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2006IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergertoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?46 IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginaSocratic wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemsconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.47 Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals-theaveragescientist,forone.48 Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenintheeverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties-heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.49 Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.50 Theymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityofeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething,livingin"publicandillustriousthoughts *asEmersonwouldsay,issomethingelse.ANSWERS46.IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic wayaboutmoralproblems.ᑖ᪆ஹ €16 .."5...“#...$%...”electedas…“⌱(…*%…”thinkinginSocraticwayabout"ᵨ-Ḅ/-0ὃ…”themit⍳3 Ḅᢣ 5ᑣthemᢣ “8ᑖ9”:᪀ᑖ᪆<ஹ=1ஹand5ᑣ ᵨᩭ?ᑖ@ᑡ9BḄand,orC@ᑡD⌕✌ᐜ?ᑖ IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic wayaboutmoralproblems.2ஹwhich/that5ᑣᵨᩭ?ᑖH I9BḄwhich,that,because,while,whenC᪗K?ᑖH IIshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic wayaboutmoralproblems.
13ஹMNO$-PᡈRP5ᑣ ᵨᩭSᓫBḄO⚔VP RPWH?XYᓽឮ\ᓫ]ᳮ`PabIshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedtheactivityofthinkinginSocratic wayaboutmoralproblems.ashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifecde\ᔠIshalldefinehimasanindividualdH$IwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic wayaboutmoralproblemsᵨᩭh⛲j“individual"k$IB᪀ᡂ“elect…as…”Ḅ:᪀m⁐oஹᓫpqsIshalldefinehimasanindividualᡃS8ᑖ9$cuevwwhohaselectedtheactivityofthinkinginSocratic wayaboutmoralproblems,ᵨ-Ḅ/-0ὃX⍝yz⚪ashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlife@S|*%}~✌⌕ ḄὃᦻᡃS8ᑖ9$cuevwᵨ-Ḅ/-0ὃ⍝yz⚪@S|*%}~✌⌕ 47.Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.ᑖ᪆ஹ isanalogousto"W…”accepttheobligationof “”ᙠ|%“”revealing“☄”ᙠ|%“”ledhimtohisdecision."}~:”:᪀ᑖ᪆<ஹ=1ஹand5ᑣ ᵨᩭ?ᑖ@ᑡ9BḄand,orC@ᑡD⌕✌ᐜ?ᑖ Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.2ஹwhich/that5ᑣᵨᩭ?ᑖH I9BḄwhich,that,because,while,whenC᪗K?ᑖH IHisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.3ஹMNO$-PᡈRP5ᑣ ᵨᩭSᓫBḄO⚔VP RPWH?XYᓽឮ\ᓫ]ᳮ`PabHisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealingthecourseofreasoninginasobviousamatteraspossiblewhichledhimtohisdecision.cd^\ᔠHisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudgedH▲ᑴឋ$Iwhomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecisionᵨᩭh⛲ᦻjjudgeᙠk$IBwhichledhimtohisdecisiond$•Ioh⛲jP“thecourseofreasoning%m⁐oஹᓫpqsHisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudgeḄW
