林锐博士-C++编程规范

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᪀...................................................................122
Ḅ᱐...............................................................132.1.......................................................................132.2ṹ.....................................................................142.3ṹᑁḄ............................................................152.5ᑖ..................................................................172.6⛲Ḅ!..............................................................172.8"Ḅ᱐#..................................................................193
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⊤........................................................244.1/0Ḅ1ᐜ3............................................................24>2ττ54.3IF45....................................................................254.46745Ḅᦔ᳛............................................................274.5FOR45Ḅ67:ᑴ<=...................................................284.6SWITCH...............................................................................................................................284.7GOTO45.................................................................29>5?@=315.1ABC◤⌕@=............................................................315.2CONSTF#DEFINEḄGH...................................................315.3@=&ᑣ..............................................................315.4"IḄ@=................................................................326vf'”34

16.1JᦪḄ&ᑣ................................................................346.3LᦪᑁMNOḄ&ᑣ.......................................................376.4ᐸQRS..................................................................386.5TᵨUV..................................................................396.6WᵨFᢣ┐ḄGH.........................................................407
ᑁᳮ.................................................................427.1ᑁZᑖ[\#..............................................................427.3ᢣ┐Fᦪ]Ḅ^G.........................................................437.4ᢣ_᝞ab⌴ᑁZḄd♦♦♦♦.♦.♦.♦.....♦.♦.♦.♦.♦.♦.♦.♦.♦.♦.♦.♦.♦♦457.5FREEDELETEeᢣ┐fCᖾd............................................487.6h᝱ᑁZjk_hlmᔩd................................................487.7op“rᢣ┐”............................................................497.8ᨵuMALLOC/FREEABCv⌕NEW/DELETE?....................................................................507.9ᑁZὑxfCyd..........................................................517.10MALLOC/FREEḄTᵨ⌕z.................................................527♦11/D/|537.12}~j.............................................................548
C++ᦪḄᱯឋ......................................................558.1LᦪḄᭆ............................................................558.2rmj588.3JᦪḄḕ..............................................................618.4/0................................................................628.5Lᦪᑁὶ..................................................................638.6}~j.............................................................669
#Ḅ᪀⌼ᦪஹ᪆᪀ᦪ'()ᦪ......................................679.1᪀⌼LᦪF᪆᪀LᦪḄ.................................................67^[-1**********•**************************************************************************************(9.3᪀⌼᪆᪀Ḅ,..........................................................709.4"STRINGḄ᪀⌼LᦪF᪆᪀Lᦪ....................................709.5⌕᪀⌼LᦪFLᦪ.........................................719.6"STRINGḄ᪀⌼LᦪFLᦪ...............................719.7ᏕḄyᜐᳮ᪀⌼LᦪFLᦪ...................................739.8᝞aᙠ"INO"Ḅ¡Lᦪ.........................................739.9}~j.............................................................7510
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A.C++/Cṹ°±⊤......................................................86▬
B.C++/C³⚪.............................................................91▬
C.C++/C³⚪ḄµᫀF·ᑖ᪗¹...........................................95

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162.5:Oᑖ•ூ#ᑣ2-5-1௃MṹOᨬᜧ:ᑴᙠ7080Eᑁ.MṹO,⌕U:ᔲᑣ,Uᩭ,6ᡭᓺ஺•ூ#ᑣ2-5-22:⊤89⌕ᙠᐜ
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)஺ᑖwḄO⌕}O〉Ḅ|}{᣸᱐᦮Z;=verylongervariable12)&&(very_longer_variable3<=very_longer_variablel4)&&(verylongervariables<=verylongervariablel6))(dosomething();virtualCMatrixCMultiplyMatrix(CMatrixleftMatrix,CMatrixrightMatrix);for(verylongerinitialization;very_longer_condition;very_longer_update)(dosomething();JKL2-5:OḄᑖ2.6⛲Ḅ¡⛲*=&¤☠¦ᦪ§0¨©ª¤☠¦«¬ªᨵ¯3Ḅ°⚪஺²³⛲*☠¦ᦪ§0¨L᝞~int*x;´;µ¶·¸ᑏ¹º»ᓽxªint0¨Ḅᢣ┐஺¶¿ᑏ¹ḄÀÁªÂ᧕jBÄÅL᝞~int*X,y;¸ᜐyÂ᧕ÆÄÅ>ᢣ┐«¬஺Çᯠ³x=yᑖOɵDEÊËÄÅÌd,ªÍÍÎÏÐ/᪵Ò஺•ூ#ᑣ2-6-1௃³⛲*=&@☠«¬L᝞~char*name;int*x,y;//¸ᜐy,ÓÆÄÅ>ᢣ┐

172.7ÔÕc;ÖḄÔÕ>"/*_*/ஹC++;ÖØ[\ᙽḄÔÕÙÚᵨ"/*…*/"OÔÕ&ÜÚᵨÔÕÝÙᵨ6~Þ1
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182.8!Ḅ᱐#|T$}ᦪ~oᦪᙠ
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193ᑣ℉ḄᑣMicrosoft!"Ḅ“ᒼᱛᑭ”'()ᑣḄ*⌕,-.“ᙠ0123ᦪ4ᐭ6789:;<=>Ḅᳮ@”஺᝞ᡠᨵḄDE01ᙳch67(G.ᢣ┐01ᑣJ467P஺᝞K
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mᑣndᡠᨵḄ=>ᕒop(=>qrᦟtu
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ᡈᐹḄᢝ஺᝞WindowsᵨḄ᪗ᵨ“ᜧᑏ”!᣸Ḅ#$%᝞AddChild஺&UnixᵨḄ᪗ᵨ“ᑏ'(ᑜ*”Ḅ#$%᝞add_child஺+,-./

20!ᙠ2ᵨ஺•ூ5ᑣ3-1-4௃89⌕HI;<☠ᜧᑏ>ᑖḄ@AḄ᪗஺᝞Bintx,X;஻DExFXG᧕!Ivoidf00(intx);//KᦪfooFFOOG᧕!IvoidFOO(floatx);•ூ5ᑣ3-1-5௃89⌕M;᪗Nᐰ@PḄQRDESᐰQDE%TU.ὅḄᵨW9P&9XYZ[┯]%^X_`]a஺•ூ5ᑣ3-1-6DEḄbcd_ᵨ“be”ᡈὅ“fGe+be:᝞Bfloatvalue;floatoldValue;floatnewValue;•ூ5ᑣ3-1-7ᐰQKᦪḄbcd_ᵨ“ie”ᡈὅ“ie+be”(ikel)஺/ḄᡂᕒKᦪdp_ᵨ“ie”%qḕᶍᣵḄbeuvwxyz஺᝞BDrawBox();//ᐰQKᦪbox->Draw();///ḄᡂᕒKᦪ•ூ5ᑣ3-1-8ᵨ{|Ḅ}~elbᐹᨵ~ḄDEᡈ@}iḄKᦪ஺᝞BintminValue;intmaxValue;intSetValue(...);intGetValue(...);ூ3-1-1௃TEbc8M;ᦪc%᝞Valuel,Value2%◀Ḅ|◤⌕஺-v■ᕒᏕ%9biᾯ&Y~Ḅbc(ᵨᦪcᨬḕ)஺3.2¡ᓫḄWindowsᵨb5ᑣὅw“ᒼᱛᑭ”b5ᑣ¦ᔠᳮḄ¡ᓄ%(ªḄb5ᑣ¡ᓫ᧕ᵨ%«¬〉ᔠ®Windowsᵨ¯°Ḅ஺

