林锐文章-高质量C编程

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152.2îṹ•ூ»ᑣ2-2-11îṹðñòó᝞ð%&ôõᡈðᑏᩩÎÏ஺V᪵Ḅîṹú᧕▅cýþÒ0+ᑏÿ஺•ூᑣ2-2-2௃ifஹforஹwhile,doᓰ᡻ᐸ஺᡻ᨵ⌕஺!᪵#$■&'ᑏᜫ*஺+,2-2(a)-./01Ḅ3ṹ+,2-2(b)-./0Ḅ3ṹ஺intwidth;//CDintwidth,height,depth;//CDGDIDintheight;//GDintdepth;//IDx=a+b;X=a+b;y=c+d;z=e+f;y=c+d;z=e+f;if(width

162.33ṹᑁḄ[/•ூᑣ2-3-1௃ᐵ⌕ᶇ[/஺constஹvirtualஹinlineஹcaseᐵ⌕ᶇ[/ᔲᑣ᪆ᐵ஺ifஹforஹwhileᐵᶇ-•[/'('$¢£ᐵ஺•ூᑣ2-3-2௃¤ᦪ¦⌕ᶇ[/'('$§ᐵ¨©஺•ூᑣ2-3-31'('ᔣᔣ«ᜐᶇ[/஺•ூᑣ2-3-41‘’⌕ᶇ[/᝞Function^,y,z)஺᝞p'®’¯Ḅ°±²ᐸ⌕ᶇ[/᝞for(initialization;condition;update)»•ூᑣ2-3-51³´µ¶²ஹwxµ¶²ஹ·¸µ¶²ஹ¹ºµ¶²ஹ»¼µ¶²᝞“="ஹ“+=”“II"ஹÀᐗµ¶²Ḅ«Â[/஺•ூÃIÄ2-3-61ᐗµ¶²᝞“”ஹ(ᙢᙬÇ·²)«[/஺•ூᑣ2-3-71!ȵ¶²«[/஺\ூ]^2-3-1௃ÉÊ⊤ÌÍwxÎḄfortif-ÏÐÑ#$〉ÂᙢÓᣵÕ[/᝞for(i=0;i<10;i++)tif((av=b)&&(cv=d))voidFund(intx,inty,intz);//01Ḅ./voidFund(intx,inty,intz);//0Ḅ./if(year>=2000)//01Ḅ./if(year>=2000)//0Ḅ./if((a>=b)&&(c<=d))//01Ḅ./if(a>=b&&c<=d)//0Ḅ./for(i=0;i<10;i++)//01Ḅ./for(i=0;i<10;i++)//0Ḅ./for(i=0;I<10;i++)//ÖḄ[/x=aFunction();//⌕ᑏᡂb->Function();+,2-33ṹᑁḄ[/

172.4ÉØ•ூᑣ2-4-1௃ḄᑖÚ²'{'t'}'ÝᓰÞ»Êf,ᑡfg§qᵨàáḄÉØ஺•ூᑣ2-4-2]{}ᑁḄ3ṹᙽᙠ'{'ãäᦪ/ᜐÉØ஺+,2-4(a)-./01ḄÉØ+,2-4(b)-./0ḄÉØ஺voidFunction(intx)voidFunction(intx){(…//programcode…//programcode)}if(condition)if(condition){(…//programcode…//programcode}}else{else…//programcode()…//programcode}for(initialization;condition;update)for(initialization;condition;update){r…//programcode…//programcode))While(condition)while(condition){(…//programcode…//programcode)}᝞p£åæᝅḄ{},ᑣèᵨéêÉØ᝞ë|()}+,2-4(a)!"#$ḄÉØ+,2-4(b)!"%#ḄÉØ

182.5Îíᑖ•ூᑣ2-5-1௃3ṹᨬᜧÎDðñᑴᙠ7080²$ᑁ஺3ṹ⌕ÖÎᔲᑣóôõÖᩭ÷øÊᡭᓺ஺•ூᑣ2-5-21Î⊤ÌÍ⌕ᙠûüᐜþµ¶²ᜐíᑖᡂÿ
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59ᨵ;<Ḅ=⚪஺?@%⛲*☠/ᦪ123
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202.8&Ḅ᱐(2@ᦪ1*ᦪìíᙠW
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21q3¡¢£¤ᑣ¦§℉£Ḅ¢£¤ᑣ'¨Microsoft©Ḅ“ᒼᱛᑭ”_¢£¤ᑣḄ5⌕®]“ᙠ¯°±Cᦪ£R²ᐭA´µ¶·JKḄᳮ¸”஺G᝞ᡠᨵḄº»¯°ᙳchQA´½]ᢣ┐¯°ᑣÀ²A´P஺᝞Á¯°ᵫppchᜮᑣ⊤Æ]ᢣᔣº»ᢣ┐Ḅᢣ┐஺“ᒼᱛᑭ”ᨬᜧḄÉV]ÊᳲG᝞inti,j,k;floatx,y,z;᎚½Hᵨ“ᒼᱛᑭ”¢£¤ᑣᑣ^'ᑏᡂintil,ij,ik;//A´i⊤FintὃÓÔᨵ8¢£¤ᑣᡠᨵḄJKᕒÕÖJKNOᦟ×nØ/ᢣÙ¢£¤ᑣ஺¢£¤ᑣ·ÚÛÜÝÞ{]“ᡂßàᐵ”Ḅáᡃ⌕ᓄãkäåæçèÆéêᨬëḄ¢£¤ᑣ^'ᑴÙ8íᜧkᦪ⚗ᡂᕒïḄ¢£¤ᑣ{ᙠ⚗Rðñòó஺3.1ᐳឋ¤ᑣr⁚÷øḄᐳឋ¤ᑣ]ùᜧkᦪJKᕒHúḄᡃ^'ᙠ⍳üIýᐳឋ¤ᑣḄA`þÿ᡽ᐙᱯḄᑣ᝞3.2⁚஺•ூᑣ3-1-1௃᪗ᦻ!"“$ṹ”஺᪗ᨬ()ᵨ+ᦻᓫ-ᡈᐸ0ᔠ23456▅஺ᑗ9:ᵨ;<=ᩭ?@஺ABCḄ+ᦻᓫ-DEFGHᩖᵨ-JK஺L᝞⌕NCurrentvalueᑏᡂNowValue஺•ூᑣ3-1-2௃᪗ḄQRᔠ^min-length&&max-information”Sᑣ஺TᓝVWὁANSIC@YJZ[6\Y]^ḄC++/C_ᨵa▲ᑴ஺DEᩭdQ@Yef(ᙢ⊤ijkᡠmᦪ@ஹpq@ஹr@QiᓝT\Ystu஺vw@YxᔲzQ{(|}~L᝞pq@maxvalmaxValueUntilOverflow(ᵨ஺ᓫYḄ@YxᨵᵨḄ}Ḅ᝞,11,3*,2ᵨmᦪᑁḄpq஺•ூᑣ3-1-3?@ᑣqᡠ)ᵨḄᡈᐹḄᢝD஺L᝞WindowsᵨABḄ᪗)ᵨ“ᜧᑏ”¡᣸Ḅ£¤᝞AddChild஺¥UnixᵨABḄ᪗)ᵨ“ᑏ¦§ᑜ©”Ḅ£¤᝞add_child஺ªN«¬r

22¡ᙠD®ᵨ஺•ூᑣ3-1-4௃ABC⌕¯]°☠ᜧᑏ²ᑖḄ´µḄ᪗஺L᝞¶intx,X;஻pqxX¸᧕¡ºvoidf00(intx);//mᦪfooFOO¸᧕¡ºvoidFOO(floatx);•ூᑣ3-1-5௃ABC⌕¯]᪗¼ᐰ´¾Ḅpq6ᐰpq¿¬ὅḄᵨÁ¾¥FÂ<Ã┯ÅÆF:ÇÅ$஺•ூᑣ3-1-61pqḄ@Y:ᵨ“@-”ᡈὅ“ȸ-+@-:L᝞¶floatvalue;floatoldValue;floatnewValue;•ூᑣ3-1-71ᐰmᦪḄ@Y:ᵨ“Ë-”ᡈὅ“Ë-+@-”(ËÍ-0)஺rḄᡂᕒmᦪÐ:ᵨ“Ë-”ÑḕᶍᣵḄ@-xÕÖ×Ø஺L᝞¶DrawBox();//ᐰmᦪbox->Draw();//rḄᡂᕒmᦪ•ூᑣ3-1-81ᵨÙKḄÚk-0?@ᐹᨵÛÜkḄpqᡈ´ÚËḄmᦪ஺L᝞¶intminValue;intmaxValue;intSetValue(...);intGetValue(...);ÝூÞß3-1-1௃qàá@YC¯]ᦪYâã᝞Valuel,Value2◀åæçèḄK◤⌕âã஺«xtê■ìABᕒᏕîït?@Ëᾯñ¥òóÂôkḄ@Y(õtᵨᦪYâãᨬḕö)஺3.2÷ᓫḄWindowsᵨAB?@ᑣὅÕ“ᒼᱛᑭ”?@ᑣûêᔠᳮḄ÷ᓄ§þḄ?@ᑣ÷ᓫ᧕ᵨÿ〉ᔠWindowsᵨḄ஺