2,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealingthecourseofreasoning¡ᳮ¢£Ḅinasobviousamatteraspossibleᵨ¤¥b¦§Ḅ/-whichledhimtohisdecision.}~¨©$ḄὃᦻḄW¡c᪵Ḅwᵨ¤¥b¦§Ḅ/-ᩭ«}~¨©$Ḅᳮ¢£48.Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.ᑖ᪆ஹ excluded"◀ᙠ”contributeto“®ᡂ”hasnotbeenchargedwith(theobligation)“¯°±”ᙠ|%“”approaching(thefactualaspect)“²'ᙠ|%“´µ”him⍳3 Ḅᢣ 5ᑣhimᢣ “¶·¸¹º”:᪀ᑖ᪆<ஹ=1ஹand5ᑣ(ᵨᩭ?ᑖ@ᑡ9BḄand,orC@ᑡD⌕✌ᐜ?ᑖ)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.2ஹwhich/that5ᑣ(ᵨᩭ?ᑖH I9BḄwhich,that,because,while,whenC᪗K?ᑖH I)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.cde\ᔠIhaveexcludedhimdHbecause,½¾5¿ÀIᙠk5¿ÀIBwhilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.᪀ᡂÁᐵÃḄHஹIm⁐oஹᓫpqsIhaveexcludedhimᡃÄÅ#¶·¸¹º◀ᙠbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblemsd¿%¤ÆḄᡂÇ¥bÈᨵÊË`©⍝yz⚪,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.ÌḄÍÎO¢dẆµcÐz⚪ḄVÑ/☢ὃᦻᡃÓᡠÕ#¶·¸¹º◀ᙠd¿%¤ÆḄᡂÇ¥bÈᨵÊË`©⍝yz⚪ÌḄÍÎO¢dẆµcÐz⚪ḄVÑ/☢49.Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.ᑖ᪆ஹ thinkabout"0ὃὃ⇋”governshisactivity“Æᳮ”ᙠ|%“×Ø”isexpectedto“ÙÚ…”
3dedicatehisenergiesto"ᢗÜË…;ÞßË…”:᪀ᑖ᪆<ஹ=1ஹand5ᑣ ᵨᩭ?ᑖ@ᑡ9BḄand,orC@ᑡD⌕✌ᐜ?ᑖButhisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.2ஹwhich/that5ᑣ ᵨᩭ?ᑖH I9BḄwhich,that,because,while,whenC᪗K?ᑖH IButhisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.cde\ᔠButhisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodeanymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusinessdHᙠk9Bvà§:᪀“not…anymorethan” “Od…Od"▲ᑴឋ$Iwhichgovernshisactivityᵨᩭh⛲j“moralcode%m⁐oஹᓫpqsButhisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodeÌdḄ✌⌕Í@Odὃ⇋⍝yá,whichgovernshisactivity×Ø}~ã%Ḅ,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.äæObᢣÚᖪÞßË´èãéá᪵ὃᦻÌdḄ✌⌕Í@Odὃ⇋×Ø}~ã%Ḅ⍝yáäæObᢣÚᖪÞßË´èãéá᪵50.Theymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.ᑖ᪆ஹ teach“ᦟ”earntheirsalaries“ᢳìí”makelittleornoindependentreflectionson"îïᡈðñòᨵóô0ὃ”involvemoraljudgment “ᒹö”ᙠ|%“◤⌕ ⍝yᑨ=”:᪀ᑖ᪆<ஹ=1ஹand5ᑣ ᵨᩭ?ᑖ@ᑡ9BḄand,orC@ᑡD⌕✌ᐜ?ᑖTheymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.2ஹwhich/that5ùij ᵨᩭ?ᑖH I9BḄwhich,that,because,while,whenC᪗Kæ?ᑖH ITheymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.cde@úijTheymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalariesWbutmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.᪀ᡂ@úiᐵÃᙠbutmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgmentB$Iwhichinvolvemoraljudgmenth⛲j"humanproblems”
4m⁐oஹᓫpqsTheymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalariesû¥ÕᦟîüýþOÿ ᢳ,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemsᜧᦪ1ᡈᨵஹḄ⚪ ὃwhichinvolvemoraljudgment.◤⌕⍝$ᑨ&Ḅ'(ὃ)ᦻ+,-ᦟ/0123 ᢳᜧᦪᓾᡈᨵ◤⌕⍝$ᑨ&ḄஹḄ⚪ ὃ2007ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyandfreedom.(47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist'sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.(48)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.(49)Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveaclearprepsofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.(50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.ANSWERS46)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.5)67ᑖ᪆':;<+67>ஹ?@ABCDE:FG:H;