21•ூ5ᑣ3-2-1௃/bSKᦪbᵨᜧᑏc±ᜮḄᓫelᔠ&ᡂ஺᝞BclassNode;///bclassLeafNode;///bvoidDraw(void);//KᦪbvoidSetValue(intvalue);//Kᦪb•ூ5ᑣ3-2-22DES³ᦪᵨᑏc±ᜮḄᓫelᔠ&ᡂ஺᝞BBOOLflag;intdrawMode;•ூ5ᑣ3-2-3௃EᐰᵨᜧᑏḄc±%ᵨ(ᑜ*ᑖᒘᓫe஺᝞BconstintMAX=100;constintMAX_LENGTH=100;•ூ5ᑣI3-2-41☟᝱DE'·¸s_(⊤ºstatic)o᝞BvoidInit(...)(staticints_initValue;//☟᝱DE)•ூ5ᑣ3-2-52᝞»9¼½◤⌕ᐰQDE%ᑣ_ᐰQDE'·¸¾_(⊤ºglobal)஺᝞Bintg_howManyPeople;//ᐰQDEintg_howMuchMoney;//ᐰQDE•ூ5ᑣ3-2-62/ḄᦪÀᡂᕒ'·¸m_(⊤ºmember),-᪵ÂÃᦪÀᡂᕒFᡂᕒKᦪḄ³ᦪPb஺᝞BvoidObject::SetValue(intwidth,intheight){mwidth=width;m_height=height;}

22•ூ5ᑣ3-2-7■Ư°Ç8ḄÈ᪗Sᐸʯ°Ç8ḄËÌ%ÂÃᔜÎ᪗'Ï}᧜¯°ឋÒḄ·¸஺᝞ÓÔÕf᪗ÖOpenGLḄᡠᨵÇKᦪᙳÃglᜮ%ᡠᨵEÙᡈÚÛ~ÜᙳÃGLᜮ஺3.3¡ᓫḄUnixᵨb5ᑣ

23Ý4Þ⊤ß$SàyZáâὅÂÏᝰᶧBåifஹforஹwhileஹgoto,switch-᪵¡ᓫḄçèé⌕êë%v9v⚪ᜧ¦íᡃïḄðñòᕒᵨ◚ô┯]Ḅ#$ᑏ⊤ß$SàyZá%ᡃõöé÷ø/AḄ┯]஺⊤ß$SZáùú®C++/CḄûZü᪀Z[஺Êþÿ
ᓫ.ᵨ◚஺ᵨ⊤Ḅᑣ!"#஺4.1$&'Ḅ(ᐜ*C++/C+Ḅ$&'ᨵᦪᓝ/$&'Ḅ(ᐜ*!0ᔠ2᝞⊤4-1ᡠ5஺67ᐗ$&'+-*Ḅ(ᐜ*<=>?Ḅ@ᐗ$&'஺(ᐜ*$&'0ᔠ2()[]>.ABCD!~++--(FG)sizeofADCBA+-*&//%ABCD+-ABCD«»ABCDᑮ<<=>>=ABCD|===ABCDJ&ABCDAABCD᣸1ABCD&&ABCDᑡIIADCB?NADCB=+="=*=/=%=&=A=ABCD1=«=»=⊤4-1$&'Ḅ(ᐜ*!0ᔠ2•ூᑣ4-1-1௃᝞NOṹQRḄSTUVWXYᵨOPQ⊤ḄRSTUVWᵨXYḄ(ᐜ*஺ᵫ=[⊤4-1\]^_`Ḅa■cdefghi

24if((aIb)&&(a&c))4.2oᔠ⊤᝞a=b=c=Op᪵Ḅ⊤raoᔠ⊤஺ᐕtoᔠ⊤uᙠḄᳮᵫ^N(1)xᑏ
z{(2)j|i<}~ᦔ᳛஺⌕■cᵨoᔠ⊤஺•ூᑣ4-2-1௃⌕}ᑏoᩖḄoᔠ⊤஺n᝞Ni=a>=b&&c

25if(!flag)//⊤5flagaᎷᐸÑḄᵨÚÅÛ=ÜÝÞn᝞Nif(flag==TRUE)if(flag==1)if(flag==FALSE)if(flag==0)4.3.2᦮G·¸!°•ூëIì4-3-2?m[᦮G·¸ᵨ“=="ᡈ“î=”¹º!0஺ᎷÎ᦮G·¸ḄÏÐavalue,Ñ!°Ḅ᪗Íif᝞ÒNif(value==0)if(value!=0)jóôµ¶·¸ḄÝÞᑏᡂif(value)//õö¢¤value^µ¶·¸if(!value)4.3.3÷ø·¸!°•ூëII4-3-3j[÷ø·¸ᵨ“=="ᡈ"î=”!ÂÃᦪÐ஺ᓟú⌕ᶇ7ü´^floatÿdoubleḄᨵ▲ᑴ஺ᡠ⌕ᵨ“=="ᡈ"$=”&ᦪ()*+,-./ᓄᡂ“>="ᡈ“<=”45஺Ꮇ-Ḅ7(8X,+;if(x==0.0)஻◚E┯GḄ)*/ᓄ8if((x>=-EPSIN0N)&&(x<=EPSIN0N))ᐸPEPSIN0NᐕRḄGS(ᓽ)஺4.3.4ᢣ┐&WX)*•ூ[ᑣ4-3-41+;ᢣ┐ᵨ“=="ᡈ.="&NULL)*஺ᢣ┐ḄWX“_”(`8NULL),abNULLḄX&0cdefὅhijd஺Ꮇ-ᢣ┐Ḅ7(8Pk&WX)*Ḅ᪗mifno᝞qrif(p==NULL)//p&NULLu5)*vwpᢣ┐if(p!=NULL)j⌕ᑏᡂif(p==0)//z᧕|}G~p᦮if(p!=0)ᡈὅif(P)//z᧕|}G~Pif(!p)4.3.5ifnoḄ⊡ᐙ

26ᨵ᎛ᡃᑮif(NULL==p)᪵Ḅ5஺jᑏ┯ᕒ8■if(p==NULL)Gᑏᡂif(p=NULL),ᨵhpNULL᎔஺¡ᘤ£8if(p=NULL)ᔠ.Ḅeᢣ¥if(NULL=p)┯GḄ¦8NULLj§¨X஺Pᨵ⍗ᑮif/else/returnḄ®ᔠ+,᝞qj¯°Ḅif(condition)returnx;returny;ᦋᑏ8if(condition)(returnx;}else(returny;)ᡈὅᦋᑏᡂ¶·¸¹Ḅreturn(condition?x:y);4.4¼½noḄᦔ᳛C++/C¼½noPfornoÂᵨ⚣᳛ᨬÅwhilenoᐸÈdonoÉÊᵨ஺Ë⁚ÍÎϼ½ÐḄᦔ᳛஺Ñż½Ðᦔ᳛ḄÒËÓ.ÔÕ¼½ÐḄÖᩖឋ஺•ூÙÚ4-4-1௃ᙠÝͼ½P᝞Þᨵ+;ᨬßḄ¼½àᙠᨬᑁâᨬãḄ¼½àᙠᨬ᜜âåÊCPUæᑗ¼½âḄÈᦪ஺è᝞éè4-4(b)Ḅᦔ᳛)éè4-4(a)ḄÅ஺for(row=0;row<100;row++)for(col=0;col<5;col++)((for(col=0;col<5;col++)for(row=0;row<100;row++){(sum=sum+a[row][col];sum=sum+a[row][col];}))}éè4-4(a)Õᦔ᳛rß¼½ᙠᨬ᜜âéè4-4(b)Åᦔ᳛rß¼½ᙠᨬᑁâூÙÚ4-4-2௃᝞Þ¼½Ðᑁìᙠíîᑨðñò¼½ÈᦪÉᜧôíîᑨðõᑮ

27¼½ÐḄ᜜☢஺éè4-4(c)Ḅ)éè4-4(d)Ý᡻øN-1Èíîᑨð஺ñòᵫûüὅὁ⌕þøíîᑨðᡭ
“”ᘤᓄᜐᳮ
ᦔ᳛஺᝞N"#ᜧᨬ&'ᵨ)*4-4(d)Ḅᑏ23456ᦔ᳛஺᝞N"#78ὅᦔ᳛:;<=>'ᵨ)*4-4(c)Ḅᑏ2@A&BCDEFGHI஺for(i=0;i