23•ூᑣ3-2-1௃ᦪᵨᜧᑏᜮḄᓫᔠᡂ஺᝞"classNode;//classLeafNode;//voidDraw(void);//ᦪvoidSetValue(intvalue);//ᦪ•ூᑣ3-2-21;<=ᦪᵨ>ᑏᜮḄᓫᔠᡂ஺᝞"BOOLflag;intdrawMode;•ூᑣ3-2-3௃C<ᐰᵨᜧᑏḄEᵨFᑜHᑖᒘᓫ஺᝞"constintMAX=100;constintMAX_LENGTH=100;•ூᑣI3-2-41☟᝱;

24•ூᑣ3-2-7tu■wxyz{Ḅy|᪗~ᐸz{ḄEhitᔜ᪗~W᧜ឋḄXY஺᝞᪗OpenGLḄᡠᨵzᦪᙳiglᜮEᡠᨵC<ᡈᙳiGLᜮ஺3.3ᓫḄUnixᵨᑣ

254⊤¡¢£¤¥¦ὅhᝰᶧ"ªifஹforஹwhileஹgoto,switchf᪵ᓫḄ¬®⌕¯°±²³E´]´>⚪ᜧ¶·ᡃ¹Ḅº»¼ᕒᵨ◚¾┯ÀḄÁ¡ᑏ⊤¡¢£¤¥EᡃÂîÄÅÆḄ┯À஺⊤¡¤¥ÇÈC++/CḄɤÊ᪀¤Ì஺ÍÎÆᓫ.EÐcᵨÑ◚ÒÓÔ¼஺£ÕÖu×Øcᵨ⊤¡¤¥Ḅy|ᑣlÙÚ஺4.1ÛÜḄÝᐜßC++/C¤àḄÛÜᨵᦪᓝâEÛÜḄÝᐜßlÊᔠã᝞⊤4-1ᡠ[஺äåyᐗÛÜ+-*ḄÝᐜßêëḄìᐗÛÜ஺ÝᐜßÛÜÊᔠã()[]>.íîïð!~++--(ñ)sizeofCDEFí+-*&//%íîïðê+-íîïð«»íîïðᑮ<<=>>=íîïð|===íîïðó&íîïðAíîïð᣸1íîïð&&íîïðᑡIICDEF?"CDEF=+="=*=/=%=&=A=íîïð1=«=»=⊤4-1ÛÜḄÝᐜßlÊᔠã•ூᑣ4-1-1௃᝞LMṹOPḄQRSTUVWᵨ÷øØ⊤¡ḄùúûEjkcᵨüýḄÝᐜß஺ᵫÿ⊤4-1
Ḅ■ឋᵨ⊤Ḅ!"#$஺&᝞(word=(high«8)Ilow

26if((aIb)&&(a&c))4.2*ᔠ⊤᝞a=b=c=O,᪵Ḅ⊤.*ᔠ⊤஺ᐕ0*ᔠ⊤1ᙠḄᳮᵫ((1)6ᑏ89:(2);<=ᦔ᳛஺@⌕■Bᵨ*ᔠ⊤஺•ூEᑣ4-2-1௃H⌕<ᑏI*ᩖḄ*ᔠ⊤஺&᝞(i=a>=b&&c

27if(!flag)//⊤kflagᎷᐸ¥Ḅᵨ¯°MH±²³&᝞(if(flag==TRUE)if(flag==1)if(flag==FALSE)if(flag==0)4.3.2᦮aT•ூEÀIÁ4-3-21᦮ᵨ“=="ᡈ“Ã=”a0஺Ꮇ¢᦮Ḅ£¤value,¥aTḄ᪗¡if\]᝞¦(if(value==0)if(value!=0)HÈÉḄ²³jᑏᡂif(value)//ÊËn|pvalueif(!value)4.3.3ÌÍaT•ூEÀII4-3-31HÌÍᵨ“=="ᡈ"Ã=”aᦪ¤஺ᓟÏ⌕ᶇÑÒfloatÓdoubleḄᨵÔÕ▲ᑴ஺ᡠ;⌕ÙÚÌÍᵨ“=="ᡈ“Ã=”aᦪ¤Q¢¯Ûᓄᡂ“>="ᡈ"<="ß஺Ꮇ¢ÌÍḄ£¤x,if(x==0.0)஻◚z┯|ḄÛᓄif((x>=-EPSIN0N)&&(x<=EPSIN0N))ᐸ`EPSIN0Nᐕ0Ḅ|è(ᓽÔÕ)஺4.3.4ᢣ┐aT•ூEÀIJ4-3-41ᢣ┐ᵨ“=="ᡈ"Ã=”aNULL஺ᢣ┐ḄT“í”(NULL),îïNULLḄTa0ðñ@XὅÑHñ஺Ꮇ¢ᢣ┐Ḅ£¤P¥aTḄ᪗¡if\]᝞¦(if(p==NULL)//paNULLóôõpᢣ┐if(p!=NULL)H⌕ᑏᡂif(P==0)//ö᧕Ën|pp᦮if(p!=0)ᡈὅif(P)//ö᧕Ën|pPif(!p)4.3.5øif\]Ḅ⊡ᐙûü

28ᨵý᎛ᡃ
ᑮif(NULL==p)᪵Ḅ஺ᑏ┯ᕒ!■#$if(p==NULL)%ᑏᡂif(p=NULL),(ᨵ*+p,NULL-᎔஺/0ᘤ2!if(p=NULL)ᔠ4Ḅ5ᢣ7if(NULL=p)┯%Ḅ8!NULL9:;஺<ᨵ=⍗ᑮif/else/returnḄGᔠHI$᝞KLMḄif(condition)returnx;returny;ᦋᑏ!if(condition)(returnx;}else(returny;)ᡈὅᦋᑏᡂXYZ[Ḅreturn(condition?x:y);4.4^_`aḄᦔ᳛C++/C^_`a<for`afᵨ⚣᳛ᨬjwhile`aᐸndo`aopᵨ஺q⁚stuv^_wḄᦔ᳛஺xj^_wᦔ᳛Ḅyqz4{|^_wḄ}ᩖឋ஺•ூ4-4-1௃ᙠs^_<᝞ᨵ
H$ᨬḄ^_ᙠᨬᑁᨬḄ^_ᙠᨬ᜜pCPUᑗ^_Ḅnᦪ஺᝞4-4(b)Ḅᦔ᳛4-4(a)Ḅj஺for(row=0;row<100;row++)for(col=0;col<5;col++)({for(col=0;col<5;col++)for(row=0;row<100;row++){(sum=sum+a[row][col];sum=sum+a[row][col];})))4-4(a)|ᦔ᳛^_ᙠᨬ᜜4-4(b)jᦔ᳛^_ᙠᨬᑁூ4-4-2௃᝞^_wᑁᙠᑨ¡¢£^_nᦪoᜧ¥$ᑨ¡¦ᑮ

29^_wḄ᜜☢஺4-4(c)Ḅ4-4(d)᡻©N-1nᑨ¡஺¢£ᵫ¬ὅὁ⌕°©ᑨ¡ᡭ¡^_“³´µ”·¸f¹/0ᘤº^_°©»ᓄᜐᳮ{|ᦔ᳛஺᝞N¿ÀᜧᨬÁÂᵨ4-4(d)Ḅᑏ4
xjᦔ᳛஺᝞N¿ÀÃÄὅᦔ᳛ÅÆ¢ÇÈÂᵨ4-4(c)Ḅᑏ4ÉÁ8!XYZÊ஺for(i=0;i

30switchᑖ÷⌱ù`a(if`aúᨵÄûᑖ÷
ü⌱ù஺ýᯠ
ᵨÿᝅḄifᩭᑖ⌱᪵Ḅᑍ஺switchᙠḄᳮᵫ஺switchḄ$%&'(switch(variable)(casevaluel:break;casevalue2:…break;default:break;)•ூ;ᑣ4-6-11=>caseḄ?@A⌕CDEbreak,ᔲᑣHIJ>ᑖKL(◀NᨵPQ>ᑖKL)஺•ூ;ᑣ46-2௃A⌕CSᨬU>defaultᑖ஺ᓽQWḄA◤⌕defaultᜐᳮZ[\]ᶇdefault:break;᪵_`NabcdeD■ghijkelCDdefaultᜐᳮ஺4.7gotomno᎝?᪀ᓄstkᩭgot஺wᡂDᨵyzḄ஺✌ᐜᵫ}goto~kᮣ᝞AE▲ᑴḄẚ?᪀ᓄst&஺ᐸgot஺ᩭ┯jᡈ◚஺~DḄ᪀⌼ஹḄ¡ᓄஹK⌕Ḅt¢£¤᝞(gotostate;Stringsi,s2;//¨gotointsum=0;//¨gotostate:᝞¬ᘤA¯°a±┯j=ᵨbgoto³~ᶇ´◚஺µi¶z·◀C++/CḄgotokºU஺»¼ᙢ¾┯jᕒmÀ⌼ᡂḄAgot஺Ḅ┯஺gotoÁÂᨵbᜐ~ÃÄÅnKÆÇÈÉÊᙢb´Ëᑮ᜜☢ᵨAḼᑏµḄbreakѤ᝞gotoerror;