5legallearningIJKLviewed...as...“N...P…”intellectuallyequipmentSCTU'V᪀ᑖ᪆+67Xஹ?@AB&B1ஹandYᑣ[ᵨᩭ^ᑖ_ᑡBBabḄand,orc_ᑡd:⌕✌ᐜ^ᑖgTraditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.hiBaV᪀ᓝᑖkᨎh>imᓫBTraditionallyoAᵨᩭp⛲iABlegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyerssBtAratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.ᵨᩭ⊡ᐙxyzᦻAB'5){⁐+67}ஹᓫB5)~Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,h▾᪥>NIJKLLᨵḄᱯᩗ,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.,13>iᦟḄᜓḄSCTU'(ὃ)ᦻ+h▾᪥>NIJKLLᨵḄᱯᩗ13>iᦟḄᜓḄSCTU47 Ontheother,it1inkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltotheinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.5)67ᑖ᪆':;<+67>ஹ?@ABCDE:FG:H;links...to“N...ὶᩭ”isparallelto"F…>᪵”cover"⌚'ᵭ“⍝”commenton“”it⍳¢G:ḄᢣGYᑣitᢣG“KL”'V᪀ᑖ᪆+67Xஹ?@AB&B1ஹandYᑣ[ᵨᩭ^ᑖ_ᑡBBabḄand,orc_ᑡd:⌕✌ᐜ^ᑖgOntheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltotheinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.2ஹwhich/thatYᑣ[ᵨᩭ^ᑖsBF¤BBabḄwhich,that,because,while,whenc᪗¦:^ᑖsBF¤BgOntheother,it1inkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltotheinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.hiBaV᪀§¨©ᩖh>i©ᔠBOntheotheroA⊡ᐙxyiBaitlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannersB¬A¤Bwhichisparalleltotheinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.ᵨᩭp⛲:“manner"¤Bastheycoverandcommentonthenews®¯oA¤B'5){⁐+67}ஹᓫB5)~Ontheother°>±☢
6,it1inkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerKLNhᭆ´Fµ¶·¸ὶᙠ>whichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasis»¼½¾¿À ὶÁ᪵astheycoverandcommentonthenews.,ÃὅÅᜩᙠ⍝FÇÈ®'(ὃ)ᦻ+°>±☢»ÃὅÅᜩᙠ⍝FÇÈ®¼½¾¿À ὶÁ᪵KLNÉÊஹËsFÌᵫhᭆ´Fµ¶·¸ὶᙠ>48 Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonallunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.5)67ᑖ᪆':;<+67>ஹ?@ABCDE:FG:H;understand"ᳮÏ"restson“ÐÑ”theestablishedconventions“Ò¬ÓÔ”'V᪀ᑖ᪆+67Xஹ?@AB&B1ஹandYᑣ[ᵨᩭ^ᑖ_ᑡBBabḄand,orc_ᑡd:⌕✌ᐜ^ᑖgButtheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonallunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.2ஹwhich/thatYᑣ[ᵨᩭ^ᑖsBF¤BBabḄwhich,that,because,while,whenc᪗¦»^ᑖsBF¤BgButtheidearestsonallunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.thatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenhiBaV᪀§¨kᨎh>i©ᔠBButtheidearestsonallunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmediasB»ÕA¤Bthatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenᵨᩭ⊡ᐙxy“idea”Ḅᑁ×'5){⁐+67}ஹᓫB5)~Buttheidearestsonallunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.hØÙÚÐÑÇÈÛÜḄᓽ¬ÓÔFᱯÞßàḄᳮÏthatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenÇÈÃὅá§âãÉËäåæḄᳮÏKL'(ὃ)ᦻ+ÇÈÃὅá§âãÉËäåæḄᳮÏKLhØÙÚÐÑÇÈÛÜḄᓽ¬ÓÔFᱯÞßàḄᳮÏ49 Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.5)67ᑖ᪆':;<+67>ஹ?@ABCDE:FG:H;haveacleargraspof“kçNè”'V᪀ᑖ᪆+67Xஹ?@AB&B1ஹandYᑣ[ᵨᩭ^ᑖ_ᑡBBabḄand,orc_ᑡd:⌕✌ᐜ^ᑖgInfact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.2ஹwhich/thatYᑣ[ᵨᩭ^ᑖsBF¤BBabḄwhich,that,because,while,whenc᪗¦:^ᑖsBF¤Bg
7Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistscandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.whodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutionhiBaV᪀§¨kᨎh>iᱯÞBé,“Itisdifficultto…"BabInfactêoAsBitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.ᙠëBabhowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.i¤BE:“see”ḄìA»®whodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitution¬A¤Bᵨᩭp⛲“journalists”'5){⁐+67}ஹᓫB5)~Infactí·,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistscandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.ᡃïðñḄÃὅòUóôõö±☢Ḅ⍝whodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitution÷øᜧùKḄÐúᱯûüýkçNè'(ὃ)ᦻ+í·ᡃïðñ÷øᜧùKḄÐúᱯûüýkçNèḄÃὅòUóôõö±☢Ḅ⍝50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.5)67ᑖ᪆':;<+67>ஹ?@ABCDE:FG:H;enhance“þÿ”ᵭ“...Ḅ”relyon“☠”maketheirownjudgments"Ḅᑨ”᪀ᑖ᪆ ஹ !"!1ஹ"and#ᑣ(ᵨᩭ(ᑖ)ᑡ!"!+,Ḅand,or-)ᑡ./⌕✌ᐜ(ᑖ)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.45!+᪀678ᨎ"4:;5<ᔠ!Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories?itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.᪀ᡂBᐵDEFG⁐IJஹᓫ!EF"LMOWhilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesPQRSTUḄVWXY✄[\]^⍝Ḅ,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificance,`aὅᨬde:☠Ḅᳮg"andmaketheirownjudgments.)ḄᑨhὃFᦻPQRSTUḄVWXY✄[\]^⍝Ḅ"`aὅᨬde:☠Ḅᳮg")Ḅᑨ2008Inhisautobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.He
8disclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe“OriginofSpecies“isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat“Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree."(49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.^^Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:"NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.”(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.(46)Hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.EFIᑖ᪆/klI;ஹ !"nop/Xq/rkbelieve“st”forcinghimtothinklong“uvwὃ⇋”detect“yz”ᵭ“{|”᪀ᑖ᪆I ஹ !"!1ஹ"and#ᑣ(ᵨᩭ(ᑖ)ᑡ!"!+,Ḅand,or-)ᑡ./⌕✌ᐜ(ᑖ)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.2ஹwhich/that#ᑣ(ᵨᩭ(ᑖ}!X~!"!+,Ḅwhich,that,because,while,when-᪗/(ᑖ}!X~!)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.45!+᪀67<ᩖ"4:;5<ᔠ!Hebelieves:}!ᑖthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence?andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.:~!ᙠ)~!,and.5)ᑡᡂᑖEFG⁐IJஹᓫ!EF"LMO
9hebelieveswthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence:45⊡\Ḅᵨ"uvwḄὃ⇋;5!+,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.~ᙠlᳮXḄ,{|┯hὃFᦻw":45⊡\Ḅᵨ"uvwḄὃ⇋;5!+"~ᙠlᳮXḄ,{|┯(47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.EFIᑖ᪆/klI;ஹ !"nop/Xq/rkassert“”follow“¡”ᵭ“ᳮg”succeed"ᡂ¢”᪀ᑖ᪆I ஹ !"!1ஹwhich/that#ᑣ(ᵨᩭ(ᑖ)ᑡ!"!+,Ḅand,or-)ᑡ./⌕✌ᐜ(ᑖ)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.4:;5<ᔠ!Heasserted,also,thathispowerwasverylimited:}!£¤¥¦tofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthought§⛲©/"power”¤~!forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.ᵨᩭᑖ᪆ª☢!+Ḅ#¬EFG⁐IJஹᓫ!EF"LMOHeasserted,also,wethathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimitedᙠᳮgᑍ®¯ᐰ±²Ḅ³´"wḄ\ᨵ▲,forwhichreasonhefeltcertain:ᵫ45#¬wMtthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.wᙠᦪ¹º☢£]ᨵᡂ»hὃFᦻwe"ᙠᳮgᑍ®¯ᐰ±²Ḅ³´"wḄ\ᨵ▲:ᵫ45#¬"wMtᙠᦪ¹º☢£]ᨵᡂ»(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserverhehadnopowerofreasoning.EFIᑖ᪆/klI;ஹ !"nop/Xq/rkaccept“¼”charge“ᢣ¾”powerofreasoning“lᳮ\”᪀ᑖ᪆I ஹ !"!1ஹand#ᑣ(ᵨᩭ(ᑖ)ᑡ!"!+,Ḅand,or-)ᑡ./⌕✌ᐜ(ᑖ)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.
