheknowledgeofᳮ“ᙠ Ḅ”©Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.▲ Ḅ …selection...couldbemadelessby...andmoreby..."#⌹%◞'Ḅ()caringprofessionsḄ*+,ᐹ./012ᙠ▅4Ḅ5ᢕ8less...andmore...Ḅ9᪀;52more<☢Ḅ>?⌕ABC⌕+DEᫀG33.[C]HIJឋḄLᧅḄᦻOP+ஹRஹSTUVᑮHAXឋYḄZᙠ[\Ḅ]_ᡂabᡂ cdḄឋYᱯfPRTPS ghᵨcompetitivej\kLlḄ᰿[\Ḅn+opqAXឋYḄZ[A]HrsὊuḄஹvὊuḄwxcdᨵ5ᡠ⊤|}ḄឋYᱯf~vcdḄ+ឋឋYᱯf[B]H.ZḄZḼḄbᡂ0Ḅ( 38IDHḄ᧕ᜐḄZ៝Ḅ34.BJHᨵDvYbeboundtoHஹ2⚪_beopposed“(”PSTᢣ}᪥_ᨬḄ[\jbyfarᵨ)kᨬ¡bn£kὃ¥jdisproportionateHv¦Ḅ§ᑖḄn©ªᨵ᪥«¬_G£®¯ᗐ)Ḅ±§ὃ¥ᩭ[\ᨵ³´ᜐ merits#µ¶·¸Ḅ⚪ questionable,~0⍝®¯¹ᜫ»¼½[\Ḅ¾j(ZḄuᳮH®Àuஹ®ᡃÂÃÄnᨵÅḄAHÆ⌼ᡂḄÈ£§ᜧCHvY᳛§AஹCᦻ_UËVᑮDHὃ¥ᡂÌjᡈ9Înµ¶ᝰᶧÑᦻ⊤ÒḄᑁÔv+᪵ÑᦻÖ×/ὃ¥ᡂÌᔲÙÚḄÙÜÝᡈ?£µ¶ᝰᶧÞ/ὃ¥ßbà+#ᦟ]⁚ᔲᔠ〉µ¶*+,·¸35.BÑᦻᨬ<+Tᢣ}Î᪥v§åᙢ2C) preoccupation...withç9Îè>éêAåḄ5ëᦟDAᨵìµḄíî⌱ðñᳮ☢ḄZ——óᐸõᶭñᳮZᕒ——wxøcdᔲuùஹᔲᨵ;uÞvøcdᓄᡂÌûüýAXឋYḄZ_⌱ðõḄ¾v>þḄBXឋYḄZwÿ ᡠ◤⌕ḄᑮḄᙠ.ὅᙠḄ⌱ ᪗ !ᢇ#B$%&'(ᡂ*+ᡈ'-ᡂ./0⚪2currently$%&3454IA%&ᵭ7ὅḄ89:;ᢣ&=>ᔲ=Ḅ%89ᓽ>ᔲABC%&CDEFGᦻ>I᪷Kᡂ*ᓽ&LMḄ>NOD%&PQ☠ḄSTᓽ&PQ☠ᡈQUVᡈᨵST+X ᨵᵨ/ḄZ[36.Cᦻ\]^ᢣ_`ឋᙠbᜧ:;d>ᐜᜩgᡂḄ inherent,h>iklᨵmnopiᒹrX ஹ'᪥uvwxᦻy⌕z{!'᪥ᦟ}'~ḄឋgᡂḄopC$%&`ឋḄ multipleḄopA%&Ḅ`ឋᙠ_~B%&vwឋᱯḄgᡂyᵨAஹB`⌱ ⚗%I>ᱏ☢ḄஹḄḄ`ឋḄopD%&ᙠ;CDḄX 2BឋḄ>◤⌕Ḅ+ᡈ>ᑮḄ/>ὅ⌕¡¢Ḅ£¤ὅᢣ_&¥¦◤⌕ᔜឋḄ¨7©▅]65⚪⚪«ᐰᦻᦻឋᙠbᜧ:;d>ᐜᜩgᡂḄ^^AឋḄ᱄¯ ᨵAឋḄ°hil^²ᐸᨵmnḄop%OCD᱄¯ᩭIbM⌕Ḅ¶·klQ¸ᡂ%¹°~º2Ḅ^`M⌕»¹°ᔾᦈAឋḄ^`ᙢ¿>'᪥'᪥.ᐸxÀÁÂ>;CDḄÃ᪀b'᪥Åᵨ“Ç^ᑗÉSÊËᡂÌ”Ḅ⍝Ï᪗ ÐÑÒÓὀᡂ*ᩭÕÖ¹°×>ᔲᡂÌ34Ø⊭Ú»¹°uÛ'CDᡈuÜÝÞ⌼ᡂ!^àMáᑴᙠáᑴ2CDឋḄA'~ᙠãä¿☢åæçBḄ'~⌕èÒᑖᙢØ⊭ÚÊê ë~ᓻ◅ḄîO&ïð]^ÞñòóḄôõöõᐻᙠIø“ùúᔳᡃ×ý!”þîÿ ᎔ᙢ᪥ᨬḄាḄὃ ᨵ᪥ᐕ !"#$%&'(%)Ḅ*+ὃ,-%.Ḅ)ᜐ01ᨵ234ᝰᶧ789ᨵ:ὃ;<=Ḅ>?