林锐-高质量C++编程指南

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3C++/Cᢣᓭ(V1.06.1,ᦪḄZᑣ................................................................366.3ᦪᑁḄZᑣ.......................................................396.4ᐸ..................................................................406.5ᵨ..................................................................416.6ᵨ-ᢣ┐Ḅ|}.........................................................427
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8C++/CᢣᓭV1.0ஹ✌ᐜg▬BḄC++/C⚪(⌕=ᫀὃCDḄ᝞஺ᯠ᯿ᫀᡭᑖ஺1᝞2ᓝᑖ(⌕¡¢*(⌕£¤஺¥¦¦)ᵫ¨(©wª⌼ᡂḄ®Ḅ¯°ஹ°±ᨵOᜧᐵµT)ᨵ¶·ᦗḄ஺ᡂ¹<¥·º»¼Ḅ½¾j<ᜧ¿_(j)ᙠÀ¿ÁÂAÃÄGÅ_ÆᔩÈ⌕ÉÊËᦋᣵ(©Ḅwª!PÍὃjÎ2஺2᝞ὃÎ2⊤ÑḄᢈÒFẠ(┯\]ÔËvwஹ(Õ»¼஺᝞T±ᨵÖᑮᔠ〉ḄÙ;ᓫÛ(ÜᑮÝÞß"஺3᝞ὃ85ᑖºḄUᡂ¹ᨵã[ÄᡠᙠḄåæ;“C++/C”éê஺\][ᡃeOOëQஹìíî»஺ïð/ᡃñmAB"⚩Uóôjõö᢬ᑮᡃeøùᩭ஺4᝞ᙠ±ᨵüýþḄÿ
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10«¬oC++/C&ᢣᓭv1.0¯1°ᦻ±᪀³C++/C&´µ¶ᑖ¸ᦻ஺¹ᦻᵨ"º»&´ḄQR(declaration),¼ᜮᦻ஺¾•ᦻᵨ"º»&´ḄÀÁ(implementation),¼ÂÃ(definition)ᦻ஺C++/C&´ḄᜮᦻZ“.h”ÄÅC&´ḄÂÃᦻZ“.c”ÄÅC++&´ḄÂÃᦻµ¶Z“.cpp”ÄÅ(@ᨵ•ÇÈÉZ“.cc”ᡈ“.cxx”ÄÅ)஺1.1᱐ᩗË᱐JḄQR᱐ᩗË᱐JḄQRh"ᜮᦻËÂÃᦻḄIᜮ(ÌÍÎÏ1-1),Ð⌕ᑁaᨵ:(1)᱐ᩗÓÔ஺(2)ᦻÕ¼᪗×Ø᤺⌕஺(3)ÚÛ᱐JÜὅ/^ᦋὅÝᡂÞß஺(4)᱐JᔊáÓÔ஺/**Copyright(c)2001,ᨵ▲Hxᵨ*Allrightsreserved.**ᦻÕ¼Ufi1ename,h*ᦻ᪗×Uᳮᑜ*᤺⌕U⌕ᦻḄᑁ**ÚÛ᱐JU1.1*ὅᐭ"ὅ(ᡈ%ᦋὅ)()*ÝᡂÞßU2001,7ᨴ20/**äå᱐JU1.0*æὅUᐭ0"ὅ(ᡈ%ᦋὅ)()*ÝᡂÞßU2001,5ᨴ10/*/ÎÏ1T᱐ᩗË᱐JḄQR2001Page11of101

11«¬oC++/C&ᢣᓭv1.01.2ᜮᦻḄ±᪀ᜮᦻᵫçᑖᑁaèᡂU(1)ᜮᦻIᜮᜐḄ᱐ᩗË᱐JQR(ÌÍÎÏ1-1)஺(2)⚜ᜐᳮᙽ஺(3)ëᦪËí±᪀QRî஺ᎷðᜮᦻÕ¼graphics,h,ᜮᦻḄ±᪀ÌÍÎÏ1-2஺•ூᑣ121௃ô■öᜮᦻ÷øùúᵨÚᵨifndef/define/endif±᪀û⚜ᜐᳮᙽ஺•ூᑣ1-2-2௃ᵨ#includeüᩭúᵨ᪗ýþḄᜮᦻ(ÿᘤ
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14ikC++/Cᢣᓭ5v1.0ó2ôḄ᱐᱐Hᯠ/JõöḄ®¯5QJõö;÷ឋ஺Ḅ᱐ùúûᨎஹýþ5êUḄ⌕᪀ᡂÿ஺Ḅ᱐“”஺Ḅ“”ᯠᐶ஺Ḅ“”᝞≏"#$%ᯠ&ᕡ()*+ὅ-.ᨵ0஺1ᕒ345Ḅ“”6⊡ᜧ49:;ᦟ=Ḅ>?@ᙠBᨵC⌕஺2.1F$F$GḼᑖ◞KLḄMᵨ஺F$O(QRSTQRU)WXḄYZ(0[ᨎ஺F$Q]^_ᑁabᯠᡭᓺeᨵF$Ḅf]Sgὑijklfm஺ᡠQ⌕oQᵨF$஺•ூrᑣ2-1-19ᙠtuvwxyzஹtu|ᦪ~yz⌕0F$஺2-1(a)•ூrᑣ2-1-29ᙠu|ᦪOᑁᑗᐵḄyQ0F$ᐸᙢ0F$ᑖ◞஺2-1(b)//F$//F$voidFunctionl(•,,)while(condition)({statement1;)//F$//F$if(condition)voidFunction2(••,)((statement2;})else//F$(voidFunctions(••,)statements(}//F$)statement4;)2-l(a)|ᦪyḄF$2-l(b)|ᦪᑁḄF$2001Page15of101

