英美概况课后习题答案

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1.WhatisthefullnameoftheU.K.?--
UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland2.WhydotouristsfromallovertheworldliketogotoScotland?--
TheyliketoenjoythebeautifulScottishscenery,todrinkScotchwhiskyandtoseeScotsmenwearingkiltsandplayingbagpipes.3.HowmanyperiodscanthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagebedividedintoandwhatarethey?--ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagecanbedividedintothreeperiods:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.4.WhydidEnglishbecomemoreimportantafterBlackDeath?-ThelaboringandmerchantclassesgrewineconomicandsocialimportanceaftertheBlackDeath,soEnglishalsogrewinimportancecomparedtoFrench.1.WhoaretheBritishPeople?----ThefirstknowninhabitantsinBritainwereCeltswhoaretheancestorsoftheWelsh,ScottishandIrishpeople.ThencametheAnglos,theSaxonsandtheJuteswhobroughtwiththemtheEnglishlanguage.ManypeoplefromotherEuropeancountriescamelater,andinmoderntimestherearealotofimmigrantsfrommanyformerCommonwealthcountriesfromeverypartoftheworld.Britainisacountryofmixedcultures,andtheBritainpeoplearealsocomposedofpeoplefromdifferentethicandculturebackgrounds.2.WhatisStandardEnglish?----StandardEnglishisbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheasternEngland.Itiswidelyusedinmediaandtaughtatschools.Itispreferredbytheeducated,middle-classpeople.IthasdevelopedandhasbeenpromotedasamodelforcorrectBritainEnglish.Itisalsothenormcarriedoverseas.Today,StandardEnglishiscodifiedtotheextentthatthegrammarandvocabularyaremuchthesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishistaughtandused.1.WhatarethetwocomponentsoftheBritishParliament?--
theHouseofCommonsandtheHouseofLords.2.WhatweresomeofQueenVictoria'smajorachievement?----QueenVictoriamadetremendousachievementsinalmosteveryaspect.Shepromotedfurtherindustrialrevolution,thebuildingofrailwaysandthegrowingoftradeandcommerce.Bytheendofherreign,Britainhaddevelopedtoanempireincludingaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandnearlyaquarteroftheworld'slandmass.3.WhatwerethetwocampsinEuropeinWorldWar1?

1--TheCentralPowerswhichincludedGermany,Austria-Hungary,theOttomanEmpireandBulgariaandtheAlliedPowerswhichweremainlycomprisedofFrance,theRussiaEmpire,theBritainEmpire,ItalyandtheUnitedStates.4.WhydidBritaincooperatecloselywiththeUnitedStatesafterWorldWar2?----BecausetheywerealliedduringthewarandsharedthesameworriesabouttheformerSovietUnion.1.WhatweretheresultsoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain?--
TheIndustrialRevolutionchangedBritaininmanyways.First,industrialcountryincreaseddramatically.Britainbecamethemostadvancedindustrialcountryandalsothefinancialcenterintheworld.Second,urbanizationtookplace.Manynewcitiessprangup.Third,itcausedgreatchangesintheclassstructure.Theoldsocialclassesdeclined,andnewonesemergedanddeveloped.2.TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire?--
ColonizationofNewfoundland,thefirstBritishcolonyoverseas,in1583markedthebeginningoftheBritishEmpire.By1837,BritishhadlongbeenanempirewhichincludedthecoloniesinCanada,Australia,NewZealand,IndiaandmanysmallstatesintheWestIndies.Bytheendof19thcentury,theBritishEmpireincludedaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandnearlyaquarteroftheworld'slandmass.Duringthemid-19thcentury,theBritishgovernmentconsolidatedtheexistingcoloniesbybringingthemunderthedirectcontrolofthegovernment.BeforeWorldWar1,Britainhadthelargestcolonialempireintheworld.However,BritainsufferedgreatlosstoitsmanpowerinthetwoWorldWarsandexhausteditsreservesofgold,dollarsandoverseasinvestment.MostofBritain'scoloniesgainedindependencesincethe1940s,whichinevitablyledtothefalltheEmpire.1.WhatarethethreefunctionsoftheHouseofCommons?----todraftlaws,toscrutinize,criticizeandrestraintheactivitiesofthegovernment,andtoinfluencefuturegovernmentpolicy.2.WhyistheConservativePartysometimescalledthe"Right"?--
BecausetheConservativePartyissupportedbylandownersandbusinessmen,whoareoftenfromthemiddleandupper-middleclass.3.WhatkindofpublicimagedoesLiberalDemocratshaveinBritain?----TheLiberalDemocratsisperceivedas"middle"betweentheConservativeandtheLaborParty.Itiscomparativelyflexibleandpragmaticinitsbalanceoftheindividualandthesocial.ItemphasizestheneedforachangeinBritain'sconstitutionalarrangementstomakethegovernmentmoredemocraticandaccountable.4.Whyareindependentcandidatesunlikelytowininthegeneralelection?