@A⌕CD7ᑣFGᨵHḄIᯠ7⌕KᡠᨵAMNOPᡂBMNORSTUVW,XYZ◤⌕ᔜ-ឋ^Ḅ:7 39`Xa⌕bcdNOḄឋ^〉ᔠKᩭV(h*Ḅij,kᨬ)Ḅlᳮᳮnp᪥qrḄs `t7U ᨵuvḄwxᦟNOua⌕Ḅz3{nU q|ᳮbr—ᱯᶭ|ᳮ:ᕒ``Ḅ⌱ aᓄᡂvᐵ&'ᔲஹᔲᨵ>hAMឋ^Ḅ:ᕒ"ᢧ⌱ḄX┯BMឋ^Ḅ:a⌕7ᑮPassage5Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviorisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviordemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone'smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviorthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethesurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.37.Fromtheevolutionarypointofview,.[A]forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive[B]ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive[C]thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual'sadaptability[D]suddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveconsequences38.Accordingtothepassage,ifapersonneverforgot,.[A]hewouldsurvivebest[B]hewouldhavealotoftrouble[C]hisabilitytolearnwouldbeenhanced[D]theevolutionofmemorywouldstop 4039.Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat.[A]forgetfulnessisaresponsetolearning[B]thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputsystem[C]memoryisacompensationforforgetting[D]thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingoccurs40.Inthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof.[A]remembering[B]forgetting[C]adapting[D]experiencingPassage5#জThatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviorisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.