28switch¢ᑖ¤⌱¦cd§ifcd¨ᨵ8©ᑖ¤3ª⌱¦஺«ᯠ34ᵨᝅḄifcdᩭ°±¢ᑖ¤⌱¦b²᪵ḄDEᑍµ¶·஺¸switchcd¹ᙠḄᳮᵫ஺switchcdḄ»¼½¾¿switch(variable)(casevaluel:break;casevalue2:…break;default:break;)•ூkᑣ4-6-11Æ©casecdḄÇÈ⌕É
Gbreak,ᔲᑣËÌÍ¢©ᑖ¤ÎÏ(◀"ᨵÑ¢©ᑖ¤ÎÏ)஺•ூkÒU462௃⌕ÉÓᨬÔ²©defaultᑖ¤஺ᓽDEÖḄ◤⌕defaultᜐᳮ,ØÙÚÛᶇcddefault:break;¸᪵Ý<"¢Þßà§C
■s;áâ4CãÉ
defaultᜐᳮ஺4.7gotocdäå5᎝Ç᪀ᓄèé4ᩭgot஺êᡂ
ᨵìwḄcd஺✌ᐜᵫgotocd34ᮣðñò᝞G▲ᑴôḄõöẚøÇ᪀ᓄèéù½஺ᐸgot஺cdû#üᩭ┯âᡈ◚஺Ḅ᪀⌼ஹḄᓄஹ⌕Ḅ᝞gotostate;Stringsi,s2;///gotointsum=0;///gotostate:᝞567ᘤ9:;<=┯?@ᵨBCgotoDᶇF◚஺HIJKLM◀C++/CḄgotoQRS஺TUVWXᙢZ┯?X[\ᕒ^_⌼ᡂḄ9Xgot஺Ḅ┯஺gotoabᨵBᜐefghIijklmᙢBFnᑮ᜜☢ᵨ9ḼᑏHICḄbreakv᝞gotoerror;

29error:wxyḼzᩭ9|hx}B~B~Fhzᙷ஺ᡠQᡃbᵨஹᵨgoto9XἭᵨ஺

305XB᪗Ḅᙠឤ9஺Cᵨ#defineᩭ¡¢£¤¥஺C++◀#define᜜¦Qᵨconstᩭ¡¢£const¥஺5.1£¨©◤⌕᝞59«ᵨ¬ᙠ[\l®ᑏᦪ°ᡈ°²³´ᨵ¨©µ¶·¡1¥[\Ḅ¹ឋ¡ᳮ¼ឋ¥½஺[\ᕒ^_´¾¿Àᦪ°ᡈ°²X¨©ÁÂᵨᡝᑣÅÆ9ÇhÈᜐᩭஹ⊤ʨ©஺¡2¥ᙠ[\ḄHIᙢËÌᐭÎ᪵Ḅᦪ°ᡈ°²ÐÑ9:ÒÓᑏ┯?஺¡3¥᝞5⌕Õᦋᦪ°ᡈ°²ᑣ´ᙠHIᙢËᦋ×ص¶ÙÚ᧕┯஺•ூÞᑣ5-1-12ß«ᵨà¬áḄᩭ⊤ÊÀ³ᙠ[\lICâḄᦪ°ᡈ°²஺᝞tfdefineMAX100/*CḄ¤*/constintMAX=100;//C++ḄconstconstfloatPI=3.14159;//C++Ḅconst5.2constî#defineḄïðC++QᵨconstᩭñQᵨ#defineᩭ஺TXòὅïSὅᨵÅIḄôõ¡1¥constᨵᦪö=÷¤øᨵᦪö=÷஺67ᘤQòὅù=÷úᐰüý஺Sὅþù°ÿᣚ
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ᙠᣚᧇᑮḄ┯▭ᦔ!஺2!ᨵ$%ᡂᓄḄ()*ᐹ,-const3456()
78-93456()஺•ூ=ᑣ5-2-12ᙠC++ABCDEᵨconst34GEᵨ934
ᓽconst34IᐰJK934஺5.334LM=ᑣ•ூ=ᑣ5-3-1௃◤⌕-᜜RSḄ34TᙠᜮᦻWC
◤⌕-᜜RSḄ34TᙠLMᦻWḄᜮX஺YZ[\ᳮ
,^_`ᙽḄ34%CbTᙠcdRᐳḄᜮᦻWC஺•ூ=ᑣ5-3-22᝞ghc34iᐸk34lᑗnᐵ
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31uvc$wxḄy஺z᝞{constfloatRADIUS=100;constfloatDIAMETER=RADIUS*2;5.4CḄ34ᨵᡃh$34DᙠCᨵᦔ஺[#defineLMḄ9348ᐰḄ
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35®'V*¯ᔩᙠ<={getcharḄwᓫ¹[º஺u᝞Tgetchar»ᑮᦻ½¾¿᪗ᡈ>?Á┯0ÂQR¹᪗EOF஺2HÆÇAḄ[ºÈ+pEOFM^2Éᦪ(Ë2É1)஺ÎÏᦪgetcharÐᡂHint஺ᡃᙠÕ▭×ØÙ'»ᑮ:;©2ÚḄÛ⚪஺2HIJ£Ý01ᡃWÞp┯0᪗ᑖà஺ᓽlᵨ¢£¤ᦪ¥x┯0᪗ᵨreturn•ᦪgetcharDEᦋᑏᡂBOOLGetChar(char*c);ëᯠgecharìGetCharᮣîk᝞putchar(getchar());ug᝞Tgetcharᵨ┯H,ÂḄᮣîឋòᨵ)*ᵨᕖ©ூóô6-2-1]ᨵõ᎛ᦪz◤⌕u2Høᮣîឋ᝞ùᢝûü⊤ýDE▬஺k᝞[ºÿ
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ᦪstrDest!"#ᦪḄ$%I'()strDest஺+᪵-./0123!4567᝞9ᮣ;ឋcharstr[20];intlength=strlen(strcpy(str,"HeHoWorld"));IூKL6-2-2]᝞MᦪḄ$%')•OPQ!ᨵSTᔠᵨ“XᵨY⌴”\ᣚ“'Y⌴”45^_ᦔ᳛஺bᨵSTᔠcdᵨ“'Y⌴”bedᵨ“XᵨY⌴”!ᔲᑣh┯஺j᝞classString(-//m'ᦪString&operate=(constString&other);//opᦪ!᝞Mqᨵfriends⛲ᑣcuᨵ2OvwᦪfriendStringoperate+(constString&sl,constString&s2);private:char*m_data;)StringḄm'ᦪoperate=Ḅ}~᝞9:String&String::operate=(constString&other)(if(this==&other)return*this;deletemdata;