102ஹwhich/that#ᑣ(ᵨᩭ(ᑖ}!X~!"!+,Ḅwhich,that,because,while,when-᪗/(ᑖ}!X~!)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.45!+᪀678ᨎ"4:;5<ᔠ!Ontheotherhand:¿"⊡ᐙÁÂ5!+!+hedidnotaccept:}!ᑖ"ÄÅḄ~!:that,whilehewasagoodobserverhehadnopowerofreasoningaswellfoundedthecharge:º¥¿ÆÇᑖ/¦madebysomeofhiscritics¤0"ᵨᩭ§⛲©/chargeEFG⁐IJஹᓫ!EF"LMOOntheotherhandÈ;º☢,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechangemadebysomeofhiscriticsw)£¼;ÉᢇVËḄÌ᪷ÎḄᢣ¾that,whilehewasagoodobserverÏᯠwᗐ,hehadnopowerofreasoning.`:Òlᳮ\hὃFᦻÈ;º☢";ÉᢇVËᢣÓw⍝ÔÏᯠwᗐ"`:Òlᳮ\ÕÖᦻ)×ᨵ¼4Øᢣ¾"4Éᢣ¾Ì᪷Î(49)Headdshumblythatperhapsbewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.EFIᑖ᪆/klI;ஹ !"nop/Xq/rkadd“”ᵭ“⊡ᐙ”noticing“Ùᑮ”escapeattention“⌫Ü”ÝÞ“£Ù”observing“”᪀ᑖ᪆I ஹ !"!1ஹwhich/that#ᑣ(ᵨᩭ(ᑖ}!X~!"!+,Ḅwhich,that,because,while,when-᪗/(ᑖ}!X~!)Headdshumblythatperhapsbewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.4:;5<ᔠ!Headdshumbly:}!ᑖ"~!thatperhapsbewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.:~!ᙠ~!,whicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.:¤~!"ᵨᩭ§⛲thingsoEFG⁐IJஹᓫ!EF"LMOHeaddshumblywßᓧᙢ⊡ᐙ⍝thatperhapsbewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingsw?âãäs6"å\æÙᑮçèwhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.4Éçèoä£é᧕Ùᑮ")®ÄᐸìíîïᙢhὃFᦻwßᓧᙢ⊡ᐙᑮ"ðñ“Xâãä67ᩭ"6âãäḄòóº¥"ᙠÄçᱥḄº☢"Ḅîï;É”(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmight
11possiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.EFIᑖ᪆/klI;ஹ !"nop/Xq/rkwasconvinced“tõ”beinjuriousto“ö÷”᪀ᑖ᪆I ஹ !"!1ஹ"and#ᑣøᵨᩭ(ᑖ)ᑡ!"!+,Ḅand,or-)ᑡ./⌕✌ᐜ(ᑖùDarwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.2ஹwhich/that#ᑣøᵨᩭ(ᑖ}!X~!"!+,Ḅwhich,that,because,while,when-᪗/(ᑖ}!X~!ùDarwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.4:;5<ᔠ!Darwinwasconvincedthat:}!ᑖ"~!thatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.EFG⁐IJஹᓫ!EF,LMODarwinwasconvincedÕÖᦻstthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellectᜫÇ4Éüý£þÙᕡḼᜫ,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.ᨵ⍝ὃᦻ ᦻ ᜫ!"#$%&ᕡḼᜫ(ᨵ⍝ ᵫூ*O2009Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.46Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.47Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.49Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.If
12humanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.50Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation-thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.,ᫀ.᪆046.Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.12ὃ304562of75895:;ᢣ:but=>ᑡ2@᪀ᑖ᪆012ḄDEF0Itmaybesaidthat...,butthiseffect...;H;saidIJᨵKLᵫthat=>Ḅ45624562NḄD5Fthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitution,ᐸNḄof75895P⛲themeasure,& “STUVᑴXḄYZ[X”]ᙠ75itseffect_itsoriginalmotiveNitᙠ2Nᢣ:socialinstitution0ὃᦻ10`aSTUVᑴXḄYZᙠbcdᜧgᦋijkl☢ḄnopFqno$FcrᩭḄHtḄKuᑖὃᦻ2`aSTUVᑴXḄYZ[XvFcᙠᜧgᦋijkl☢Ḅnopqno$FcrwHtḄKuᑖ47.Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.12ὃ30xy2Ḅ᎔{@᪀@᪀ᑖ᪆0FKLᵫand|}ḄKLᑡ2ᐸN~KLᑖ2Fonly75852✌ᵨuᑖ᎔{Ḅ@᪀H;was5FTheby-productoftheinstitutionwasnotedonlygradually,andthiseffectwasonlystillmoregraduallyconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.ᐸNdirectivefactorᢣ>ឋ,intheconductoftheinstitutionF;755P⛲factor,& “qᑴXḄᢣ>ឋ”ὃᦻ10KqᑴXḄ"F⌲&ᑮḄqᦔ qᑴXḄKLᢣ>ឋ¡¢᠒ὃᦻ20LᑴXḄ"%%F ¤¥ᡠ⌲&ᑮᙠqᑴX qnoFKLᢣ>ᑣ¨ᯠ ¢᠒48.Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.12ὃ30ª«562H4ᑖ◞@᪀ᑖ᪆012DEFwhile=>ḄKL562ᐸNH;ignoreḄ45Ftheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,ᓽ“¯(ᡃ¥Ḅ± d²¥Ḅឋ³Ḅno”]inourcontactwith8 KL´ᐭᡂᑖᑖ◞(ignoregcḄ45theeffectof…ὃᦻ10ᙠg²¥}·Ḅ¹ᯠº᧕¯ᶍᡃ¥Ḅ±Hd²¥Ḅ½ᔣḄnopF¿$ÀÁᡂ¤ᡭÄ⍝ÅÆÇᓫὃᦻ20ÉÊᡃ¥ᙠÁÂˤÄÌͺ᧕¯ᡃ¥Ḅ± d²¥ឋ³ḄnopFÁᡂ¤}·ᡈÄÌᓾ$Åƺ᧕49.Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelp
13consideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.12ὃ30since=>Ḅr562:;ᢣ:45624562Ðᝅ9562@᪀ᑖ᪆012DEFSince...wecannothelpconsidering...,whetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisabilityÒᡃ¥FᔲᙠÔᡂÕÖqḄ×Ø8cannothelpconsideringÒ$ἭØḄ45,whichwillsecurethisability8 Ðᝅ9562P⛲thepowers ÚL:;themᢣ:ḄFÂˤὃᦻ10Ûᯠᡃ¥ḄD⌕SÝᙠbÞÂˤÁᐳàáâᡃ¥Ἥ$ãὃ⇋ᡃ¥FᔲᙠÔᡂÕÖqḄ×ὃᦻ20Ûᯠᡃ¥d²¥ḄD⌕åæÒSÝØvFÞÂˤçÁᑮKLᐳàḄáâNèᡃ¥$Ἥéὃᡃ¥Fᔲᐹᜓq×q×ìᨵbᡃ¥ÕÖq50.Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation-thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.12ὃ30´ᐭ59562à#5@᪀ᑖ᪆012DEF0Wearethusledtodistinguishamoreformalkindofeducation.èᡃ¥=>íᑖKL¡îḄᦟðØẚᢚóI☢ḄthatofdirecttuitionorschoolingÒô}Ḅᦟ>ᡈõ᪥ᦟðḄᦟðØamoreformalkindofeducationÒKq¡îḄᦟðØFà#5ᐵøFdamoreformalkindofeducationiK.ù2úNû´ᐭ(withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsideringÒᙠü ýKôᙠéὃḄþÿḄᦟḄᑁᐭᐸwhichwehavebeensofarconsidering⛲process0ὃᦻ1 ᡃ ᙠ"☢ᡠὃ⇋Ḅ&▎Ḅᦟ(ᑁ)*+,-./01Ḅᦟᓽ34Ḅᦟ5ᡈ7᪥ᦟὃᦻ2 ᡃ ᑮ;<=,3ᙠ>ὃ?-&@ḄᦟABCᡃ D)*,EF01ḄᦟGHIJK-34ᦟ5ᡈ7᪥ᦟ2010Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit.Weinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.46 Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,47 butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.48 Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthless”species.Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaletopayasimebercrops49 InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.50 Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Withoutthe
14uneconomicpats.46.Scinentistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.M᪆OḄPQI“scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidence15,R4thatS5ḄTUIfS5ḄᩩWX⛲thattotheeffectthatᜧZIZ>I;failto\];jumpto^ᓽ_`therescue⃩ᦗ,dᦗMᦗὃᦻe7f ^ᓽg+hijklmnoḄpq<ᩭᦗsᜧtJḄIvwxm]yᑴ{|Ḅ}{|H~ᡃ ᔛᣵ47.butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinuesurvivalasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.M᪆OPQwehavedrawnnearthepointoofadmittingthat⛲pointᐸᝅthatadmitḄregardlessof...Xamatterof..…Ḅ⚪ᜧ;drawnear4☠;intrinsicrightᜩḄᩗᑭᨵḄᩗᑭ;economicadvantageᑭὃᦻIᡃ ¡¢£?᪵,-¥¦m§w¨©ᡃ Iᔲᨵᑭ«¬I Ḅᨵᩗᑭ48.Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon"worthlessspecies.M᪆PQtimewaswhen...whenS5⊤Timewaswhen ¯“o<±”³Z´EµᑡTUḄ·ὃᦻ±¸¹ᱥ7f»I¼½¾Ḅ?