▲0Ḅ¡XhThatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehavior,¢☢`X¤ᓫḄ¦⊤¨᪀isevidence,=evidence¢☢Ḅª⛲ᡂᑖv7☢Ḅ®X¯°obvious±remarkable²xAᵨ´butneverthelessᩭ⊤µ`-¶ᢚᐵ¦¸ᙠ▅»Ḅwᐜ⌕ᢕ¿À¨᪀7ᱯ¡hᙠ⊤¡ḄÁᑖ⌕(Â`ÃÄÅᐸ᪶¨᪀evidenceofactivityo©Constantpracticehassuchaseffectonmemoryastoleadtoskilfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.▲0ḄÀ¤ᓫ7Constantpracticehas...effectonmemory,⌕Ḅ¨᪀suchas...as...,ᙠ¢`XasḄ¢☢ᨵ`XG7,XGᨵÈXÉᑡḄË¡toskilfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords,¸,ḄÈXtoÌÍ°7±Î°lead᪀ᡂ°ÏиᐜᢕÀ¨᪀7Ñ⌕¸suchas...as...`-ÓÔOḄঞOveraperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.▲0V`ᑖÕÖ7ᙠᑖ×ᜐᑖØ7Ù☢Ḅᑖ"overaperiodofnopracticeXwxÚ¡7¡Xhwhathasbeenlearned,Û¡tendstobeforgotten,¢☢Ḅ¨᪀¤ᓫÐᳮ0+Ü@☢ÝḄÞßᙠᦻáâ7⌕ã'qäCᓄåḄᎷç±ᐸèéêḄᐵ¦ᨵX8ḄÄëᙠ,ᡃ'⌕9⍝7jὅÄÕ⍡ð`-ᱥᙠCᓄ"〉Zò⏙STḄ〉ឋDÕ7ôÕᨵðᣵ´=öḄ៝øùᔊ7-•XýkᨵV(þ4uÿ ᪵ḄḄᯠ⍡⌕᠒⍡ 〉"$%&'(ᙠ*+ὅᢣ.ᵨ0ᓄ〉"ឋḄᩭ45⍡ᨵ7▲ឋ©Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.▲:;Ḅ<=anevolutionaryinterpretation,ii®mightmake,>=Ḅ$ᑖ@ABᩖᨵDEF>=it,ᙠGHḄ+>=ḄIJFKLᨵDM;howthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselectionoNOPᳮR;ST᪀PVḄᳮ4WXYZ;N$ᑖঠInthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.▲:;Ḅ<[itishelpfultodosth.,GHḄ<=toconsiderDIJF\ᯠ]*☢Lᒹ`aDbᩩdM;Ḅ>=M;⌹fg☢ḄDh=NOPᙠ▅jḄkᐜ⌕ᢕo<[T᪀pkYR<;KḄitDEF<=ᢣqḄ 41s☢ḄIJFT᪀g☢ḄDits"tᢣmemory©Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.▲:;Ḅ<[Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystem,ᙠ*assumeDuᱥwx>=amemorystoragesystems☢ᨵ-Dofz{Ḅ|xx}~J=M;ᩭ⛲]NOPxḄPVcapacityᙠ*"ᳮ4 “”IE“”flexibility“ᮣឋ”“ឋ”ᫀ437.[D]P ᯠᜫ{ 〉"⚪ᦻᢣ. ¡⚪Ḅ4¢£¤ᡃ¦§¨©ᔊ¨Ḅ«¬Ḅஹ¯;ᢣ.