36m_data=newchar[strlen(other.data)+l];strcpy(m_data,other,data);return*this;//$%Ḅ)*thisḄXᵨ!◤
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37•ூᑣ6-3-2௃ᙠᦪḄ“ᜐ”returnḄ!"ឋ$ᦔ᳛'()*஺᝞-ᦪᨵ/0123ᦪḄ“ᜐ”4return஺ᡃ67⌕9:return஺᝞-returnᑏ<7=ᦪ⌕3┯⌕3ᦔ᳛?@஺ABC⚗᝞@E(1)return7I/0ᢣᔣ“᪘ᑁN”Ḅ“ᢣ┐”ᡈὅ“Rᵨ”STUᑁNᙠᦪVWXYZ[├]஺^᝞char*Func(void)(charstr[]="helloworld";//strḄᑁNqr᪘sreturnstr;//tuv┯w)(2)⌕yz{/0Ḅ|}4“1”ஹ“ᢣ┐”4“Rᵨ”஺(3)᝞-ᦪ/014⌕ὃ⇋returnḄᦔ᳛஺^᝞returnString(sl+s2);4XḄ⊤''X/0”஺7⌕T“ᐜtemp/0ḄV-”4Ḅ᝞Stringtemp(si+s2);returntemp;7ᯠsṹt¢£¤¥C஺✌ᐜtempY§X¨ᡂª«ᓄEᯠ®¯᪀⌼ᦪ²temp®¯ᑮ´N/01Ḅ᜜N¶ᓫᐗ¹ºᨬtempᙠᦪVWXY├](¼ᵨ᪆᪀ᦪ)஺ᯠ¾“X/0”Ḅ¿À47§ḄÁÂᘤÄŲXª«ᓄᙠ᜜N¶ᓫᐗ¹ḕÇÈ®¯$᪆᪀ḄᓄÉÊËÈᦔ᳛஺ÌÍᙢᡃ67⌕treturnint(x+y);//XÑÒ/0ᑏᡂinttemp-x+y;returntemp;ᵫrᑁᦪÕÌÖ᝞int,float,doubleḄÑÒ7Nᙠ᪀⌼ᦪ᪆᪀ᦪÚᯠU“XÑÒḄ”7ÛÊËÜÝᦔ᳛Þ4Àßàáâã᧕å஺6.4ᐸçèூç6-4-1௃ᦪḄéê⌕ᓫ7⌕ëìÜᵨ⌶Ḅᦪ஺èூç6-4-2௃ᦪḄî⌕ïðÒñᑴᙠ50(ṹôᑁ஺èூç6-4-3]ðÒõöᦪ÷ᨵ“øù”éê஺ú§Ḅûᐭýþÿ
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38!“"᝱”஺$᪵Ḅᦪ&᧕ᳮ)*ᑭ,-./஺ᙠC/C++123ᦪḄstatic4567ᦪḄ“”89ᘤ஺;<=7>ᵨstatic4567◀AB◤஺Dூ;<6-4-4௃G⌕IJᐭLᦪḄᨵᦔឋO⌕IJPQᐸ⌶STᐭᦪUᑁḄ67ḄᨵᦔឋW᝞ᐰ467ஹᦻ\]^_஺Dூ;<6-4-5ᵨ┯ᜐᳮḄbcdef⌕ghijᵨὅl᧕mnᡈp)┯pqr஺6.5jᵨs2tuevᑖDebug᱐y-Release᱐yDebug᱐yᵨᑁ5z,Release᱐y{|ᵨᡝjᵨ஺s2assertGᙠDebug᱐y~ᵨḄᵨIJ“”{Ḅqr஺W6-5eᑁ8ᑴᦪ஺ᙠQt3᝞assertḄLᦪᎷtu3evᙢOᙠᙢ{assert
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53}voidTest(void)Obj*a=newObj;Obj*b=newObj(1);//_sA1deletea;deleteb;)᝞ᵨnewWXSᦪuv/ᵨSḄoᦪ᪀⌼8ᦪ஺=᝞Obj*objects=newObj[100];//WX100dY᝱SᑏᡂObj"objects=new0bj[100](1);//WX100dY᝱SḄ[\x_s1ᙠᵨdeleteSᦪu\ᶇz⌕{C4|'~=᝞delete[[objects;//Ḅᵨdeleteobjects;//┯.ḄᵨὅOdeleteobjects[0],ᣵC᜜99dS஺7.12q<ᡃᢈ┯ḄC++/C)*ᕒᨵ᧽ᢣ┐ᑁᳮ(ᒹᡃ)஺ᡃᨬ_¢£CU\ᱯ¥᝿ᢣ┐'(ᡃ§¨©qdªᵨ«¬(1®,C¯ṹ)\±ᨵ/ᵨqdᢣ┐ᐰᵨᦪuᩭ⚔³ᢣ┐´ᙠ≶¶<·ᑖ஺¹ºᢣ┐»ᩭᡃᦋᑏC?d«¬¯ṹ½¾¿ᑮÁᐜḄqÃ஺ᡃḄÄÅᦟÇ>(1)È᝿ᢣ┐&È⌕/ᵨᢣ┐஺/ᵨᢣ┐ÉÊ3ËᔠÍḄ)*ᕒ஺(2)ÎÏÐᡂ“/ᵨÒÓᘤ⌲Ö×Ø)*”Ḅ£Úvᨵ?᪵ܨÝ!⚪ḄÞß஺

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55᝞£9|'ᦪÄÄJ»¼½9ᨵÅ5ᑖᨵÅᓾx஺T᝞voidFunction(void);intFunction(void);Cǹ3'ᦪ23\ᨵ»¼½È3Ḅ»¼½Jint஺᝞£᪵Éᵨ'ᦪintx=Function();ᑣ5ᑨGÃFunctionJÈ3'ᦪ஺Ë⚪JᙠC++/Cuv1ᡃ@5Íᶍ'ᦪḄ»¼½஺ᙠLÏÐᘤuvᕒÓÔ⍝K3Function'ᦪ=Éᵨ஺ᡠ¢x☠ᦪ×x☠»¼½Ḅ9ᩭᑖ'ᦪ஺ÏÐᘤ᪷Ùᦪ^3'ᦪÚÛ9ḄᑁÜ᪗Þß஺T᝞ÏÐᘤ~T8771Ḅâ3Eat'ᦪÚÛieatbeefஹeatfishஹeatchickenãḄᑁÜ᪗Þß(9ḄÏÐᘤ5xÚÛ9åæḄᑁÜ᪗Þß)஺᝞£C++uv⌕Éᵨkç=ÏÐèḄC'ᦪ©ª«Ꮇêë3C'ᦪḄì᝞voidfoo(intx,inty);'ᦪ=CÏÐᘤÏÐèᙠí1Ḅ|p2f஺஺×C++ÏÐᘤᑣîÚÛi_foo_int_intãḄ|pᵨᩭðᢝ'ᦪòᐰô·஺õÏÐèḄ|p9C++uvxö·ÉᵨC'ᦪ஺C++÷>23Cô·øᣚᢣßûextern“C”ᩭüý3Ë⚪஺T᝞extern"C"(voidfoo(intx,inty);…//ᐸᦪ)ᡈὅᑏᡂextern"C"(ttinclude"myheader.h"…//ᐸCᜮᦻ)C++ᘤᦪfooCᑮ!"#foo$%_foo_int_intoC++ᘤ&'ᖪ)*+C᪗-Ḅᜮᦻ/0extern“C”ᜐᳮᡠ5ᡃ785ᵨ#include;<ᵨ=ᜮᦻ஺?@A%BᦪḄ!"CDE᪀ᡂGH஺ᐰJᦪKLḄᡂᕒᦪD!%NGHOPᦪḄ/ᵨQ%D஺R᝞TvoidPrint(•,•);//ᐰJᦪclassAvoidPrint(-);//ᡂᕒᦪ

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58pb->f(3.14f);//Base::f(float)3.14pb->g();//Derived::g(void))nR8-2-1ᡂᕒᦪḄGHK⌚Ä8.2.2tuvwḄ◚yᑣᩭññcdGHb⌚ÄA%Nòó¨C++Ḅ◚Åôᑣõö⚪øᩖឋ▽ᯠüg஺ý“◚Å”ᢣázLḄᦪþÿ
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59voidmain(void)(Derivedd;Base*pb=&d;Derived*pd=&d;//Good:behaviordependssolelyontypeoftheobjectpb->f(3.14f);//Derived::f(float)3.14pd->f(3.14f);//Derived::f(float)3.14//Bad:behaviordependsontypeofthepointerpb->g(3.14f);//Base::g(float)3.14pd->g(3.14f);//Derived::g(int)3(surprise!)//Bad:behaviordependsontypeofthepointerpb->h(3.14f);//Base::h(float)3.14(surprise!)pd->h(3.14f);//Derived::h(float)3.14)=>8-2-2(b)12ஹ⌚8-2-3?@D®pd->f(10)Ḅ°/±²ᵨᦪBase::f(int),Base::f(int)´+Derived::f(char*)◚-஺ᵫzᦪ)10µ+◚¶ᙢ·ᓄ¹)º»ᡠ½ᙠ¿À┯஺classBase(public:voidf(intx);ÂbclassDerived:publicBase(public:voidf(char*str);ÂbvoidTest(void)(Derived*pd=newDerived;pd->f(10);//error)=>8-2-3ᵫz◚-PÅÆ┯Ç