2--
Becauseeveniftheywereelected,theywouldbepowerlessinParliament.Therefore,itisnotpossibleformanypeopletovoteforindependentcandidates.1.WhatdoBritishelectoralcampaignsusuallyinvolveduringtheprocessofageneralelection?---Theelectoralcampaignsusuallyinvolveadvertisinginnewspapers,door-to-doorcampaigningandleaflets.Themainpartiesaregivenshortperiodsoftimeonnationaltelevisiontopresenttheirpoliciestothepublic.Apartfromtheparties'ownpublicity,newspapersandTVprogramsspendalotoftimediscussingthecampaign,interviewingpoliticians,andpredictingtheresults.2.WhatistheCommonwealthofNations?--
TheCommonwealthofNationsisavoluntaryassociationofindependentsovereignstates,allofwhichacknowledgetheBritishmonarchasthehead.TheCommonwealthisnotapoliticalunionofanysort,anditsmemberstateshavefullautonomytomanagetheirinternalandexternalaffairs.Itisprimarilyanorganizationinwhichcountrieswithdiverseeconomicbackgroundshaveanopportunityforcloseandequalinteractionaftergainingindependence.ThemajoractivitiesoftheCommonwealtharedesignedtoadvocatedemocracy,humanrights,andtopromoteeconomiccooperationandgrowthwithinitsmembers.1.WhatwasthenegativeaspectofThatcher'sreformintheearly1980s?----Itsnegativeaspectwasarapidincreaseinunemployment.In1982,theunemploymentratereachedtheleveloftheGreatDepressionyears,withthreemillionpeopleoutofwork.2.WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritain'sagriculture?--
British'sagricultureischaracterizedbyasmallportionofthepopulationengagedinagriculturalactivitieswithahighdegreeofmechanization.Althoughitemploysamere1%ofthecountry'slaborforce,itmeetsaround60%ofthenationaldemands.3.WhathappenedtoBritain'sbeefindustryinthemid-1990s?--
British'sbeefindustrywashitbadlybyBSE,resultinginabanonbeefexportsin1996.4.WhataresomeofthepopulartouristattractioninBritain?----ThepopulartouristattractionsinEnglishinclude:theDorsetandtheEastDevonCoast,theLakeDistrict,Stonehenge,WindsorCastle,universitytownsofOxfordandCambridge,TowerofLondon,St.Paul'sCathedralandsoon.1.WhatwerethemajorcausesofBritain'srelativeeconomicdeclineinthepostwarperiod?----British'seconomyexperiencedarelativedeclineinthepostwarperiodforseveral

3reasons.First,BritishsufferedagreatlossesinthetwoWorldWarsandhadgoneheavilyintodebttofinancethewar.Second,theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover.IndiaandotherBritishcolonies,whichprovidedrawmaterialandlargemarketforBritishgoods,gainedtheirindependence.Third,Britishwasforcedtomaintainanexpensivemilitarypresenceinmanyoverseaslocationsuntiltheendof1960s.Fourth,BritishhadtomakesubstantialfinancialcontributionstoNATOandUNSecurityCouncil.Finally,BritishfailedtoinvestinindustryafterWorldWar2whereasitscompetitorslikeGermanyandJapancaughtupwithBritishbuyinvestinginthemostmodernequipmentandmeansofproduction.2.WhydodevelopednationslikeBritainencouragethedevelopmentoftheserviceindustry?----Theserviceindustryhasplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleineconomyinthedevelopmentcountries.Ontheotherhand,itrequiresalargegroupofpeopleworkinginitsothatabundantemploymentopportunitiesareprovided.Ontheotherhand,theserviceindustrycauseslittlepollution.1.WhatusedtobethemajorfunctionsofgrammarschoolsandvocationalschoolsinBritain?----Themajorfunctionsofgrammarschoolsweretotrainthemostacademicallycapablestudentsandpreparethemforuniversity,whereasthemajorfunctionsofvocationalschoolsweretohelplesssuccessfulstudentstolearnatrade.2.WhatkindofsubjectsdoBritaincomprehensiveschoolsprovide?--