±ᡃ¦IukB²ᡈ´²µ¶¨Ḅ·¸Ḅ¹¨kºᡃ¦»]¬¼ᡠ⌼ᡂḄ〉"ឋ(adaptive)s±ÀIÁÂÃᯠᯠᜫᓾ§〉"bᩭÂÃs±ÅDÆSᩭÇᎷÉÊ⏨ᩭÌÊÍÎᜫaᑗ'᪵Ì Ð(ᕖÒ[A] ᵫÔÕ´²ᡠ⌼ᡂḄ⍡ÖÂÃIᑭ 〉"Ø;ḄPVÙÚ[B] ±Dᯠ(allofasudden)Û ᏉÝÞJß〉" Ḅد;⊤áḄᑁÙÚ[C] ⌲äḄ⍡¨åæÂaḄ(AèḄ)〉"ê;ᢣ.⍡»ëY+wᱥKÍᯠ⌱í(naturalselection)¨åK⍡ᶇïḄ¯ᨬs;ᢣ.⍡(ᢣ⌲äḄ⍡)ñò§óDDôᡈDᱥᩭÇᨵᐸ ÷ø»ù⌲äḄ⍡¨åᙠᱥºḄ úû¨åKEᡂḄ]¦〉"$%&ḄT±CᑣýḄ〉"Y+⌲ä⍡¨åḄT±Ãᯠþ᎔ ᐵ38.[B]ஹᢣᨵ⍡〉ᓝ !Ḅ#$ᙠ&'ᔠ〉ᡠ*+,-⍡./ḄḄ012⊤4567Ḅ89:;<=ᜮ?[A]@56〉ABCDEFGHI[C]@56JKḄLMNOᑮQRD2EFGHIFGS5ᡠJḄTUᙠᜧᾯXNᜮ?YZ[D]@5+[MḄ\ᓄN^_39.[A]`@5⍡S-JKḄaIᦻcᨬefᢣ-+[M2Y*#gfahi5+[ḄjCkljmᨵ▲⍡oDfkᐹᨵ ᮣ:ឋDast@5ᙠJKᡈCj(wᐭ)E⍡(w)z{ᨵf|}~0FGᨵ⊤45⍡᳛EJKḄTUḄmHᐵD-$+[——wᐭ——wᢝ⊝—— [B]@5+[jCkSf|wᐭwᐰ⊝Ḅk᪷ᦻ!ᨵfaᳮt@ᡈ(assume)+[jCkSf■|wᐭw⊝Ḅk2SᎷgexactly—ᵨO¢£¤¥-ᓄ[C]@5+[MS-⍡Ḅf|⊡§¨©ᙢᩭ¬forgettingErememberingSmemoryḄf|®ᡂ°ᑖSf|°ᑖE²{Ḅᐵ}L-᯿´[D]@5+[ḄjCkljmᨵ▲DSᵫ⍡⌼ᡂḄᦻ·S¸⍡o+[jCk¹ᐹ〉M}S¸,⌼ᡂ +ºjCkḄᨵ▲ឋ40.|B|»ᦻ¼⌕¾ḄS⍡Ḅ¿ᵨ(function),,SBC〉ÀᑴḄf|.Â⌕ḄDSᦻcḄÃஹஹᡠÄᙠ¸4Ḅ-᯿´fᡠÅḄᑁÇ(remembering) 42·}SD|ÉḄÊËA@5+[+ÌC@5〉|D@5²ÍᐰᦻÎᦻÏḄÐᔊNÒÓ8eḄÔ@D⊤4CᙠḼfa4ÖᓾØÙḄᾯM:;——+[ÚᨵᜧÛÜz@+[ḄÝLJKÞ}LßBIàáK-+[ᨵ.ᜧÒÓY*o7âáᙢãäåᴊஹçèéêஹëìlíîᳮhDïðᵨAhñò⚪ᡈSôõᨵò⚪CᙠḄᡠöḄ÷MÔ@◤⌕+[+[LMSᳮḄf|ù»◤úhñûüò⚪ýìSþõò⚪CᙠḄLMÿ ᨬᐺḄ ⊙⌕ᔊḄᡈ !"#$%ᢝ'()*ᡈᡠ,ᩞᧇḄᨵ(0123,ᑮḄ5677!89:;ឋᙢ⍡9?ᐸ〉BឋCD!EF3GHEᯠJKᒓឋᙢMᯠ⍡9ḄNOPQRSᐹᨵ〉BឋUVWXYZ[⍡9\]P^_`aᱥᙠdᯠ⌱fḄghijkᩭḄ\]ḄmDo(0pqḄrsᔊ8tuvwḄᯖ⇋z{⍡9᎔P}~Fᑮ^ῃᯠJ;ᓄḄ^_P\8}~ᳮ^Ḅ:;⍡9gᙠᯠ⌱fhijkᩭḄᙠὃ⇋Ḅ;ᓄᐸᡠᨵP\Ḅ☢1ὃ(kD38ᜫ8{CDᨵᵨᜐḄEᯠ⍡9ᨵ12Ḅ`Ḅ9Ḅ77!MUJ`ᢝḄ12¡¢£ᨵ⍡9〉B8¤¥¦N§,8Ḅ¨`ᓝªP\«mḄ¬ᙠᑣ3ᯠ®ᨵ¯⊤Hᨵ±~ᢥ³᪗µ9ḄG¶u·¸¹¸º»3¼½⍡9¾¿ᨵWÀᱥÁḄj¹Â(ÁÃᑣᎷ~ḄjÅÆÇÅÈᨵ▲VWÆÇÊËÌ⍡9〉BḄᮣ¹ឋ᪷ÏVWÐÑᙠ, ᡈÅjÒᐭÔ⍡9ÒÕ2⌕3Ö;¨×Ḅm⊤HW~Ḅ⍡9ÙÚÛ, 56Ḅ¶ᨵÜÝḄᐵÆV±ᦪÏ`ᎷÒᐭ——Òᢝ⊝Ḅâãäå®HmḄæÏ
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