31error:wÒÓḼÔDᩭAÕnÒÖb×b×Ø´Ù~nÚÛÜÔᙷ஺ᡠkᡃàáâÂᵨஹãᵨgotodAἭᵨ஺

32å5æbç᪗éêḄëᙠìíîïឤñA஺Còᵨ#defineᩭñôõöe÷ø஺C++ò◀D#define᜜ù~kᵨconstᩭñôõöeconstø஺5.1eúû◤⌕᝞AQᵨüýᙠÉþᑏᦪᡈᨵ1Ḅឋᳮឋ஺ᕒ!ᦪᡈ#$%ᵨᡝᑣ)*+,-./0ᜐᩭஹ⊤5஺2ᙠḄ89ᙢ;<ᐭ>᪵Ḅᦪᡈ@A+BCDᑏ┯G஺3᝞J⌕Lᦋᦪᡈᑣᙠ89ᙢ;ᦋNOPQ᧕S┯஺•ூWᑣ5-1-11XYZᵨ[\]^Ḅ_Yᩭ⊤5!ᙠ`9aSbḄᦪᡈ஺c᝞dtfdefineMAX100/*CrsḄt_Y*/constintMAX=100;//C++rsḄconst_YconstfloatPI=3.14159;//C++rsḄconst_Y5.2const#defineḄC++rsᵨconstᩭ\_Yᵨ#defineᩭ\_Y஺#ὅὅᨵ)9Ḅd1const_Yᨵᦪt_Yᨵᦪ஺ᘤὅᐰ஺ὅᣚᨵᐰ¢£ᙠᣚ¤¥C$ᧇ+ᑮḄ┯G¨▭ᦔ«஺2ᨵ!¬ᡂᓄḄ¯°±ᐹconst_Y¯°#+¤t_Y¯°஺•ூWᑣ5-2-11ᙠC++`Zᵨconst_Y+Zᵨt_Yᓽconst_Y´ᐰµ¶t_Y஺5.3_Y\WᑣூWᑣ5-3-1௃◤⌕᜜º»Ḅ_Y¼ᙠᜮᦻ¿`+◤⌕᜜º»Ḅ_Y¼ᙠ\ᦻ¿ḄᜮÀ஺ÁÂÃÄᳮÅ+>ÆᙽḄ_Y¬`ȼᙠÉʺᐳḄᜮᦻ¿`஺ூWᑣ5-3-21᝞JÌÉ_Yᐸ-_YÎᑗÐᐵ«ᙠ\`ᒹ[ÓÔᐵÕ+

33«ÖSÉ!×ØḄÙ஺c᝞dconstfloatRADIUS=100;constfloatDIAMETER=RADIUS*2;5.4`Ḅ_Yᨵàᡃ.âãÌ!_Yᙠ`ᨵᦔ஺äÃ#define\Ḅt_Y#ᐰåḄ+¤æᑮçḄÃ#èéᯠᙢëì«íᵨconstL⛲ᦪᡂᕒᩭïb஺constᦪᡂᕒḄð#ÈᙠḄᐸ[\ᓾ+#ᡃ.ᡠóãḄ஺constᦪᡂᕒᙠÌÊôCÈóᑁ#_YÃ᦮Êsᓾ#Ḅ÷Áøù9Êô+>ḄôᐸconstᦪᡂᕒḄÙ+>஺+¤ᙠúû`üýᓄconstᦪᡂᕒ஺þᵨÿ┯ḄḄᘤ⍝SIZEḄ஺classA(•••constintSIZE=100;//┯./ᙠ12345ᓄconstᦪ8ᡂᕒintarray[SIZE];//┯ḄSIZE)@constᦪ8ᡂᕒḄ45ᓄABᙠ᪀⌼EᦪḄ45ᓄ⊤3GHI᝞classA{…A(intsize);//᪀⌼EᦪconstintSIZE;);A::A(intsize):SIZE(size)//᪀⌼EᦪḄ45ᓄ⊤)Aa(100);஻aḄSIZE100Ab(200);//bḄSIZE200S᪵UBVᙠ᦮X3Yឤ[Ḅ\]ᕖ_`ᢣbconstᦪ8ᡂᕒcdeᵨ3Ḅgh\]ᩭjk஺I᝞classAenum{SIZE1=100,SIZE2=200);//gh\]intarray1[SIZE1];

34intarray2[SIZE2];o@gh\]pᓰᵨḄrstuvwᙠᐰyz஺gh\]Ḅ{|:vḄ◚~ᦪ8᦮ᦪᐸᨬᜧᨵ▲B⊤|ᦪ᝞PI=3.14159o஺

356EᦪEᦪC++/CḄBᓫᐗᐸ⌕ឋ஺EᦪḄ¡{|¢£᧕¥¦eEᦪ┯ᵨᡠ¨ᐝªEᦪḄB«¬Ḅ஺|®¯EᦪḄ°±²ᑁyjkḄ´µ¶ᑣ஺Eᦪ°±Ḅ¸X⌕¹ºᦪ²»¼஺C½3EᦪḄºᦪ²»¼Ḅ¾⌴ÀÁᨵ¸Âþ⌴(passbyvalue)²ᢣ┐¾⌴(passbypointer)C++½3ÅcÆᵨ¾o⌴(passbyreference)ᵫÈÆᵨ¾⌴ḄឋÉᢣ┐¾⌴ªᵨÀÁᓾ¾⌴4oËὅ\\ÍÎÏ£᧕ÆÐÑÒÓᐜ▅Ö6.6⁚“ÆᵨÙᢣ┐ḄÚÛ”஺6.1ºᦪḄ¶ᑣ•ூ¶ᑣ6-1-11ºᦪḄÞᑏ⌕à᦮⌕á/ḕãAᑏºᦪḄḕᶍºᦪåæ஺᝞çEᦪèᨵºᦪᑣᵨvoidéᐙ஺I᝞ÃvoidSetValue(intwidth,intheight);//ëìḄíîvoidSetValue(int,int);//ëḄíîfloatGetValue(void);//ëìḄíîfloatGetValueO;//ëḄíî•ூ¶ᑣ6-1-21ºᦪïå⌕ាñò⌕ᔠᳮ஺I᝞ᑏæõö÷øEᦪStringCopy,vᨵ¸Xºᦪ஺᝞çùºᦪåæÐstrl²str2,I᝞voidStringCopy(char*strl,char*str2);úᡃw¢üýþÿ
strlᑮstr2,᎔ᩭ஺ᦪᨵ᝞strSourcestrDestination஺᪵"#$%&'(strSourceᑮstrDestination«ᨵ)*+⚪-*ᦪ.)*(ᙠ0.)*(ᙠ12ᦪḄ45⌕⍳895ᕒḄ;<஺)=ᙢ'?@ḄᦪAᙠ0☢CᦪAᙠ1☢஺᝞D?EᦪFGHIvoidStringCopy(char*strSource,char*strDestination);JKᙠLᵨNOPQᎷSTᙢᑏᡂ᝞WXYIcharstr20;StringCopy(str,"HelloWorldw);//ᦪ45Z᎔•ூ^ᑣ6-1-31᝞Dᦪᢣ┐bcdeᐭᵨᑣ'ᙠgh0iconst,■k(ᢣ┐ᙠEᦪlᑁn᜜pᦋ஺r᝞I

36voidStringCopy(char*strDestination,constchar*strSource);•ூ^II6-1-41᝞Deᐭᦪst⌴ḄvYt⌴wxᑣyᦋᵨ“const&”vYᩭt⌴᪵ḕ{|NwxḄ᪀⌼᪆᪀9"ᦔ᳛஺ூ6-1-11EᦪᨵḄᦪᦪ*ᦪᑴᙠ5*ᑁ஺᝞DᦪᙠLᵨN᧕?ᦪghᡈ45┯஺ூ6-1-21Q⌕Lᵨghᦪ@QḄᦪ஺C᪗EᦪprintfᵨQᦪḄᐺh⊤ᐸhHIintprintf(constchat"format,argument1•,•);¡¢ḄEᦪᙠ£¤N¥ᜫ§¨¢Ḅgh©ᐰ«¬஺6.2®sḄ^ᑣ•ூ^ᑣ6-2-11Q⌕ḕᶍ®sḄgh஺C°±²Qigh³GḄEᦪ)´µ¶ᢥ᦮hᜐᳮ஺᪵»QPᨵ¼½ᜐᓾ᧕n¿ÀHvoidgh஺C++°±ᨵÁ¨¢Ḅgh©ᐰ«¬QᐕÃ#ÄÅÆÇÈ஺ᵫÊC++95ËᵨCEᦪH§ÌÍ^ÎÏC++/CEᦪÐÑÒᨵgh஺᝞DEᦪÓᨵ®s.½'FGHvoidgh஺•ூ^ᑣ6-2-21EᦪÔ®sghᙠ°#QÕÖ஺×Øᩩ^ᑣḄᐺh⊤C᪗Eᦪgetcharor᝞Icharc;c=getchar();if(c==EOF)ᢥ᯿getcharḄS?ÛcFGHcharghÁµᯠḄÝÅ஺ÞQßḄgetcharḄQcharghintghᐸh᝞WIintgetchar(void);ᵫÊccharghàsâ-128,127,᝞DãEOFḄsᙠcharḄàsâä᜜.½if°å?æᜫç“ᓻ◅”Kì)=íîᧇᑮðñòór┯¿ḄôÎõQᙠᵨᡝEᦪgetchar¿ñ§Lᵨὅ஺•ூ^ᑣ6-2-31Q⌕?øùs┯¿᪗úÌᙠ)®஺øùsᵨe&ᦪû┯¿᪗úᵨreturn°å®஺®ü#rC᪗EᦪḄýþὅH¼½⌕?getcharFGHKÿḄintᕖ