Britishcomprehensiveschoolsprovideageneraleducation,offeringbothacademicsubjectslikeliteratureandscience,andpracticalsubjectslikecookingandcarpentry.3.InwhatwaysdoBritainuniversitiesenjoycompleteacademicfreedom?----Britishuniversitiesenjoycompleteacademicfreedombecausetheycanappointtheirownstaff,decidewhichstudentstoadmit,providetheirowncoursesandawardtheirowndegrees.4.HowdostudentsintheOpenUniversityreceivetheireducation?--
Thestudentsfollowuniversitycoursesthroughtextbooks,TVandradiobroadcasts,correspondence,video,andanetworkofstudycenters.5.WhatroledoesthemediaplayinBritainleisureculture?---ThemediaplaysanessentialroleinBritishleisureculturesinceithelpstoshapethepublic'sopinion,determinepeople'smoralandpoliticalorientationandconsolidateorunderminetheruleofagovernment.1.WhatarethegeneralfeatureofBritain'sindependentschools?

4----British'sindependentschoolsrequirefeesfromstudents.AlthoughtheNationalCurriculumisoptionalintheindependentsystem,mostindependentschoolsteachwhatthecurriculumdemands.Independentschoolsgettheirfundingthroughtuitionfeesaswellasgovernmentassistance.Sincetheyaregenerallybetter-fundedthanmoststateschools,theycanrecruitthebestteachersandprovidesuperiorfacilities.However,hightuitionfeeshavebecomeanobstacleformanystudentstoenroll.2.The"qualitypress"andthe"tabloids1'inBritain?----Amongthe10dailypublishednationalnewspapersinBritish,abouthalfofthemareregardedasthe"qualitypress"sincetheycarryin-deptharticlesofparticularpoliticalandsocialimportance,andreviewsandfeaturearticlesabout"highculture",andtheyaregenerallyreadbywell-educatedpeople.TheTimes,TheGuardianandTheDailyTelegrapharegoodcasesinpointofthequalitypress.The"tabloids",withcolorphotosandstrikingheadlines,usuallycoverscandalsandgossipaboutcelebritiesinpolitics,sportsandentertainment.AtypicalexampleisTheNewsoftheWorld.Chapter81.HowistheAmericanpopulationdistributed?ThedistributionoftheAmericanpopulationisratheruneventhemostdenselypopulatedregionisthenortheasternpartofthecountry.Thegreatplainshaveacomparativelysmallpopulation.thesouthalsohasapopulationofalmost57.5million.thewestisnotdenselypopulated,exceptforsomemetropolitancenterslikelosAngelesandsanFrancisco.ithasabout20%ofthenation'spopulation.2.Whywastheimmigrationactof1942instituted?Thenewimmigrantsintheunitedstates,beingpoorandaccustomedtopoverty,werewillingtoworkforverylowwages.thismadeotherworkersafraidthattheimmigrantswouldIsandtakejobsawayfromthem.thisoppositionledtotheimmigrationactof1942.1.WhyistheUnitedStatesregardedasa^meltingpot஻anda"saladbowl”?TheUnitedStatesisnotmerelyanation,butanationofnations.Theimmigrantscameinwaves,includingtheEuropeans,theAfricansandtheAsians.Therefore,Americaisdescribedasa"meltingpot"wherevariousracialandethnicgroupsareassimilateintoAmericanculture.Recently,Americahasbeencalleda"saladbowl"inthatpeopleofdifferenceracesandethnicgroupsmixharmoniously,butatthesametimekeeptheirdistinctcultureandcustoms.2.Whatdoyouthinkisthebestwaytohelpassimilationinamulticulturalsociety?