60È=>8-2-3Éᩭ◚tᑣËÌmÍ≶஺◚-ᑣϪᨵÐÑÒᙠḄᳮᵫ♦ᑏ®pd->f(10)ḄµÔḄ±²ᵨDerived::f(char*)ᦪÕÖÇ*ᦪᑏ┯஺ᨵ◚-ᑣ¿ÀᘤؽÙÚᢣ┯ÇvÛÜÝx஺ᔲᑣ¿Àᘤß☟ោោᙢ*┯Ø┯?@ᕒ*mâãvÑ┯ÇäἪ᪷஺♦Ꮇ᝞DerivedᨵnÑ(n1èé)ᨵêëìíîïðᦪf஺᝞:ᨵ◚-ᑣñòpd->f(10)µß²ᵨÑÌ/ᧇḄᦪf஺ôõ◚-ᑣÉ©ᩭöòᨵ⍝ᳮøḄÚµùúvî/᜜஺=>8-2-3D᝞®pd->f(10)ï⌕²ᵨᦪBase::f(int),ñò*Derivedýᦋ¹᝞ᓽ஺classDerived:publicBase(public:voidf(char*str);voidf(intx){Base::f(x);})8.3ᦪḄ"ḕ$ᨵ&'ᦪḄ$ᙠ)*+ᦪ,ᵨ./0123ᑏ5᪵Ḅ789:;<=஺C++7@AᵨᦪḄ"ḕ$:3ᑏBCDE(ᙠFG.2"ḕ$ᵫFGᘤJKLᐭ)஺ᦪ"ḕ$Ḅ:ᵨNᑣP•ூNᑣ8-3-1ᦪ"ḕ$STUVᙠ+ᦪḄWXY2Z[TUVᙠ\]^Y஺_᝞PvoidFoo(intx=0,inty=0);//gh2"ḕ$UVᙠ+ᦪḄWXYvoidFoo(intx=0,inty=0)//┯j2"ḕ$UVᙠ+ᦪḄ\]^Y)klm95᪵nᡃpqᨵrstuP&q+ᦪḄvV(\])wᩭyzᦪqᔲᨵ"ḕ$|ᐵ2ᡠᨵ⌕"ḕ$UVᙠ+ᦪḄ\]^Y஺qᦪḄ"ḕ$T9ᦋK2ᯠᦋ+ᦪḄWXᦋ+ᦪḄ\]⌕஺•ூNᑣ8-3-2᝞+ᦪᨵsᦪ2ᦪSTᔣᢸs"ḕ2ᔲᑣ+ᦪ,ᵨ78᪵஺ghḄ_᝞PvoidFoo(intx,inty=0,intz=0);

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62Complexoperator+(constComplex&a,constComplex&b);ÌÍÎzÛÜ+ᦪᙠ,ᵨ.Ḅ[1ÝᜐqPßàÛÜ+ᦪ2ᦪUVᙠᙊâãᑁZßàÌÍÎ2ᦪUVᙠᐸæஹèé஺_᝞Complexa,b,c;c=Add(a,b);//ᵨÛÜ+ᦪc=a+b;//ᵨÌÍÎ+᝞ÌÍÎê¿Àkᐰì+ᦪ2ímSᨵ&sᦪḄÌÍÎÖ×&ᐗÌÍÎ2ᨵrsᦪḄÌÍÎÖ×ᐗÌÍÎ஺᝞ÌÍÎê¿ÀkïḄᡂᕒ+ᦪ2ím&ᐗÌÍÎᨵᦪ2ᐗÌÍÎSᨵ&sèéᦪ2ukßòJóᡂôæéᦪ஺7õÔö2ÌÍÎ÷\]kᐰì+ᦪ2ª\]kᡂᕒ+ᦪ஺ᦻùúMurray,p44-p47þßÿ⚪Ḅ▊⊤8-4TḄᑣ஺ᑣᡠᨵḄᐗᡂᕒ#ᦪ=0%->()ᡂᕒ#ᦪ+=-=/-*=&/1=ஹ/%=>>=<<=ᡂᕒ#ᦪᡠᨵᐸ4ᐰ6#ᦪ⊤8-4-1Ḅᑣᵫ8C++:;<ᢝ#ᦪ>)?@ᡂ#ᦪᩭᵨC:;CDE஺ᡃG⌕IJKLᩭMNO(1)D⌕SᑖULVWDXᵨ4ḄYZ[ᯠ]^_ᕒG`៉Ḅ#ᦪ஺(2)D⌕SᑖcLᙢeᵨ᝞g4D)ehṹjklm᧕o᧕ᑏqCrᵨᔲᑣXVtuv஺8.4.2D)wḄᙠC++yᔠ{ᨵ|]Dᐕ~wḄ஺▲ᑴ]8ᐰ☢Ḅὃ⇋■┯஺(1)D)ᦋjC++ᑁᦪ(᝞int,float)Ḅ஺(2)D)ᙠ{M¡¢ᡂᕒ£ᨵ¤¥¦§ᡂ᪗©ᵨª஺(3)D)¬C++yᔠ{®ᨵḄ¯᝞#,@,$஺³ᨵ´µ]¶Iᳮ¸/]¶I¹º»ᐜ½஺(4)M¦§¾ᙠḄ¿EÀD)ᦋj»ᐜ½ᑣᔲᑣ?ÁÂ஺8.5#ᦪᑁὶ8.5.1ᵨᑁὶÄhÅhṹ

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66G9HIḄ᪀⌼Lᦪஹ᪆᪀LᦪPQRLᦪ᪀⌼Lᦪஹ᪆᪀LᦪPQRLᦪSTIᨬVᩈḄLᦪ஺7XYZ[\]^᧕`aᜧcᐸdefgᓫḄLᦪijkᨵ⚔nḄop⍝r᪵ᓻ◅஺STIvᨵT᪆᪀LᦪTQRLᦪ"[ᨵT᪀⌼Lᦪ(ᒹyTz{᪀⌼Lᦪᐸ7Ḅ|}YZ᪀⌼Lᦪ)஺cTIA,᝞!;ᑏLᦪC++;ᘤ}ATḕḄLᦪ᝞A(void);஻ḕḄᦪ᪀⌼LᦪA(constA&a);஻ḕḄz{᪀⌼Lᦪ~A(void);஻ḕḄ᪆᪀LᦪA&operate=(constA&a);//ḕḄQRLᦪ!Ἥ]ᶧ«¬ᯠᡂLᦪ}¯°±⌕<²ᕒ;ᑏ´µ¶᝞o·(1)᝞5ᵨ“ḕḄᦪ᪀⌼Lᦪ”“ḕḄ᪆᪀Lᦪ”»¼½¾“¿Àᓄ”“Â◀”Ḅ:C++ÄÅStroustrupḄ(?(cÈ>஺(2)“ḕḄz{᪀⌼Lᦪ”“ḕḄQRLᦪ”ᙳËᵨ“Ìz{”ÍΓRz{”ḄÏÐᩭd᎚ÓIÔyᨵᢣ┐×ØÙTLᦪÚÛÜ┯஺rkᨵᔛßàᜮḄC++<²ᕒ᝞âã;ᑏ᪀⌼Lᦪஹ᪆᪀LᦪPQRLᦪ^᧕"[!ᵨᾯå⊤ÅâḄçè±éêëìpíᨵ0îï஺ðH[IStringḄòóPd}ôõᐭ▊øᦟúûüýḄ⍝ᳮ஺StringḄÿ᪀᝞classStringpublic:String(constchar*str=NULL);//᪀⌼!ᦪString(constString&other);//%&᪀⌼!ᦪ~String(void);//᪆᪀!ᦪString&operate=(constStringftother);//,-!ᦪprivate:char*mdata;//ᵨ012345)69.1᪀⌼!ᦪ7᪆᪀!ᦪḄ9:;<=C?ᐜAḄBCDC++FGH?IḄJᑴᩭMNOPḄQᐰឋ஺C++UVᘤᐹᨵZ[Ḅ\]Qᐰ^_`aDbcdaefOPgᡠᨵḄBij⚪DlḄmnrOP