37ᔩᙠgetcharḄᓫ!஺#᝞%getchar&ᑮᦻ)*+᪗-ᡈ/01┯34567᪗-EOF஺;<=>?Ḅ!@ABEOFCD;Eᦪ(H;E1)஺KLMᦪgetcharNᡂ

38m_data=newchar[strlen(other.data)+l];strcpy(m_data,other,data);return*this;//Ḅ*thisḄÄᵨä◤£¤åæ)¾?ÓhMᦪfçᵨ“ÄᵨÅ⌴”ḄèString¾¿஺᝞%ᵨ“hÅ⌴”ḄèᯠéÎêᯠ#ᵫ?returnuv⌕ì*this£¤ᑮíîhḄ᜜ðîñᓫᐗóX<5⌕Ḅk├õö<ÓhMᦪḄᦔ᳛஺᝞mStringa,b,c;a=b;//᝞%ᵨ“hÅ⌴”Bø07ù*this£¤a=b=c;//᝞%ᵨ“hÅ⌴”Bø0úù*this£¤StringḄÕMᦪoperate+ḄTd᝞mStringoperate+(constString&sl,constString&s2)(Stringtemp;deletetemp,data;//temp,dataûü'\0'Ḅ!¢temp.data=newchar[strlen(sl.data)+strlen(s2.data)+1];strcpy(temp,data,si.data);strcat(temp,data,s2.data);returntemp;}
ᦪᵨ“⌴”ḄString஺᝞ᦋᵨ“ᵨ⌴”!ᦪ"#$ᢣᔣ'(tempḄ“ᵨᵫ
tempᙠᦪ./0123├5678Ḅ“ᵨ”9ᦔ஺;᝞

39ூUᑣ6-3-2௃ᙠᦪpḄ“urᜐ”return§¨Ḅឋtᦔ᳛஺᝞ᦪᨵ!ᦪḄ“urᜐ”"return§¨஺ᡃmF⌕«¬return§¨஺᝞return§¨ᑏKF®ᦪ⌕!u┯⌕!ᦔ᳛¯N஺°±²⚗᝞N<(1)return§¨Fnᢣᔣ“᪘ᑁ¶”Ḅ“ᢣ┐”ᡈὅ“ᵨ”º»ᑁ¶ᙠᦪp./0123├5஺;᝞char*Func(void)(charstr[]="helloworld";//strḄᑁ¶È
᪘Éreturnstr;//678┯}(2)⌕ÌÍÎḄÏÐ"“”ஹ“ᢣ┐”Ò"“ᵨ”஺(3)᝞ᦪ"#$⌕ὃ⇋return§¨Ḅᦔ᳛஺;᝞returnString(sl+s2);Ö"×0Ḅ§a⊤Ù''ÛÜ#$×0EÝ”஺F⌕o»ÝÞ“ᐜÛÜ#$'(tempEÝḄ.”"àáḄ᝞Stringtemp(si+s2);returntemp;S}FᯠÉãäṹ6æçèé²஺✌ᐜtemp1ÛÜW0ëᡂìíᓄ<ᯠïðñ᪀⌼ᦪxtempðñᑮô¶Ḅ᜜(¶öᓫᐗùúᨬïtempᙠᦪ./01├5(üᵨ᪆᪀ᦪ)஺ᯠz“ÛÜ#$×0EÝ”Ḅþ"FWḄÿᘤᓄᙠ᜜ᓫᐗḕ᪆᪀Ḅᓄ!"#ᦔ᳛஺'(ᙢᡃ+,⌕.returnint(x+y);//=>?@ABCᑏᡂinttemp-x+y;returntemp;ᵫJᑁᦪM'N᝞int,float,doubleḄ?@,ᙠ᪀⌼XᦪY᪆᪀XᦪZᯠ\“?@Ḅ^_”,a"#bcᦔ᳛defghijk᧕m஺6.4ᐸCopூo6-4-1௃XᦪḄst⌕ᓫ=,⌕uvbᵨ⌶ḄXᦪ஺pூo6-4-2௃XᦪyḄz{⌕|}@~ᑴᙠ50ṹᑁ஺pூo6-4-3]}@Xᦪᨵ“”st஺ḄᐭḄ஺ᨵ“”stḄXᦪᐸte,⚜ḄCḄtJ

40“᝱”஺᪵ḄXᦪ¢,᧕ᳮ¤¥,ᑭJ§¨©஺ᙠC/C++^ªXᦪḄstatic«?@eXᦪḄ“”ᘤ஺o}@cᵨstatic«?@◀®◤஺pூo6-4-4௃,°⌕±²ᐭ³ᦪḄᨵᦔឋµ⌕±²¶·ᐸC⌶¸¹ᐭXᦪyᑁḄ?@Ḅᨵᦔឋº᝞ᐰ«?@ஹᦻ¾¿ÀÁ஺pூo6-4-5ᵨJ┯ᜐᳮḄABÄ=Å⌕ÆÇÈÉᵨὅ,Ë᧕ÌÍᡈϤ┯ÏÐÑ஺6.5ÉᵨÒªfg=ÓᑖDebug᱐ÖRelease᱐ÖDebug᱐ÖᵨJᑁקRelease᱐ÖØÙᵨᡝÉᵨ஺Òªasserte°ᙠDebug᱐ÖÛÜᵨḄÝCᵨJ±²“,\”ØḄÐÑ஺Þº6-5e=>ᑁßᑴXᦪ஺ᙠà·f᝞áassertḄ³ᦪᎷãäfgåaæç=Óᙢµaè"ÞéêëᙠìäᙢíîØassert
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41•ூ²ᑣ6-5-11ᵨFGᣓᣍ
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42intn=0;Fund(n);cout<<"n="<

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57᝞AC>ᦪ··T®¯°opAᨵ¸4sᑖᨵ¸ᓾ9஺[᝞voidFunction(void);intFunction(void);º»¬=>ᦪB=ᨵ®¯°¼=Ḅ®¯°Tintop஺᝞I᪵½ᵨ>ᦪintx=Function();ᑣ4ᑨÀ¶FunctionT¼=>ᦪ஺Á⚪TᙠC++/C123ᡃ4Ãᶍ>ᦪḄ®¯°஺ᙠI+ÅÆÇÈÉᘤË12ᕒÍÎ⍝Ð=Function>ᦪѽᵨ஺ᡠ49☠qᦪÓ9☠®¯°opḄAᩭsᑖGH>ᦪ஺ÈÉᘤ᪷Õqᦪ|=GH>ᦪÖ×AḄᑁÙ᪗ÛÜ஺[᝞ÈÉᘤ|E[8773ḄÞ=Eat>ᦪÖ×"eatbeefஹeatfishஹeatchickenßoḄᑁÙ᪗ÛÜ(AḄÈÉᘤ9Ö×AàáḄᑁÙ᪗ÛÜ)஺᝞C++12⌕½ᵨ$âÑÈÉãḄC>ᦪᎷåæ=C>ᦪḄçè᝞Çvoidfoo(intx,inty);>ᦪÑCÈÉᘤÈÉãᙠé3ḄC)|Bf஺஺ÓC++ÈÉᘤᑣêÖ×ë.foo_int_intßoḄC)ᵨᩭíᢝ>ᦪGHËopïᐰñª஺òLÈÉãḄC)AC++129óª½ᵨC>ᦪ஺C++OôQB=CñªõᣚᢣÜøextern“C”ᩭùúI=Á⚪஺[᝞extern"C"(voidfoo(intx,inty);…//ᐸ¥>ᦪ)ᡈὅᑏᡂextern"C"(ttinclude"myheader.h"…//ᐸCᜮᦻ)C++ᘤᦪfooCᑮfoo!_foo_int_int஺C++ᘤ#$ᖪ&'(C᪗*Ḅᜮᦻ,-extern“C”ᜐᳮᡠ2ᡃ452ᵨ#include89ᵨ:ᜮᦻ஺;<=!>ᦪḄ?@A᪀ᡂDE஺ᐰGᦪHIḄᡂᕒᦪ@!KDELMᦪḄ,ᵨN!@஺O᝞QvoidPrint(•,•);//ᐰGᦪclassAvoidPrint(-);//ᡂᕒᦪ

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60pb->f(3.14f);//Base::f(float)3.14pb->g();//Derived::g(void)}jO8-2-1ᡂᕒᦪḄDEH⌚Ã8.2.2ïðñòḄ◚Äóᑣᩭõõ`aDE_⌚Ã=!Kö÷¦C++Ḅ◚Äóᑣøù⚪ûᩖឋ▽ᯠÿ஺“◚”ᢣḄᦪᐸḄᦪᑣ᝞(1)᝞!ḄᦪḄᦪ"#ᦪ$஺%&$'ᨵ)virtualᐵ23Ḅᦪ45◚(6789:;<)஺(2)᝞!ḄᦪḄᦪ>?#ᦪ@A"ᦪBᨵvirtualᐵ23஺%&Ḅᦪ5◚(678⌚D;<)஺EFGH8-2-2(a)L(1)ᦪDerived::f(float)⌚DBase::f(float)o(2)ᦪDerived::g(int)◚Base::g(float),X$9:஺(3)ᦪDerived::h(float)◚Base::h(float)8X$⌚D஺#includeclassBasepublic:virtualvoidf(floatx){cout<<"Base::f(float)஻«x«endl;}voidg(floatx){cout<<"Base::g(float)"<᪵஺