5Thebestpossiblewaytohelpassimilationinamulticulturalsocietyistobeopenandtoleranttowarddifferentcultures.Peoplefromdifferentracialandethnicbackgroundsshouldrespecteachother.Societyshouldcreateopportunitiestohelpimmigrantsbecomeassimilated.Atthesametimetheimmigrantsshouldkeeptheirownlanguage,customsandreligion,contributingtothediversityofamulticulturalsociety.Chapter91.WhydidAmericanchangeitspolicyandenterworldwarII?Becauseoftheformationoftheaxis,theAmericangovernmentfearedthattheaxiscountrieswerewiningthewaranditmightthreatenAmerica'ssecurityandinterests.itbegantoprovidewarequipmenttotheforeignnationsresistingtheaggressionoftheaxispower.theJapaneseairraidonpearlharborbecamethedirectcauseforAmerica'sentranceintothewar.2.WhatwereNixon'swell-knowncontributionsduringhispresidency?a)broughttheVietnamwartoacloseb)reestablishingU.S.relationswithchinac)negotiatingthefirststrategicarmslimitationtreatywiththeformersovietunion.3.WhatwerethecontentsofReagan'seconomicprogram?Reagan'seconomicprogramcalledforreductionsinincometaxesandbusinesstaxesinordertoencourageinvestment,anditalsorequestedthatmanygovernmentregulationsbeeliminatedsoastoreducethefederalgovernmentsroleintheday-to-dayoperationofbusiness.1.WhatwasthecauseoftheAmericanCivilWar?TheSouthernplantersofAmericaneededalargenumberofblackAfricanslavestomanagetheirplantationsandtheyregardedtheslavesastheirproperty.IntheNorth,withthedevelopmentofindustry,therewasagrowingdemandforfreelabor.What'smore,theNorthernersdemandedalawtoprotecttariffsandaskedthegovernmenttofinancethebuildingofrailwaysandroads.ButtheSouthernerswereagainstitandadvocatedfreetradesoastopurchasecheapergoodsfromforeigncountries.TheaccumulatingconflictsledtothedivisionoftheNorthandtheSouthandfinallytheAmericanCivilWar.2.WhatmadetheUnitedStatesapowerfulcountrybytheendofWorldWarII?