ᩩpq?iᱥ¿ᣓÁÂÃḄÄᱥDÅᢝᱥÇḄ0ÈÉÊᡈ ËIDᣓÁ'ÍᨵÎÏḄᱥ-”49.InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.Ðᵨ᪆OḄPÒI“thenoncommercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofthenativeforestcommuny”ᒹÔÕÄO×ᜮI,EwhereS5ḄtobepreservedI⛲noncommercialtreespeciesḄᡂᑖWithinreasonᔠÜᔠᳮḄᳮÞḄ³ZÕÄḄᜐᳮὃᦻàáḄã"ä/ᐜæÍᨵᡂᖪãᓄ©éḄ-ëìíîïðḄᡂᕒA〉óᙢõö÷50.Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.M᪆OPQ“Ittendstoignoremanyelements”;´EthatZ>"øᢚú"µᑡḄ⛲thelandcommuûty³Zᐭஹýþᢣ Ḅᜐᳮὃᦻ᧕ᨬᖪ Ḅᱥ!ᯠ#$ᱥ%&()ᱥ*+ḄᏉ-./01ᐵ3⌕Ḅ2011Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,ncreatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen5scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:"WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”
15Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded:"Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare."Achievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdon't“gefsuccessbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.\PartofthefameofAllen'sbookisitscontentionthat"Circumstancesdonotmakeaperson,theyrevealhim."(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.This,however,wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infat,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen"wronged"thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,aperson'searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.ThesoberingaspectofAllen'sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.PartCTranslation46.Allen,scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare—thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts—andrevealitserroneousnatureoூὃ7ᑖ᪆;⚪ὃ=>?@AB!C@ABூDᫀF᪆;BḄG&0Allen'scontributionwastotakeanassumptionandrevealitserroneousnatureẚᢚJK☢ḄthatMN>?@AB!%O☢ḄassumptionFPQRWeallshare0C@AB!oS⛲assumption0ூὃᦻᡃVW(XYZ[\]^0_ᘤX!abcdeᑴ\]Ḅghi᰿kḄlmᙠopẆrsᎷQ!uvᐸ┯yḄ;z47.Whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:"WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?"ூὃ7ᑖ᪆;⚪ὃ={@ABூDᫀF᪆;B|᪀ᱯᨎ,G&0Whilewemaybeabletosustain....,wearefacedwithaquestion...owhileMN{@AB!K☢“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”0questionḄᐹᑁ;BᵨூὃᦻᡃVᡈcᢝeᑴḄ!!ᡃVᓾ0☢(⚪ᡃV[^c\]¡¢£¤!¥¦(§᪗ᕖª48.Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottomoூὃ7ᑖ᪆;⚪ὃ=ḕᶍஹ®¯°@ஹ±ᩖ⊤@ூDᫀF᪆;BḄG|᪀[Thisseemsajustificationandarationalization;BḄ´=ᙠo.Qᵨ®¯°@µK¶C@!®¯°@ᝅ®¯°@!¸¹º@»¼±ᩖ"forneglectofthoseinneed”S⛲“justification"ஹ“ofexploration"ஹ“ofthesuperioritym16ூὃ7ᑖ᪆;⚪ὃ=ᑡAB!C@ABூDᫀF᪆;BG|᪀0:circumstancesseemtobedesignedto....,andifwefeelthat...thenweareunlikelyto…"Õ×Ø0[…!#ÚÛ!ÝᡃVÞßᑮ…!ᡃV^àc…"i"bringout"0á)ஹ¸…âvãᩭ;"wronged"0"æç᪅!æéê”Ḅg!“be(un)likelytodo"(^)àc¢îiூὃᦻÕ¿ÀïᙠðñᡃVḄᨬᜧóc!ÝᡃVÞ“ᜩ^ö!¦^÷àcø\ᙢúûῃý¥{5O.Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.ூὃ7ᑖ᪆;⚪ὃ=G⊤|᪀ஹᑖ¯°@Ḅᵨஹþ¯whereMNḄ{@ABூDᫀF᪆;BG|᪀[Theupsideisthepossibilities,[“ÿ☢ᙠឋ"Containedinknowingthateverythingisuptous,ᑖ᪀ᑖ☢^ᨵwhere Ḅ Whereᙠ!"“ᙠ$%&'((inwhatsituation,towhatpoint)Ḅ)ூ+ὃ-ᦻ0Ḅ☢23ᯠ56789ᡃ;2<=>ᨵ?▲AB2ᡃ;CDEFG%%H▲IJᙠ2ᡃ;KLḼNᩭḄ