61voidmain(void)(Derivedd;Base*pb=&d;Derived*pd=&d;//Good:behaviordependssolelyontypeoftheobjectpb->f(3.14f);//Derived::f(float)3.14pd->f(3.14f);//Derived::f(float)3.14//Bad:behaviordependsontypeofthepointerpb->g(3.14f);//Base::g(float)3.14pd->g(3.14f);//Derived::g(int)3(surprise!)//Bad:behaviordependsontypeofthepointerpb->h(3.14f);//Base::h(float)3.14(surprise!)pd->h(3.14f);//Derived::h(float)3.14)EF8-2-2(b)9:ஹ⌚Do◚Ḅ¨©8.2.3᤮ῃ◚◚ᑣ¬$®¯°஺EF8-2-3GHL±²pd->f(10)Ḅ´7µ¶ᵨᦪBase::f(int),"Base::f(int)$¸5Derived::f(char*)◚஺ᵫᦪ310$¹5◚ºᙢ»ᓄ½3¾¿ᡠÁᙠÃÄ&┯஺classBase(public:voidf(intx);ÆjclassDerived:publicBase(public:voidf(char*str);ÆjvoidTest(void)(Derived*pd=newDerived;pd->f(10);//error)EF8-2-3ᵫ◚XÉÊ┯Ë

62ÌEF8-2-3Íᩭ◚{ᑣÏÐuÑ≶஺"◚ᑣÓ®ᨵÔÕÖᙠḄᳮᵫ♦ᑏ±²pd->f(10)Ḅ¹ØḄµ¶ᵨDerived::f(char*)ᦪÙÚË4#ᦪᑏ┯஺ᨵ◚ᑣÃÄᘤÜÁÝÞᢣ┯Ëßà$á}஺ᔲᑣÃÄᘤã☟ោោᙢ4┯Ü┯GHᕒ4uæçÕ┯ËèἪ᪷஺♦Ꮇ᝞DerivedᨵvÕ(v9ìí)ᨵ&î$ïðñòóôᦪõ᝞!Bᨵ◚ᑣö÷pd->f(10)¹ã¶ᵨÕÐ7ᧇḄᦪf஺ùú◚ᑣÍᩭ$û÷ᨵ⍝ᳮ"ýḄÞ¹þÿ
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64Complexoperator+(constComplex&a,constComplex&b);ÐÑÒßàᦪᙠᵨLḄtOáᜐjãäßàᦪCᦪopᙠᙊæçᑁBsãäÐÑÒCᦪopᙠᐸêஹìí஺᝞Complexa,b,c;c=Add(a,b);//ᵨßàᦪc=a+b;//ᵨÐÑÒ+᝞ÐÑÒîÅÆ3ᐰðᦪ*+mᨵCᦪḄÐÑÒÚÛᐗÐÑÒᨵCᦪḄÐÑÒÚÛᐗÐÑÒ஺᝞ÐÑÒîÅÆ3-Ḅᡂᕒᦪ*+ᐗÐÑÒᨵCᦪᐗÐÑÒmᨵìíCᦪ3ãôdõᡂöêíCᦪ஺÷ØøÐÑÒù6u3ᐰðᦪ´6u3ᡂᕒᦪ஺ᦻûüMurray,p44-p47
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65C++=>?ᢝ&ᦪᑁὶᐸ¯Ḅ`#ÉÊ&ᦪḄ᡻Hᦔ᳛(ÎÏ).ᙠCab~LᵨÈkṹÉÊ᡻Hᦔ᳛஺Èkṹ\ÑG`&ᦪÒhᵨÅᩭÓ&ᦪ஺⚜ᜐᳮᘤᵨ×ᑴÈkṹḄØkÙ&ᦪÚᵨḕÜÝᦪÞ᪘ஹàᡂáâ=>ḄCALLÚᵨஹãäÝᦪஹ᡻Hreturn¢VaåæÉÊÎÏ஺hᵨÈkṹᨬᜧḄé¸`ê᧕┯⚜ᜐᳮᘤᙠ×ᑴÈkṹÃNNëà§ìGᑮḄî▭ᦔð஺ñ᝞tfdefineMAX(a,b)(a)>(b)?(a):(b)=òresult=MAX(i,j)+2;Bz⚜ᜐᳮᘤ»ó#result=(i)>(j)?(i):(j)+2;ᵫ;'+'õ'R'Ḅ¾ᐜÀÊᡠLö=òG¢÷;øùḄresult=((i)>(j)?(i):(j))+2;᝞júÈkṹᦋᑏ#^defineMAX(a,b)((a)>(b)?(a):(b))ᑣL»ûᵫ¾ᐜÀÄÅḄ┯஺Ò`ᓽhhᵨýᦋþḄÈkṹÿ
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67᡻Zᦔ᳛஺᝞d᡻Zᦪ,ᑁqṹḄᦪ|ᵨḄ}├ᜧ^ᦔ᳛Ḅᦈ஺@;☢@ᜐᑁὶᦪḄ|ᵨb⌕uᑴqṹEḄqṹᜧ,ὑḄᑁ஺p¡>¢ᵨᑁὶK(1)᝞dᦪ,ᑁḄqṹ£ᵨᑁὶ¤¥ᑁὑqwX஺(2)᝞dᦪ,ᑁ¦§¨©^᡻Zᦪ,ᑁqṹḄ⌕ᦪ|ᵨḄ}├ᜧ஺/Ḅ᪀⌼ᦪ¬᪆᪀ᦪ®᧕°±²³ᡂᵨᑁὶᨵᦔ஺⌕´µ᪀⌼ᦪ¬᪆᪀ᦪ¶5◚¸@¹Z᝞“ᏕᏕᙢ”᡻Z{»/ᡈᡂᕒ½¾Ḅ᪀⌼ᦪ¬᪆᪀ᦪ஺ᡠp>⌕¿<ᙢ᪀⌼ᦪ¬᪆᪀ᦪḄ*+,-ᙠ/01஺@kCḄDÀᘤ᪷ÃᦪḄ*+,ᙢÄ>ÅfḄᑁὶ(jÆ@ÇÈ1Tinline>HI¦§ᙠᦪḄ01)஺8.6@¹µf,C++ÉÊḄËÌஹᑁὶஹÎḕÏᦪஹ◚ÐÑᣚÓÔᑴÕ§{Ö×=?j¹Ö×ḄØÙb◚¸Ḽ@¹◚Ú஺Û᝞±ÜḄÝÞÞ¬ßÞb>¶ÄH´ាᑮCᜐ஺ᡃÜ⌕ãäᙢåæC++ḄçÔᑴHIា᝞ᐸᑖᙢᵨêÜ஺3ᯠjᡃÜDEë@¹µì{@¹íî=jï?DEḄðñ஺

68ò9ó/Ḅ᪀⌼ᦪஹ᪆᪀ᦪôõÅᦪ᪀⌼ᦪஹ᪆᪀ᦪôõÅᦪ?k/ᨬ»ᩈḄᦪ஺êÜøùúp¥°±®᧕ûüᜧýᐸþj¹ÿ
ᓫḄᦪᨵ⚔Ḅ⍝᪵ᓻ◅஺ᨵ᪆᪀ᦪᦪ!ᨵ"᪀⌼ᦪ(ᒹ&'(᪀⌼ᦪᐸ*Ḅ+,-.᪀⌼ᦪ)஺0123A,᝞89:;ᑏ=>ᦪC++;AᘤCDE,AFGHIḕḄᦪ᝞A(void);஻IḕḄQRᦪ᪀⌼ᦪA(constA&a);//IḕḄ'(᪀⌼ᦪ~A(void);஻IḕḄ᪆᪀ᦪA&operate=(constA&a);//IḕḄᦪ_9ἭabᶧdeᯠgDEGᡂᦪ,ijk⌕mnᕒ;ᑏpqr᝞s(1)᝞8uᵨ“IḕḄQRᦪ᪀⌼ᦪ”“IḕḄ᪆᪀ᦪ”y1z{|D}“~ᓄ”“◀”ḄC++bStroustrupḄ3|஺(2)“IḕḄ'(᪀⌼ᦪ”“IḕḄᦪ”ᙳᵨ“'(”“'(”Ḅᩭ᎚&ᨵᢣ┐_ᦪ¡C¢┯஺01¤ᨵᔛ¦§ᜮḄC++mnᕒ᝞8©ª;ᑏ᪀⌼ᦪஹ᪆᪀ᦪ¬ᦪ®᧕!9ᵨEᾯ±⊤©Ḅ³´kµ¶·¸¹ᨵº1»¼஺½¾!StringḄÀÁ¬,ÂÃᐭ▊>Æ"ᦟÈÉÊË|Ḅ⍝ᳮ஺StringḄÍ᪀᝞sclassString(public:String(constchar*str=NULL);//-.᪀⌼ᦪString(constStringfeother);//'(᪀⌼ᦪ~String(void);//᪆᪀ᦪString&operate=(constStringftother);//ᦪprivate:char*mdata;//ᵨ1ØÙÚÛÜ)Ý9.1᪀⌼ᦪ¬᪆᪀ᦪḄÞßà,µCáᐜãḄäåC++»æ|áḄᑴᩭèémnḄêᐰឋ஺C++;AᘤᐹᨵîïḄðêᐰñòóg*ôõgö¢mnᡠᨵḄäøù⚪_Ḅûürmn