6DuringthetwoWorldWars,Americaremainedneutralintheearlystage.However,Americanscontinuedtheirprofitabletradewiththewarringcountries.Therefore,theynotonlyretainedtheirmilitaryforces,butalsoaccumulatedgreatwealth.WhenAmericaenteredthewars,itwasalmostattheendofthewars.Bysharingthefruitofvictorywithotherallies,AmericagreatlystrengtheneditspowerandbecameapowerfulcountrybytheendofWorldWarII.Chapter101.WhatarethetwocharacteristicsoftheU.S.constitution?Oneis"checksandbalances",theotheristhatthepowerofthecentralgovernmentandthepowersofstategovernmentsarespecified.2.Whatarethequalificationsforasenatorandarepresentativerespectively?Asenatormustbeover30yearsold,aU.S.citizenforatleastnineyears,andaresidentinthestatewhichtheyrepresent.arepresentativeshouldbeatleast25yearsoldandaU.S.citizenfornolessthansevenyears.3.Whatarethemajorpowersofthesupremecourt?a)tointerpretlawsb)tohearappealsfromanyfederalcourtcases;c)tohearappealsfromstatecourtcasesthatinvolvetheconstitutionornationallawsd)maydeclarealawunconstitutionale)maydeclareapresidentialactunconstitutional4.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthedemocratsandtherepublicansintermsofpoliticalopinions?Thedemocratswantthegovernmenttoplayanimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizefullemploymentasamatterofnationalconcerntheyfavorcivilrightslawsastrongsocialsecuritysystemwhichgivesenterprisesagreaterfreedomandzdemandthatthegovernmentcontrolinflation.Theystresstheneedforlawandorder,andopposecompletegovernmentsocialprogramsandfreechoiceofabortiontheyalsofavorastrongmilitarypostureandassertivestandininternationalrelations.1.HowistheAmericanPresidentvotedintooffice?WhatareyourideasabouttheAmericanelection?

7Eachpartyholdsitsnationalconventioneveryfouryearstochooseacandidateforpresidency.Towinapresidentialelection,acandidatehastospendmillionsofdollars,travelalloverthecountrytomakespeechesanddebateontelevisionwiththerival.Thegeneralelectionistechnicallydividedintotwostages.Duringthefirststage,presidentialelectorsforeachstatewillbechosen.InthesecondstagetheelectorsmeetandvoteaPresident.Sincethesecondstageisonlyakindofformality,everyoneknowswhowillbethenextPresidentansoonasthefirststageisover.Ithinkthecandidatesspendtoomuchmoneyontheelectoralcampaigns.And,theelectioncannotsolvethesocialandeconomicproblemsoftheU.S.assomecandidatesdonotkeeptheirwordaftertheybecomePresident.2.WhatwasPresidentEisenhowersforeignpolicyandwhatweretheconsequences?PresidentEisenhowermadevigorouseffortstowagetheColdWar.Heplacednewemphasisondevelopingnuclearstrengthtopreventtheoutbreakofwar.HealsofrequentlyauthorizedtheCIAtoundertakesecretinterventionstooverthrowunfriendlygovernmentsorprotectreliableanti-communistleaderswhosepowerwasthreatened.TheCIAhelpedtopplethegovernmentsofIranandGuatemala,butitsufferedanembarrassingfailureinIndonesia.Inaddition,EisenhowerusedU.S.powerandprestigetohelpcreateanon-communistgovernmentinSouthVietnam,whichbroughtdisastrouslong-termconsequencestotheUnitedStates.Chapter111.WhatindustrydevelopmentstookplaceduringthecolonialperiodofAmerica?Duringthecolonialperiod,thesecondaryindustriesdevelopedasthecoloniesgrew.avarietyofspecializedsawmillsandgristmillsappeared.Colonistsestablishedshipyardstobuildfishingfleetsandtradingvessels.theyalsobuiltsmallironforges.bythe18thcentury,regionalpatternsofdevelopmentinAmericahadbecomeclear.2.HowdidthecivilwaraffecttheAmericaneconomy?Afterthecivilwar,thelargesoutherncottonplantationsbecamemuchlessprofitable.northernindustries,whichhadexpandedrapidlybecauseofthedemandsofthewar.surgedahead.3.WhydoesAmericatrytoreducetradebarriers?