67ᕒḄᜧq஺rsOPtHUV^_uv⊤x┯z{|v2ᙠHDᙠ“┯z”ḄᜧD“Bi┯z”Ḅᙢas஺Ḅ┯z◚DḄDv᧕஺᪷|¡Dv¢£¤¥¦ḄOP┯zsᵫ0¨©ªᨵ«¬m®ᓄᡈ±◀⌼ᡂḄD´®ᓄµ±◀¶;᧕«·⍡¹஺Stroustrupᙠº»C++BC¼ᐙᑖὃ⇋HlÁj⚪uIᙢ¤ÃÄÅÆḄ®ᓄ¶;Çᙠ᪀⌼!ᦪgDű◀¶;Çᙠ᪆᪀!ᦪg஺ÈÆ«ÉʼD᪀⌼!ᦪ«ËÌ᡻Î஺ÈÆÏмD᪆᪀!ᦪ«ËÌ᡻Î஺lvᵨÑÒ¹HÆḄ®ᓄµ±◀¶;஺᪀⌼!ᦪ7᪆᪀!ᦪḄÓ3vaÔÕ9DÖ×ØUVᘤÙfÚ¤«ËÌ᡻Î஺StroustrupḄÛÓÜiÝÞᓫàᔠᳮØ᪀⌼!ᦪஹ᪆᪀!ᦪ7\äÓDᵫ0᪆᪀!ᦪḄåḄ7᪀⌼!ᦪḄæçDèéê¤xë஺◀HÓ3᜜D᪀⌼!ᦪ7᪆᪀!ᦪḄíîÁᱯðᜐsªᨵòó-\]Dl7òó-\]ᓾᙠ(ᦪA(}=C஺DEFG⊤HḄ+,ᓄIJKᙠ(ᦪAᑁḄMNOṹQ᡻S=C஺᪀⌼(ᦪ+,ᓄ⊤ḄTᵨᑣW♦᝞YZᙠ[\ᐵ^_`aᙠᐸ+,ᓄ⊤HcᵨdḄ᪀⌼(ᦪ஺e᝞classA{...A(intx);//AḄ᪀⌼(ᦪ)hclassB:publicA{...B(intx,inty);//BḄ᪀⌼(ᦪ)hB::B(intx,inty):A(x)//ᙠ+,ᓄ⊤HcᵨAḄ᪀⌼(ᦪ)♦Ḅconstklmnᙠ+,ᓄ⊤HQ+,ᓄopnᙠ(ᦪAᑁᵨqḄ23ᩭ+,ᓄ("s5.4⁚)஺

68♦ḄᦪtᡂᕒḄ+,ᓄwxᵨ+,ᓄ⊤ᡈ(ᦪAᑁqz{23Dz{23Ḅᦔ᳛~ᐰ஺|ᑁ}ᦪ~#nḄᡂᕒ`ᵨᓄYḄᦔ᳛஺s᝞classA{...A(void);//"ᦪ᪀⌼(ᦪA(constAMother);//᪀⌼(ᦪA&operate=(constAftother);//q(ᦪ};classB(public:B(constA&a);//BḄ᪀⌼(ᦪprivate:Am_a;//ᡂᕒ}h¡e9-2¥)¦BḄ᪀⌼(ᦪᙠᐸ+,ᓄ⊤HcᵨAḄ᪀⌼(ᦪ§¨ᡂᕒm_a+,ᓄ஺¡e9-2(b)¦BḄ᪀⌼(ᦪᙠ(ᦪAᑁᵨqḄ23ᡂᕒm_a+,ᓄ஺ᡃª«ᑮḄm®ᩩq°±¥²▭BḄ᪀⌼(ᦪz´µWᐜᨩᙢH¹ºka(cᵨAḄ"ᦪ᪀⌼(ᦪ)¼cᵨAḄq(ᦪ"ᦪaq½B::B(constA&a)B::B(constA&a):m_a(a)((m_a=a;))¡e9-2(a)ᡂᕒᙠ+,ᓄ⊤¦Q+,ᓄ¡e9-2(b)ᡂᕒᙠ(ᦪAᑁQ+,ᓄ<ᑁ¾ᦪtḄᦪtᡂᕒ¨¿z{+,ᓄ23Ḅᦔ᳛ÀÁᨵÂÃ¥>ὅḄÅÆ᱐3ÈÁÉÊᨎÌ஺ÍFḄÏF᝞ÐWclassF(public:F(intx,inty);//᪀⌼(ᦪprivate:intm_x,m_y;intm_i,m_j;

69)¡e9-2(c)¦FḄ᪀⌼(ᦪxᵨÕ®{+,ᓄ23¡e9-2(d)¦FḄ᪀⌼(ᦪxᵨÕÖ{+,ᓄ23஺F::F(intx,inty)F::F(intx,inty):m_x(x),m_y(y)((m_x=x;m_i=0;m_yÖy;m_j=0;m_i=0;)m_j=0;}¡e9-2(c)ᦪtᡂᕒᙠ+,ᓄ⊤¦Q+,ᓄ¡e9-2(d)ᦪtᡂᕒᙠ(ᦪAᑁQ+,ᓄ9.3᪀⌼Ø᪆᪀ḄÚÆ᪀⌼§ÛÚḄᨬ᪷ᜐß,ᙠà®Û¦✌ᐜcᵨdḄ᪀⌼(ᦪᯠ>cᵨᡂᕒḄ᪀⌼(ᦪ஺᪆᪀ᑣãäᢥ᯿ç᪀⌼èḄÚÆ᡻SGÚÆé®Ḅᔲᑣ
ᘤëìí᡻S᪆᪀îÅ஺®/ᨵïḄðᡂᕒ+,ᓄḄÚÆ~ᐰñpªᙠ+,ᓄ⊤¦ÚÆḄòómᵫᡂᕒᙠ¦ÏFḄÚÆõ஺DoḄÏFé®Ḅ¨Ḅ᪀⌼(ᦪwᨵö/o÷øᨵö/ÚÆḄ+,ᓄ⊤஺᝞Yᡂᕒᢥ᯿+,ᓄ⊤ḄÚÆùS᪀⌼,Dúû᪆᪀(ᦪëüᑮé®Ḅ⌮Æ஺[Eckel,p260-261]9.4StringḄ᪀⌼ᦪ᪆᪀ᦪ//StringḄ᪀⌼ᦪString::String(constchar*str)(if(str==NULL)(mdata=newchar[1];*m_data=4\0';)elseintlength=strlen(str);m_data=newchar[length+1];strcpy(m_data,str);

70}//StringḄ᪆᪀ᦪString::"String(void)Jdelete[]m_data;//ᵫ>m_data?ᑁAᦪBC4DEFᑏᡂdeletem_data;9.5I⌕KLMN᪀⌼ᦪOPᦪᵫ>QRᡠᨵḄUVWXYᵨMN᪀⌼ᦪ[OPᦪ4\]ᕒE_U`abᦪᨵcKL஺eᐜghFiḄjk4ᙠ▅noᦻqrXst♦uvwᜮyz4᝞|I}~ᑏMN᪀⌼ᦪ[OPᦪ4ᘤF“MN”Ḅ~ᡂḕḄᦪ஺᎚ᨵᢣ┐4`abḕḄᦪr◚┯஺FStringḄabUVa,b4Ꮇa.mdataḄᑁ“hello”4b.m_dataḄᑁ"world"஺aO¡b,ḕOPᦪḄ“MN”¢ᕡḼ᡻¦b.m_data=a.m_data஺`⌼ᡂ§b┯¨?b.mdata©ᨵḄᑁª«¬®4⌼ᡂᑁª¯☄±²?b.m_data[a.m_dataᢣᔣ´•ᙽᑁª4aᡈb¸¹¨~WXº»¼¨±§?ᙠUV¬᪆᪀q4m_data¬®a½஺♦MN᪀⌼ᦪ[OPᦪR¾᧕ÀÁ4¾ÂÃ┯ᑏஹ┯ᵨ஺MN᪀⌼ᦪ?ᙠUV¬ÅÆqÇᵨḄ4ÈOPᦪÉ_¬Ê˪ᙠḄUVÇᵨ஺Fi\]4̧bÍÎ[ÌÏbÍÎÐÑÒ4ÓᑖÕÖ×ØbÇᵨMN᪀⌼ᦪ4ÙBbÇᵨOPᦪᔩÜStringa("hello");Stringb("world");Stringc=a;஻ÇᵨMN᪀⌼ᦪ4ᨬßᑏᡂc(a);c=b;஻ÇᵨOPᦪu̧bÍÎḄàáâã4äᦋᑏᡂStringc(a)Fæç>ÌÏbÍÎ஺9.6StringḄMN᪀⌼ᦪOPᦪ//MN᪀⌼ᦪString::String(constString&other)