69ᕒḄᜧþ஺ÿ
⊤┯ᙠᙠ“┯”Ḅᜧ“┯”Ḅᙢ!"#$$஺&'(Ḅ┯)◚+,-./012Ḅ3456789:᧕஺᪷=>?@ABCḄ
┯"ᵫEFGHᨵJKLMNᓄᡈQ◀⌼ᡂḄUMNᓄVQ◀WX-:᧕JY⍡[஺Stroustrupᙠ\]C++^_ᐙᑖὃ⇋def⚪-hᙢiAjklmn0ḄMNᓄWXoᙠ᪀⌼qᦪsmQ◀WXoᙠ᪆᪀qᦪs஺un0Jvw_᪀⌼qᦪJxy᡻{.un0}~_᪆᪀qᦪJxy᡻{஺d/ᵨ[n0ḄMNᓄVQ◀WX஺᪀⌼qᦪ᪆᪀qᦪḄᘤ,9AJxy᡻{஺StroustrupḄᓫᔠᳮl᪀⌼qᦪஹ᪆᪀qᦪᵫE᪆᪀qᦪḄḄ᪀⌼qᦪḄ/A¡'஺◀᜜᪀⌼qᦪ᪆᪀qᦪḄ£¤eᱯ'¦ᜐ"Hᨵ¨©ª«d¨©ª«¬voidḄqᦪ஺᪀⌼qᦪ᪆᪀qᦪḄ®)¯L/0°±~ᐝ³³ᙢᩭᐝ³³ᙢµ஺᝞·¸¹ᨵ¨©ª«º»ᘤ¼½ᡠ¿஺¬■Á⁚᜜°ÃÄᾪÆÇHᨵ¨©ª«஺(AÉᐺᦑÌὃᦻÎlEekel,p55-p56J)9.2᪀⌼qᦪḄMNᓄ⊤᪀⌼qᦪᨵeᱯÏḄMNᓄÐÑ“MNᓄ⊤ÒÐ⊤”(ÓMNᓄ⊤)஺MNᓄ⊤EqᦪÌᦪ⊤¦Õᓾᙠqᦪ×(}¦஺dÙ¯Ú⊤ḄMNᓄWXÛ°ᙠqᦪ×ᑁḄÝÞßṹJ᡻{¦஺᪀⌼qᦪMNᓄ⊤ḄᵨÆᑣl♦᝞·ᙠâãᐵåæ°ᙠᐸMNᓄ⊤èᵨéḄ᪀⌼qᦪ஺ê᝞classA{...A(intx);//AḄ᪀⌼qᦪ)ìclassB:publicA!...B(intx,inty);//BḄ᪀⌼qᦪ)ìB::B(intx,inty):A(x)//ᙠMNᓄ⊤èᵨAḄ᪀⌼qᦪ)♦Ḅconst)GᙠMNᓄ⊤JMNᓄð¬¸ᙠqᦪ×ᑁᵨñªḄÐᩭMNᓄ(Ìò5.4⁚)஺

70♦Ḅᦪ=ᡂᕒḄMNᓄ9AôᵨMNᓄ⊤ᡈqᦪ×ᑁñªõöÐdõöÐḄᦔ᳛ùᐰ஺®ᑁûᦪ=«Ḅᡂᕒn0üuôᵨý¤öÐMNᓄAþÿ
Ḅᦔ᳛஺᝞classA{...A(void);//ᦪ᪀⌼ᦪA(constA&other);//$%᪀⌼ᦪA&operate=(constA&other);//()ᦪ);classB(public:B(constA&a);//BḄ᪀⌼ᦪprivate:Am_a;//ᡂᕒ23)459-2(a)9:;BḄ᪀⌼ᦪᙠᐸ>?ᓄ⊤BCᵨE;AḄ$%᪀⌼ᦪ:FGHᡂᕒ23m_a>?ᓄ஺59-2(b)9:;BḄ᪀⌼ᦪᙠᦪIᑁᵨ()ḄKLHᡂᕒ23m_a>?ᓄ஺ᡃNOᑮḄQRSᩩ()UV:WX▭ZBḄ᪀⌼ᦪ[E\]^_ᐜᨩᙢBcdma23(CᵨEAḄᦪ᪀⌼ᦪ):eCᵨ;AḄ()ᦪ:Hᦪa(fB::B(constA&a)B::B(constA&a):m_a(a)({m_a=a;))59-2(a)ᡂᕒ23ᙠ>?ᓄ⊤9g>?ᓄ59-2(b)ᡂᕒ23ᙠᦪIᑁg>?ᓄ2hᑁiᦪj;kḄᦪjᡂᕒGl:\m>?ᓄKLḄᦔ᳛nopᨵrs:WtὅḄvw᱐Lyozᨎ|஺};FḄ᝞_classF(public:F(intx,inty);//᪀⌼ᦪprivate:intm_x,m_y;intm_i,m_j;

71)59-2(c)9FḄ᪀⌼ᦪᵨESm>?ᓄKL:59-2(d)9FḄ᪀⌼ᦪᵨEm>?ᓄKL஺F::F(intx,inty)F::F(intx,inty):m_x(x),m_y(y)((m_x=x;m_i=0;m_yy;m_j=0;m_i=0;)m_j=0;)59-2(c)ᦪjᡂᕒᙠ>?ᓄ⊤9g>?ᓄ59-2(d)ᦪjᡂᕒᙠᦪIᑁg>?ᓄ9.3᪀⌼᪆᪀Ḅw᪀⌼F;Ḅᨬ᪷ᜐ?:ᙠS9:✌ᐜCᵨ;Ḅ᪀⌼ᦪ:ᯠtCᵨᡂᕒ23Ḅ᪀⌼ᦪ஺᪆᪀ᑣᢥ᯿᪀⌼Ḅw᡻:wR¡SḄ:ᔲᑣ£¤ᘤH¦§¨᡻᪆᪀©v஺Sªᨵ«Ḅ¬3R:ᡂᕒ23>?ᓄḄwᐰ¯°±Nᙠ>?ᓄ⊤9wḄ²³:Qᵫᡂᕒ23ᙠ;9Ḅwµ¶஺·R¸¹;ḄR¡SḄ:G;Ḅ᪀⌼ᦪº»ᨵ¼ª:¸½¾ᨵ¼ª¯¿wḄ>?ᓄ⊤஺᝞Àᡂᕒ23ᢥ᯿>?ᓄ⊤ḄwÁ᪀⌼,·HÂÃ᪆᪀ᦪ¦Äᑮ¡SḄ⌮w஺[Eckel,p260-261]9.45_;StringḄ᪀⌼ᦪ᪆᪀ᦪ//StringḄÎÏ᪀⌼ᦪString::String(constchar*str)(if(str==NULL)(mdata=newchar[1];*m_data=:\0';)elseintlength=strlen(str);m_data=newchar[length+1];strcpy(m_data,str);

72)//StringḄ᪆᪀ᦪString:ÙString(void)delete[]m_data;//ᵫhm_dataRᑁiᦪj;k:Úº»ᑏᡂdeletem_data;9.5¯⌕ÝÞ$%᪀⌼ᦪ()ᦪᵫhßàᡠᨵḄ23â¾ãᵨ$%᪀⌼ᦪ()ᦪ:vwᕒºä2·\ªᦪᨵ|ÝÞ஺åᐜæç»Ḅèé:ᙠ▅ëìᦻîï¾¼ð_♦ñòᜮô©:᝞À¯õ¨£ᑏ$%᪀⌼ᦪ()ᦪ:£¤ᘤH»“÷$%”ḄKL§¨ùᡂúḕḄᦪ஺᎚};9ýᨵᢣ┐
ḕḄᦪ◚┯஺StringḄa,b"#Ꮇ%a.mdataḄᑁ*"“hello”b.m_dataḄᑁ*""world"஺45a67b,ḕ68ᦪḄ“9:;”<ᕡḼ᡻@b.m_data=a.m_data஺5⌼ᡂD┯EFGb.mdataHᨵḄᑁJKLMN⌼ᡂᑁJO☄QRGb.m_dataSa.m_dataᢣᔣV•ᙽᑁJaᡈbZ[F\]^_`abF\QDGᙠL᪆᪀fm_dataLMNg஺♦:;᪀⌼ᦪS68ᦪhi*᧕klimn┯ᑏஹ┯ᵨ஺:;᪀⌼ᦪGᙠLrsftᵨḄu68ᦪvwLxyJᙠḄtᵨ஺z{|}~DS~ᑖtᵨ:;᪀⌼ᦪtᵨ68ᦪᔩStringa("hello");Stringb("world");Stringc=a;஻tᵨ:;᪀⌼ᦪᨬᑏᡂc(a);c=b;஻tᵨ68ᦪ#}~DḄᦋᑏᡂStringc(a)~஺9.6#EStringḄ:;᪀⌼ᦪ68ᦪ//:;᪀⌼ᦪString::String(constString&other)