8Becausetheunitedstateshasincreasinglyrealizedthatopenbilateraltradewillnotonlyadvanceitsowneconomicinterests,butalsoenhancedomesticstabilityanditspeacefulrelationshipwithothernations.1.HowdidtheU.SconstitutionlaythegroundworkforAmerican'seconomicdevelopment?TheU.S.Constitution,asaneconomiccharter,establishedthattheentirenationwasaunifiedor"common"market.Therewerenotariffsortaxesoninterstatecommerce.Itprovidedthatthefederalgovernmentcouldregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongthestates,establishuniformbankruptcylaws,createmoneyandregulateitsvalue,fixstandardsofweightsandmeasures,establishpostofficeandroads,andfixrulesgoverningpatentsandcopyrights.Thelast-mentionedclausewasanearlyrecognitionoftheimportanceof"intellectualproperty",amatterthatbeganassuminggreatimportanceintradenegotiationssincethelate20thcentury.2.CiteexamplestoillustratetheroleofgovernmentinterventioninAmerica'seconomicdevelopment.ThegovernmenthasalwaysplayedanactiveandimportantroleinAmerica'seconomicdevelopment.Intheearly1930s,thrUnitedStatessufferedtheworsteconomicdepressioninAmericanhistory.PresidentRooseveltintroducedtheNewDealtotacklethefinancialcrisis.Besides,hesetuptheNewYorkStateEmergencyReliefCommissiontohelpthoseindesperateneedandtriedtorelievetheseriousproblemsofthejobless.Attheendof1970s,theAmericaneconomyagainsufferedarecession.TheReaganadministrationcombatedinflationbycontrollinggovernmentspendingdeficit,cuttingtaxesandraisinginterestrates.Bothpoliciesmentionedabovehelpedtosetthecountry'seconomicdevelopmentonitsrightcourse,Inall,theinterventionofthegovernmenthasensuredthateconomicopportunitiesarefairandaccessibletothepeople.Ithaspreventedflagrantabusesofthesystem,dampenedtheeffectsofinflationandstimulatedeconomicgrowth.Chapter121.HowdoesanAmericanuniversitychooseitsapplicants?a)theirhighschoolrecords;b)recommendationsfromtheirhighschoolteachers;c)theimpressiontheymakeduringinterviewsattheuniversity;d)theirscoresontheSAT.

92.WhatfunctionsdoAmericanhighereducationinstitutionsperform?Highereducationinstitutionsintheunitedstateshavethreefunctions:teaching,researchandpublicservice,andeachhasitsownemphasiswithregardtoitsfunction.3.Whatsimilaritiesdofourfamousuniversityshare?Theyallhavealonghistory,theyallhaveanexcellentfaculty,alargenumberofstudentsandhavemadeextensiveacademicachievements.Someoftheirgraduatesareverysuccessfulorinfluentialinsomeareassuchaspolitics,artsandbusiness.4.Whataretheoriginsofthanksgivingday?ThanksgivingisassociatedwiththetimewhenEuropeansfirstcametothenewworld,in1620,themayflowerarrivedandbroughtabout150pilgrims.Lifeatthebeginningwasveryhardandtherewasnotenoughfood,somanyofthemdied.DuringthefollowingsummerthenativeAmericahelpedthemandthentheyhadabountifulharvest.SotheyheldabigcelebrationtothankgodandthenativeAmericans.1.WhataretheidealsthatguidetheAmericaneducationalsystem?Thefirstidealisthatasmanypeopleaspossibleshouldreceiveasmucheducationaspossible.Thesecondidealisthatofptoducingasocietythatistotallyliterateandoflocalcontrol.Thethirdidealisthatscholarsandstudentsshouldworktodiscovernewinformationorconceivenewwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown.2.HowdoesAmericacarryoutmulticulturaleducation?Americanschoolsroutinelyteachtheexperiencesandvaluesofmanyethniccultures.Currenttextbooksincorporateavarietyofethnicindividualswhohaveachievedsuccess.Struggleforequalityarevividlydepicted,andpastracismisbluntlyacknowledged.Culturalpluralismisnowgenerallyrecognizedastheorganizingprincipleofeducation.Schoolsatalllevelsofferstudentsopportunitiestolearnaboutdifferentcultures.