71//ᐕêëìotherḄíᨵᡂᕒm_dataintlength=strlen(other,mdata);m_data=newchar[length+1];strcpy(mdata,other,mdata);)//OPᦪString&String::operate=(constString&other)(//(1)îïOPif(this==&other)return*this;//(2)®©ᨵḄᑁªñòdeleteómdata;//(3)ᑖõöḄᑁªñò4Q÷ᑴᑁintlength=strlen(other,mdata);mdata=newchar[length+11;strcpy(m_data,other.m_data);//(4)úûuUVḄüᵨreturn*this;)StringMN᪀⌼ᦪ᪀⌼ᦪ(ýþ9.4⁚)Ḅᙠᦪᐭᜐ◤NULL“ᵨ”!"#NULL,%“ᢣ┐”"(NULL஺*StringḄ12ᦪ᪀⌼ᦪ5ᩖ78ᑖ:;<=(1)@A;BCD12஺E"#FG8HAIJ⍝ᨵMFN≶ᑮᑏRa=a᪵ḄD12WXYḄZ!F஺[\]ḄD12^ᨵ"#R=_᝞//ᑁcD12//ᙢᙬD12b=a;b=&a;c=b;aj*b;a=c;lmᨵMFn“ᓽpR=D12ᡃl"(!ᳮsᜧ!uᓄwx\yz{5ᑴD}%~!FR┯Y”

72Ḅn┯u஺@j;Ḅdelete,Dᩔ#5ᑴD}ᔩᡠ(᝞=D12ᦪ஺!⌕BCD12ḄifWXif(this==&other)┯ᑏᡂif(*this==other)(2)@j;ᵨdelete¡¢ᨵḄᑁ£¤¥஺᝞=ᙠ!¡(¦§¨Fu⌼ᡂᑁ£©☄஺(3)@¬;ᑖ®Ḅᑁ£¤¥¯5ᑴ°±²஺ᦪstrlen³´Ḅᨵᦔ°±²¶·!ᒹ¹º»±'\0'஺ᦪstrcpyᑣÂ(\0,AÃ5ᑴ஺(4)@:;³´Äz{ḄᵨÅḄu<={a=b=c᪵ḄÆÇ⊤É஺!⌕return*this┯ᑏᡂreturnthis஺ËÌ#ᔲᑏᡂreturnotherᕖᦔ!A᪵ᔩ!"(YᡃÏ!Ð⍝ÑᦪotherḄÒÓÔ஺ᨵ"#otherÕÖxz{ᙠ12º»×ØᜫËÌreturn0ther³´ḄᚗÛ஺9.7ᏕÝḄÞßᜐᳮàá᪀⌼ᦪ12ᦪ᝞ᡃÏ<ᙠ!âãᑏàá᪀⌼ᦪä12ᦪå!ᐕmMpᵨãçᘤÒᡂḄéḕᦪëÌÞᏕÝḄÞßì◤àá᪀⌼ᦪä12ᦪíîïᨵᦪ!ᵨãᑏðṹ஺_᝞classA{...private:A(constA&a);//ïᨵḄàá᪀⌼ᦪA&operate=(constA&a);//ïᨵḄ12ᦪ)ö᝞ᨵM÷øãᑏ᝞ùúûAb(a);஻ýᵨuïᨵḄàá᪀⌼ᦪb=a;//ýᵨuïᨵḄ12ᦪãçᘤᢣR┯þ᜜
AḄᨵᦪ஺9.8᝞ᙠḄᦪḄ᪀⌼ᦪஹ᪆᪀ᦪஹᦪ
!"#஺᝞$%&'ᙠ"#ᐵ)*ᙠ+ᑏ-.ᦪ/01234⚗6♦Ḅ᪀⌼ᦪ0ᙠᐸ89ᓄ⊤<=ᵨḄ᪀⌼ᦪ஺

73♦?Ḅ᪆᪀ᦪ0@AB(ᓽEvirtualᐵMN)஺P᝞#includeclassBase(public:virtual'Base(){cout<<"dBase”<

74Derived&operate=(constDerived&other);//DerivedḄᦪprivate:intm_x,m_y,m_z;)hDerived&Derived::operate=(constDerivedMother)(//(1)if(this==&other)return*this;//(2)xḄᦪyᡂᕒ|}Base::operate=(other);//A
ᨵᦪyᡂᕒ//(3)xḄᦪyᡂᕒm_x=other.m_x;m_y=other.m_y;m_z=other.m_z;//(4)xḄᵨreturn*this;)9.9ᨵC++¡¢£¤᪀⌼ᦪஹ᪆᪀ᦪ¥ᦪ¦Ḅ“Big-Three”*ª«Ḅ¬¦ᨬ|⌕Ḅᦪ*
¯°±஺²³´µA¶Ḅᑁ¯¸¹º»¼*½¼¾¿ÀÁ4*ᡃ
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75Õ10¶Ḅ"#?Öᔠx(Object)¦(Class)ḄÄP(Instance)«᝞$ØxÙÚÛ,st¾¦ÚÛḄ¡ÜÝ஺ᡠ☢ᔣx¡Ḅ|á¦Ḅ¡*â
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76./ᵨ0ᑣ஺•ூ0ᑣ10-1-12᝞56A76B89:ᐵ!9/BḄ<=>?.@ABAḄ<=7Bឋ஺9⌕CD“EᔛE9ᔛ”!AGHHḄᏉJ☘LMNMᦑᙢᔛQR⊡TU஺•ூ0V!|10-1-22Yᙠ[\]B^AḄ“_"aakindof
,ᑣᐕcBAḄ<=7Bឋ஺᝞ᵱQaMan
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77ᡠ>¢£¤Ḅ0ᑣ)*^Yᙠ[\]B^AḄ“_”!¥AḄᡠᨵ<=7Bឋ¦B@§¨ᨵm©!ᑣᐕcBAḄ<=7Bឋ஺10.2ªᔠ•ூ0ᑣ1021௃Yᙠ[\]A^BḄ“ᑖ”(apartof),ᑣ9ᐕcBiAjk!@^⌕ᵨA7ᐸ±ªᔠ²Bo᝞³(Eye)ஹ´(Nose)ஹU(Mouth),ὡ(Ear)^ᜮ(Head)Ḅᑖ!ᡠ6Head)ᵫ6EyeஹNoseஹMouthஹEarªᔠ@ᡂ!9^jk@ᡂ஺᝞¹10-2-1ᡠOclassEyeclassNose((public:public:voidLook(void);voidSmell(void);)º)ºclassMouthclassEar((public:public:voidEat(void);voidListen(void);););//¼Ḅ½¾!¿ᯠÁṹᑍ஺classHead(public:voidLook(void){m_eye.Look();}voidSmell(void){m_nose.Smell();}voidEat(void){m_mouth.Eat();}voidListen(void){m_ear.Listen();}private:Eyem_eye;Nosem_nose;Mouthm_mouth;Earm_ear;)º¹10-2-1HeadᵫEyeஹNoseஹMouth>Earªᔠ@ᡂ᝞5ᐕcHeadiEyeஹNoseஹMouth>Earjk@ᡂ!ghHeadÄÅÆᐹᨵLookஹ

78SmellஹEatஹListenÈ.<=஺¹10-2-2ᓝᑖs¥Ê˼!u^È_½¾ÌÍᓾ^9¦Ḅ஺//<=¼¥ÁṹsÏ!u^½¾ÌÍ9¦஺classHead:publicEye,publicNose,publicMouth,publicEar(к_____________________________________________________________________________¹10-2-2HeadiEyeஹNoseஹMouthஹEarjk@ᡂÒÓÔ/ÕᙢÖᡭÒØÙÚḄÛÔ!ÜÝ⍝hᔩÛÔÙàÚ஺r?
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84ὃᦻ"[Cline]MarshallP.ClineandGregA.Lomow,C++FAQs,Addison-Wesley,1995[Eckel]BruceEckel,ThinkinginC++
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92¢ஹᨵᐵᑁḄ¥ὃ⚪¡20ᑖ¨voidGetMemory(char*p)char*GetMemory(void)((p=(char*)malloc(100);charp[]="helloworld”;)returnp;voidTest(void))(voidTest(void)char*str=NULL;{GetMemory(str);char*str=NULL;strcpy(str,"helloworld");str=GetMemory();printf(str);printf(str);)}(©ª«TestqᦪᨵZ[᪵Ḅ¯°a(©ª«TestqᦪᨵZ[᪵Ḅ¯°a+3+3VoidGetMemory2(char**p,intnum)voidTest(void)((*p=(char*)malloc(num);char*str=(char*)malloc(100);)strcpy(str,"hello");voidTest(void)free(str);(if(str!=NULL)char*str=NULL;(GetMemory(&str,100);strcpy(str,"world");strcpy(str,஻hello஻)¸printf(str);printf(str);)))(©ª«TestqᦪᨵZ[᪵Ḅ¯°a(©ª«TestqᦪᨵZ[᪵Ḅ¯°a+3+3