73//ᐕ¥¦§otherḄ¨ᨵᡂᕒm_dataintlength=strlen(other,mdata);m_data=newchar[length+1];strcpy(mdata,other,mdata);)//68ᦪString&String::operate=(constString&other)(//(1)°±²68if(this==&other)return*this;//(2)MNHᨵḄᑁJ·¸delete[]mdata;//(3)ᑖº»ḄᑁJ·¸¼½ᑴᑁ*intlength=strlen(other,mdata);mdata=newchar[length+11;strcpy(m_data,other.m_data);//(4)ÀÁḄÂᵨreturn*this;)String:;᪀⌼ᦪÃÄ᪀⌼ᦪ(ÅÆ9.4⁚)ḄGEᙠᦪᐭÊᜐÌ◤NULLÑ@ÒGÓ"“Âᵨ”ÔÕwGNULL,u“ᢣ┐”Õ"NULL஺StringḄ68ᦪÒ᪀⌼ᦪ½ᩖØᑖÙÚ4E(1)~FÙ°±²68஺Õw_Û"ØÜFÝÞ⍝ᨵà_á≶ᑮᑏäa=a᪵Ḅ²68æḄçÔ_஺èGéêḄ²68ëᨵÕwä4#᝞//ᑁ*²68//ᙢᙬ²68b=a;b=&a;c=b;aR*b;a=c;ï¥ᨵà_ðE“ᓽòä4²68ᡃïÕÔᳮõᜧÔᓄøféù½ᑴ²úuxûüÔ_ä┯æ”

74ýþḄð┯஺ÿ
Ḅdelete,ᩔᑴᔩᡠ᝞!"#ᦪ஺&'(⌕*+,Ḅif/0if(this==&other)┯ᑏᡂ=if(*this==other)(2)
ᵨdeleteABCᨵḄᑁFGH஺᝞ᙠ(ABJKLMN*⌼ᡂᑁFP☄஺(3)
SᑖUVḄᑁFGHWᑴXYZ஺&'#ᦪstrlen\]Ḅ^ᨵᦔXYZ`a(ᒹcdeY'\0'஺#ᦪstrcpyᑣm(\0,noᑴ஺(4)
q\]rstḄuᵨvḄ^=Nwta=b=cz᪵Ḅ|}⊤஺&'(⌕*return*this┯ᑏᡂreturnthis஺ᔲᑏᡂreturnotherᕖᦔ(^n᪵ᔩ(=ᡃ(⍝ᦪotherḄ஺ᨵother^stᙠdeᜫreturn0ther\]Ḅ*^ᚗ஺9.7ᏕḄᜐᳮ᪀⌼#ᦪ¡#ᦪ᝞ᡃwᙠ(¢£ᑏ᪀⌼#ᦪ¤#ᦪ¥(ᐕ§¨©ªᵨ£«ᘤᡂḄḕ#ᦪ¯ᏕḄ^°±◤*᪀⌼#ᦪ¤#ᦪ³´=µᨵ#ᦪ(ᵨ£ᑏ¶ṹ஺¸᝞°classA{...private:A(constA&a);//µᨵḄ᪀⌼#ᦪA&operate=(constA&a);//µᨵḄ#ᦪ)À᝞ᨵ©Á£ᑏ᝞ÃÄÅ°Ab(a);஻ÇᵨNµᨵḄ᪀⌼#ᦪb=a;//ÇᵨNµᨵḄ#ᦪ£«ᘤ*ᢣÉ┯Ê=᜜Ì(ÍÎAḄµᨵ#ᦪ஺9.8᝞ÏᙠÐÑÒwÑḄÓr#ᦪÓÑḄ᪀⌼#ᦪஹ᪆᪀#ᦪஹ#ᦪÖ(×ÐÑØÙ஺᝞ÑÚÛFᙠØÙᐵÝᙠ£ᑏÞÓr#ᦪ&'Ãß⚗°♦ÐÑḄ᪀⌼#ᦪᙠᐸâãᓄ⊤åÇᵨÓÑḄ᪀⌼#ᦪ஺

75♦ÓÑ¡ÐÑḄ᪆᪀#ᦪ=æ(ᓽèvirtualᐵéX)஺¸᝞#includeclassBase{public:virtual'Base(){cout<<"ðBase”<

76Derived&operate=(constDerived&other);//ÑDerivedḄ#ᦪprivate:intm_x,m_y,m_z;)Derived&Derived::operate=(constDerivedMother)(//(1)!"if(this==&other)return*this;//(2)'()Ḅᦪ,ᡂᕒ/0!"Base::operate=(other);//23456789:ᨵᦪ,ᡂᕒ//(3)'=>)Ḅᦪ,ᡂᕒ!"m_x=other.m_x;m_y=other.m_y;m_z=other.m_z;//(4)BCD'EḄFᵨreturn*this;)9.9HIJKLMᨵIC++PQRSTUV᪀⌼Yᦪஹ᪆᪀Yᦪ\!"Yᦪ])Ḅ“Big-Three”cdeḄf]gh)ᨬ/⌕ḄYᦪc4klm஺opqr3DsḄᑁkuvwxyczMy{5|}~cᡃ459஺᝞qᔛ“Big-Three”c▅ὃᦻ[Cline][Meyers][Murry]஺

7710s)Ḅᔠ'E(Object)])(Class)ḄH(Instance)<>᝞'E9¡c¢£){]¡ḄRS¤¥஺ᡠ§☢ᔣ'ERSḄ/ª])ḄRSc«4]'EḄRS஺'¬C++PQ«cRS®¯Ḅ)]°k᧕Ḅc²Ḅ]³fRS()´ᐸ=>)஺Ds¶¶·¸“”(Inheritance)\“ᔠ”(Composition)Ḅᭆº஺»¼c½¾☢ᔣ'EᢈÀḄÁᵨª]COM\CORBA,IᑁkÃÄyC++ᦟᩞḄᶖc▅COM\CORBAÉᐵ·℉஺10.1᝞A]()cB]AḄ=>)c¢£BAḄᦪ,\Yᦪ஺᝞ÌclassA(public:voidFuncI(void);voidFunc2(void);)AclassB:publicA(public:voidFunc3(void);voidFunc4(void);)Amain()(Bb;b.Funcl();஻BÎAyYᦪFunclb.Func2();஻BÎAyYᦪFunc2b.Func3();b.Func4();}ÏᓫḄÑPQÒÓyHÌC++Ḅ“”ᱯឋÖ§×ØPQḄÖÙᵨឋ஺³23“”ÚᨵᵨஹÚk᧕ᵨcÛ⌕■ÝÞᵨ“”஺ᡃeÁ½ß“”¯

78HIàᵨáᑣ஺•ூáᑣ10-1-11᝞)A\)Bå4Éᐵc4Ö§3yàBḄæ5çxI«èBAḄæ5\éឋ஺4⌕êK“ëᔛë4ᔛ”cèHììḄᏉî☘ð~ñ~ᦑᙢᔛô⊡öL஺•ூá÷!|10-1-21úᙠüýþB]AḄ“Hÿ"(akindof),ᑣᐕBAḄឋ஺᝞ᵱ(Man)(Human)Ḅᵱ(Boy)ᵱḄ-஺ManHumanBoyMan஺classHuman()AclassMan:publicHuman()AclassBoy:publicMan♦!"⚗ூ%ᑣ10-1-21&'ᩭ)*ᓫ,-▭/ᵨ12ᨵ!᜜Ḅᭆ6ᙠ89:;<=-:;>?@ᐰBC஺᝞ᱥEFGHIJ(Ostrich)J(Bird)Ḅ,ᢥᳮNOstrich/OBird஺,IJ?POstrich::FlyQRSTclassBird(public:virtualvoidFly(void););classOstrich:publicBird);᝞ᦪEFGHᙊ(Circle)ᱯZḄ[ᙊ(Ellipse),ᢥᳮNCircle/OEllipse஺,[ᙊᨵ\]^]᝞_ᙊ`[ᙊḄ\]ᑭ^]b

79defghTᡠjklmḄ%ᑣ/nopᙠqrsBAḄ“”>vAḄᡠᨵឋwBxyzᨵ!{ᑣᐕBAḄឋ஺10.2|ᔠ•ூ%ᑣ1021௃pᙠqrsABḄ“ᑖ”(apartof),ᑣ?ᐕBAx⌕ᵨAᐸRS|ᔠBo᝞(Eye)ஹ(Nose)ஹU(Mouth),ὡ(Ear)ᜮ(Head)ḄᑖᡠHead/OᵫEyeஹNoseஹMouthஹEar|ᔠxᡂ?xᡂ஺᝞10-2-1ᡠOclassEyeclassNose((public:public:voidLook(void);voidSmell(void);))classMouthclassEar((public:public:voidEat(void);voidListen(void);););//Ḅᯠṹᑍ\஺classHead(public:voidLook(void){m_eye.Look();}voidSmell(void){m_nose.Smell();}voidEat(void){m_mouth.Eat();}voidListen(void){m_ear.Listen();}private:Eyem_eye;Nosem_nose;Mouthm_mouth;Earm_ear;)10-2-1HeadᵫEyeஹNoseஹMouth>Ear|ᔠxᡂ᝞_ᐕHeadEyeஹNose>MouthஹEarxᡂHeadᐹᨵLookஹ

80SmellஹEatஹListen஺10-2-2ᓝᑖ*^>v¡,¢£ᓾ?wḄ஺//>vṹ*¥,¢£?w஺classHead:publicEye,publicNose,publicMouth,publicEar(¦___________________________________________________________________________________________10-2-2HeadEyeஹNoseஹMouthஹEarxᡂ¨©ª«¬ᙢ®ᡭ¨°±`²Ḅ³ª´µ⍝·QᔩT¹·³ª±`º²஺)»89ᕒ½?'“”Ḅ¾¿xÀ±┯Â஺“¡”Ḅ89?ÃÄÅÆÇḄ89ÈᜐÊËÌ஺

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94ஹᨵᐵᑁḄὃ⚪20ᑖYvoidGetMemory(char*p)char*GetMemory(void)((p=(char*)malloc(100);charp[]="helloworld”;)returnp;voidTest(void)}(voidTest(void)char*str=NULL;(GetMemory(str);char*str=NULL;strcpy(str,"helloworld");str=GetMemory();printf(str);printf(str);))&²³´Testtᦪµᨵ^_᪵Ḅ·¸e&²³´Testtᦪµᨵ^_᪵Ḅ·¸e)A)AVoidGetMemory2(char**p,intnum)voidTest(void)((*p=(char*)malloc(num);char*str=(char*)malloc(100);)strcpy(str,"hello");voidTest(void)free(str);(if(str!=NULL)char*str=NULL;(GetMemory(&str,100);strcpy(str,"world");strcpy(str,஻hello஻);printf(str);printf(str);)})&²³´Testtᦪµᨵ^_᪵Ḅ·¸e&²³´Testtᦪµᨵ^_᪵Ḅ·¸e)A)A

95¾ஹᑏstrcpytᦪ(10ᑖ)¿ÀstrcpytᦪḄÁÂEchar*strcpy(char*strDest,constchar*strSrc);ᐸ\strDestEÄḄÅÆÇstrSrcEÈÅÆÇ஺(1)oᵨC++/CḄÅÆÇÉtᦪ&ᑏtᦪstrcpy(2)strcpyÊstrSrcḄᑁËÌᑴᑮstrDest,L^_Ï⌕char*NÂḄÐÑ9eÒஹᑏNStringḄ᪀⌼tᦪஹ᪆᪀tᦪÖ9tᦪ(25ᑖ)¿ÀNStringḄÁÂLAclassString(public:String(constchar*str=NULL);//×Ø᪀⌼tᦪString(constStringftother);//ÙÚ᪀⌼tᦪஹString(void);//᪆᪀tᦪString&operate=(constString&other);//Ö9tᦪprivate:char*m_data;//ᵨÛÜÅÆÇ)Ý&ᑏStringḄÞy4ztᦪ஺

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=»(4ᑖ)᪗ᫀ~constfloatEPSINON=0.00001;᝞QE┯Ḅᑏᑖ஺if((x>=-EPSINON)&&(x<=EPSINON)if(x==0.0)Dôõ5ᵨ“=="ᡈ"ö=”6ᦪÅif(x!=0.0);<÷øùúᓄᡂ“>="ᡈ“<=”MNýþ஺ᑏchar*p“”!Ḅif"#஺(3ᑖ)᪗ᫀ᝞&ᑏᙳ()*+ᑖ஺if(p==NULL)if(p==0)if(p!=NULL)if(p!=0)if(p)if(!)ஹnWindowsNTḄ32C++WhRsizeofḄ((10ᑖ)charstr[]="Hello”;voidFunc(charstr[100])char*p=str;(intn=10;<=<=sizeof(str)=4(2ᑖ)sizeof(str)=6(2ᑖ)}sizeof(p)=4(2ᑖ)void*p=malloc(100);<=sizeof(n)=4(2ᑖ)sizeof(p)=4(2ᑖ)

97ஹde⚪25ᑖIஹᜮᦻCDḄifndef/define/endifEFGᵨIJ5ᑖKe■ijᜮᦻF7Glmᵨ஺2ஹ#includeL#include"filename.h”ᨵFGNOIJ5ᑖKeop#include,rsᘤu᪗wxyz{|}~filename.hop#include"filename.h”,rsᘤuᵨᡝḄyz{|}~filename.h3ஹconstᨵFGᵨ⌶IJQRSTUVKJ5ᑖKe1constUV2const⛲YᦪḄᦪஹc.YᦪḄ஺7const⛲Ḅᑮᑴ.⚜■᜜Ḅ9.[IJḄᏉឋ஺4ஹᙠC++XYDZᵨ[C\]ᘤ\]_Ḅ`ᦪbFG⌕dextern“C”IJ5ᑖKeC++S¡ᢝYᦪG£.CS%¡ᢝYᦪG£஺Yᦪ7C++rs¤ᙠx¦ḄL§PCSḄ%¨஺Ꮇª«¬YᦪḄ®¯voidfoointx,inty;jYᦪ7Crsᘤrs¤ᙠx¦ḄL§¯°f஺஺.±C++rsᘤᑣ6²³´_foo_int_intµ&ḄL§஺C++¶-C·¸¹ᣚᢣ»¼extern“C”ᩭ¾¿L§ᓛÁÂ⚪஺5ஹÃdÄÅƬforÇÈḄÉÊË5ᑖfor(i=0;i

98lஹᨵᐵᑁoḄpὃ⚪(st⚪5ᑖᐳ20ᑖ)voidGetMemory(char*p)char*GetMemory(void)j[ip=(char*)malloc(100);charp[]="helloworld”;)returnp;voidTest(void)}(voidTest(void)char*str=NULL;{GetMemory(str);char*str=NULL;strcpy(str,"helloworld");str=GetMemory();printf(str);printf(str);))Test`ᦪᨵFG᪵ḄITest`ᦪᨵFG᪵ḄIXY஺ṹ஺bGetMemory⌴᝱ᑁobGetMemoryḄᢣᔣ“᪘ᑁo”Test`ᦪDḄstr•—NULL஺Ḅᢣ┐¤ᢣ┐ḄᙢᙬNULL,§ᐸ©strcpy(str,"helloworld");XYªḄᑁ«¬[®◀°ᑁ«±஺஺voidGetMemory2(char**p,intnum)voidTest(void)((*p=(char*)malloc(num);char*str=(char*)malloc(100);)strcpy(str,"hello");voidTest(void)free(str);(if(str!=NULL)char*str=NULL;(GetMemory(&str,100);strcpy(str,"world");strcpy(str,஻hello஻)´printf(str);printf(str);)))Test`ᦪᨵFG᪵ḄITest`ᦪᨵFG᪵ḄIµᦋ᝱ᑁoNḄᑁ«_·¸⚜(1)º»helloᧇ¿Àᓻ◅஺(2)ᑁo¼½bfree(str);Ã_strᡂbÅᢣ┐if(str!=NULL)"#ÆÇᵨ஺

99Èஹ\ᑏstrcpy`ᦪ(10ᑖ)¬±strcpy`ᦪḄ©Échar*strcpy(char*strDest,constchar*strSrc);ᐸDstrDestÊḄËÌÍstrSrcÎËÌÍ஺(1)ZᵨC++/CḄËÌÍÑ`ᦪ\ᑏ`ᦪstrcpychar*strcpy(char*strDest,constchar*strSrc);assert((strDest!=NULL)&&(strSrc!=NULL));//2ᑖchar*address=strDest;//2ᑖwhile((*strDest++=*strSrc++)!=)//2ᑖNULL;returnaddress;//2ᑖ)(2)strcpyÒstrSrcḄᑁ«ÓᑴᑮstrDest,bFGÖ⌕char*×ÉḄIbØÙªÚÛ⊤ÝÛ஺//2ᑖÞ᝞intlength=strlen(strcpy(strDest,uhelloworld"));ßஹ\ᑏ×StringḄ᪀⌼`ᦪஹ᪆᪀`ᦪLã`ᦪ(25ᑖ)¬±×StringḄ©ÉbclassString(public:String(constchar*str=NULL);//æç᪀⌼`ᦪString(constString&other);//èé᪀⌼`ᦪString(void);//᪆᪀`ᦪString&operate=(constString&other);//ã`ᦪprivate:char*m_data;//ᵨëìoËÌÍ)´\ᑏStringḄíî4ð`ᦪ஺᪗òᫀ//StringḄ᪆᪀`ᦪString::^String(void)஻3ᑖdelete[]m_data;//ᵫëm_dataᑁõᦪö×É÷¸ᑏᡂdeletem_data;

100//StringḄæç᪀⌼`ᦪString::String(constchar*str)஻6ᑖ(if(str==NULL)(m_data=newchar[l];//ùdNULLᑨûᑣýþ*m_data='\0';)else(intlength=strlen(str);m_data=newchar[length+1];//NULLᑨ#ᑣ%&strcpy(m__data,str);})//+,᪀⌼/ᦪString::String(constStringfeother)஻3ᑖ(intlength=strlen(other.m_data);m_data=newchar[length+1];//NULLᑨ#ᑣ%&strcpy(m_data,other.m_data);)//9:/ᦪString&String::operate=(constString&other)//13ᑖ(//(1)<=>9:஻4ᑖif(this==&other)return*this;//(2)CDEᨵḄᑁIJK஻3ᑖdelete[]m_data;//(3)ᑖLMḄᑁIJKNOPᑴᑁR஻3ᑖintlength=strlen(other.m_data);m_data=newchar[length+1];//NULLᑨ#ᑣ%&strcpy(m_data,other.m_data);//(4)STUVWḄXᵨ//3ᑖreturn*this;)