93ºஹᑏstrcpyqᦪ(10ᑖ)»¼strcpyqᦪḄ½¾;char*strcpy(char*strDest,constchar*strSrc);ᐸXstrDest;ÀḄÁÂÃstrSrc;ÄÁÂÃ஺(1)lᵨC++/CḄÁÂÃÅqᦪ(ᑏqᦪstrcpy(2)strcpyÆstrSrcḄᑁÈÉᑴᑮstrDest,IZ[Ì⌕char*K¾ḄÍÎ8aÏஹᑏKStringḄ᪀⌼qᦪஹ᪆᪀qᦪÓ8qᦪ(25ᑖ)»¼KStringḄ½¾I3classString(public:String(constchar*str=NULL);//ÔÕ᪀⌼qᦪString(constStringftother);//Ö×᪀⌼qᦪஹString(void);//᪆᪀qᦪString&operate=(constString&other);//Ó8qᦪprivate:char*m_data;//ᵨØÙÚÁÂÃ)¸(ᑏStringḄÛv4xqᦪ஺

94▬ÝC3C++/C⚪Ḅ+ᫀEßᑖ᪗áஹ(âᑏBOOL,float,ᢣ┐DE“78”FGḄifH஺(10ᑖ)(ᑏBOOLflagE"78”FGḄifH஺(3ᑖ)᪗ª«ᫀ.᝞wᑏᙳæçèéêᑖ஺if(flag)if(flag==TRUE)if(!flag)if(flag==1)if(flag==FALSE)if(flag==0)(ᑏfloatxE“78”FGḄifH»(4ᑖ)᪗ª«ᫀrs.constfloatEPSINON=0.00001;᝞w;┯þḄᑏêᑖ஺if((x>=-EPSINON)&&(x<=EPSINON)if(x==0.0):òó}Dᵨ“=="ᡈ"ô=”EᦪÁif(x!=0.0)FGõö÷øᓄᡂ“>="ᡈ“<=”JKûü஺ᑏchar*p“”Ḅif஺(3ᑖ)᪗ª«ᫀ.᝞!ᑏ"ᙳ$%&'()%*ᑖ஺if(p==NULL)if(p==0)if(p!=NULL)if(p!=0)if(p)if(!)ஹbWindowsNTḄ32C++Y[TsizeofḄ)(10ᑖ)charstr[]="Hello”;voidFunc(charstr[100])char*p=str;(intn=10;;<;

95ஹqr⚪¡25ᑖ^IஹᜮᦻBCḄifndef/define/endifDEFᵨHI5ᑖJr■vwᜮᦻJ3Kyzᵨ஺2ஹ#includeK#include"filename.h”ᨵEFMNHI5ᑖJr|}#include,ᘤ᪗filename.h|}#incline"filename.h”,ᘤᵨᡝḄfilename.h3ஹconstᨵEFᵨ⌶HIPQRSTUJI5ᑖJr¡1const
2const⛲>ᦪḄᦪஹ\)>ᦪḄ஺3const⛲Ḅᑮ¢ᑴ¤¥)⚜■§᜜Ḅ©5)ª«hMNḄᏉឋ஺4ஹᙠC++WXCYᵨZC[\ᘤ[\^Ḅ_ᦪ)aEF⌕cextern“C”HI5ᑖJrC++T®¯ᢝ>ᦪK±)CT®+¯ᢝ>ᦪK±஺>ᦪ3C++²ᙠ´ḄPµRCT®Ḅ+¶஺ᎷV¸¹>ᦪḄº»¼voidfoo
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96kஹᨵᐵᑁnḄoὃ⚪(rs⚪5ᑖ)ᐳ20ᑖ)voidGetMemory(char*p)char*GetMemory(void)j[ip=(char*)malloc(100);charp[]="helloworld”;)returnp;voidTest(void))(voidTest(void)char*str=NULL;{GetMemory(str);char*str=NULL;strcpy(str,"helloworld");str=GetMemory();printf(str);printf(str);)}Test_ᦪᨵEF᪵ḄHTest_ᦪᨵEF᪵ḄHWX஺ṹ஺aGetMemory%⌴᝱ᑁn)aGetMemoryḄᢣᔣ“᪘ᑁn”Test_ᦪCḄstr•—NULL஺Ḅᢣ┐)£ᢣ┐Ḅᙢᙬ%NULL,¦ᐸ¨strcpy(str,"helloworld");WX©Ḅᑁª«¬Z◀)¯ᑁª%°஺஺voidGetMemory2(char**p,intnum)voidTest(void)((*p=(char*)malloc(num);char*str=(char*)malloc(100);)strcpy(str,"hello");voidTest(void)free(str);(if(str!=NULL)char*str=NULL;(GetMemory(&str,100);strcpy(str,"world");strcpy(str,஻hello஻)³printf(str);printf(str);}})Test_ᦪᨵEF᪵ḄHTest_ᦪᨵEF᪵ḄH¸ᦋ᝱ᑁnMḄᑁª)^º»⚜(1)´µhelloᧇ)¾¿ᓻ◅஺(2)ᑁn¶·afree(str);Â^)strᡂaÄᢣ┐)if(str!=NULL)%ÅÆᵨ஺

97Çஹ[ᑏstrcpy_ᦪ(10ᑖ)«°strcpy_ᦪḄ¨Èchar*strcpy(char*strDest,constchar*strSrc);ᐸCstrDestÉḄÊËÌ)strSrcÍÊËÌ஺(1)%YᵨC++/CḄÊËÌÐ_ᦪ)[ᑏ_ᦪstrcpychar*strcpy(char*strDest,constchar*strSrc);assert((strDest!=NULL)&&(strSrc!=NULL));//2ᑖchar*address=strDest;//2ᑖwhile((*strDest++=*strSrc++)!=)//2ᑖNULL;returnaddress;//2ᑖ)(2)strcpyÑstrSrcḄᑁªÒᑴᑮstrDest,aEFÕ⌕char*ÖÈḄHa×Ø©ÙÚ⊤ÜÚ஺//2ᑖÝ᝞intlength=strlen(strcpy(strDest,uhelloworld"));Þஹ[ᑏÖStringḄ᪀⌼_ᦪஹ᪆᪀_ᦪKâ_ᦪ(25ᑖ)«°ÖStringḄ¨ÈaclassString(public:String(constchar*str=NULL);//åæ᪀⌼_ᦪString(constString&other);//çè᪀⌼_ᦪString(void);//᪆᪀_ᦪString&operate=(constString&other);//â_ᦪprivate:char*m_data;//ᵨêënÊËÌ)³[ᑏStringḄìí4ï_ᦪ஺᪗ñᫀ//StringḄ᪆᪀_ᦪString::^String(void)஻3ᑖdelete[]m_data;//ᵫêm_dataᑁôᦪõÖÈ)ö»ᑏᡂdeletem_data;

98//StringḄåæ᪀⌼_ᦪString::String(constchar*str)஻6ᑖ(if(str==NULL)(m_data=newchar[l];//øcNULLᑨúᑣüý*m_data='\0';)else(intlength=strlen(str);m_data=newchar[length+1];//NULLᑨ"ᑣ$%strcpy(m__data,str);})//*+᪀⌼.ᦪString::String(constStringfeother)஻3ᑖ(intlength=strlen(other.m_data);m_data=newchar[length+1];//NULLᑨ"ᑣ$%strcpy(m_data,other.m_data);)//89.ᦪString&String::operate=(constString&other)//13ᑖ(//(1);<=89஻4ᑖif(this==&other)return*this;//(2)BCDᨵḄᑁHIJ஻3ᑖdelete[]m_data;//(3)ᑖKLḄᑁHIJMNOᑴᑁQ஻3ᑖintlength=strlen(other.m_data);m_data=newchar[length+1];//NULLᑨ"ᑣ$%strcpy(m_data,other.m_data);//(4)RSTUVḄWᵨ//3ᑖreturn*this;}