15ZC++/Cᢣᓭv1.02.2ṹ$•ூrᑣ2-2-11$ṹ¡¢£¤᝞~u¥ᡈᑏᩩ஺©᪵Ḅṹ«᧕▅®¯°±²ᑏ³´஺•ூrᑣ2-2-2௃ifஹforஹwhile,do¶·ᓰ$᡻$Qº»ᐸz஺Q¼᡻$ᨵSU⌕0½¾஺©᪵■ÀᑏᜫÂ஺2-2(a)ÃÄÅḄṹ$2-2(b)ÃÄQÅḄṹ$஺intwidth;//ÆÇintwidth,height,depth;//ÆÇÈÇÉÇintheight;//ÈÇintdepth;//ÉÇx=a+b;X=a+b;y=c+d;z=e+f;y=c+d;z=e+f;if(width

16ÈC++/CᢣᓭV1.02.3ṹ$ᑁḄFÄ•ூrᑣ2-3-1௃ᐵèéyz⌕ᶇFÄ஺ëconstஹvirtualஹinlineஹcase¶ᐵèéyzìU⌕ᶇuFÄᔲᑣ&î᪆ᐵèé஺ëifஹforஹwhile¶ᐵèéyzᶇ-•uFÄñ»òóô'('ö÷ᐵèé஺•ூrᑣ2-3-2௃|ᦪøyzQ⌕ᶇFĺ»òóô'('ùᐵèéúû஺•ூrᑣ2-3-31'('ᔣzº»ᔣýº»º»ᜐQᶇFÄ஺•ூrᑣ2-3-41‘’
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⌕ᶇ᝞for(initialization;condition;update)»•ூᑣ2-3-59ஹ!"ஹ#$ஹ%&ஹ'(᝞“="ஹ“+=”“II"ஹ./ᐗḄ1
234஺•ூ5I62-3-61ᐗ᝞“”ஹ(ᙢᙬ:#).1
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4஺?ூ@A2-3-1௃CD⊤FG!"HḄforIJKifIJLMNOPQRS〉3ᙢUᣵW᝞for(i=0;i<10;i++)Kif((av=b)&&(cv=d))voidFund(intx,inty,intz);//^_Ḅ`voidFund(intx,inty,intz);//^Ḅ`if(year>=2000)//^_Ḅ`if(year>=2000)//^Ḅ`if((a>=b)&&(c<=d))//^_Ḅ`if(a>=b&&c<=d)//^Ḅ`for(i=0;i<10;i++)//^_Ḅ`for(i=0;i<10;i++)//^Ḅ`for(i=0;I<10;i++)//abḄx=aFunction();//⌕ᑏᡂb->Function();XY2-3ZṹᑁḄ2001Page17of101

17efgC++/Chiᢣᓭv1.02.4Cl•ூᑣ2-4-1௃imḄᑖo'{'K'}'2rᓰtu'Dv,ᑡvyz{ᵨ}~ḄIJCl஺•ூᑣ2-4-2]{}ᑁḄZṹᙽᙠ'{'ᦪᜐCl஺XY2-4(a)L`^_ḄClXY2-4(b)L`^ḄCl஺voidFunction(intx)voidFunction(intx){{…//programcode…//programcode)}if(condition)if(condition){{…//programcode…//programcode))else{else…//programcode(}…//programcode}for(initialization;condition;update)for(initialization;condition;update){r…//programcode…//programcode))While(condition)while(condition){(…//programcode…//programcode)}᝞ᝅḄ{},ᑣᵨCl᝞|()}XY2-4(a)`^_ḄClXY2-4(b)`^ḄCl2001Page18of101

18efgC++/Chiᢣᓭv1.02.5Hᑖ•ூᑣ2-5-1௃ZṹᨬᜧHᑴᙠ7080Sᑁ஺Zṹ⌕aHᔲᑣaᩭDᡭᓺ஺•ூᑣ2-5-29H⊤FG⌕ᙠ¢£ᐜ¥ᜐᑖᡂ¦§ᙠ¦✌(S©)஺ᑖḄ¦⌕〉3Ḅ᣸᱐᦮lIJR஺if((verylongervariablel>=verylongervariablel2)&&(very_longer_variable3<=very_longer_variablel4)&&(verylongervariables<=verylongervariablel6))(dosomething();}virtualCMatrixCMultiplyMatrix(CMatrixleftMatrix,CMatrixrightMatrix);for(verylongerinitialization;very_longer_condition;very_longer_update)(dosomething();JXY2-5HḄᑖ2.6®⛲Ḅ'°®⛲*K&2³☠µᦪ¶>·¸³☠µ¹gºᨵ¼AḄ½⚪஺¿À®⛲*☠µᦪ¶>·Y᝞int*X+ÁIÂÃÄÅᑏÆ!"ÇÈᓽxint>·Ḅᢣ┐஺ÃËᑏÆḄÌÍÎ᧕{PÐÑY᝞int*x,y;ÅᜐyÎ᧕ÒÐÑLᢣ┐¹g஺ÓᯠÀxKyᑖÕÂRSÖ×ÐÑØtÙÙÚÛÜ=᪵Þ஺•ூᑣ2-6-1௃23À®⛲*K&N☠¹gºY᝞char*name;int*x,y;//ÅᜐyßÒÐÑLᢣ┐2001Page19of101

19efgC++/Chiᢣᓭv1.02.7àácIâḄàáL"/*_*/ஹC++IâäimᙽḄàáåæᵨ"/*…*/"àáèæᵨàáéåᵨDê1ë᱐ìஹ᱐ᩗîï2
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20WC++/Cᢣᓭv1.02.8Ḅ᱐"g9ᦪᦪᙠ*ᐸ[ᦪ⊤~Ḅ(ᡈ¡¢)஺£¤ᐵ¦§publicஹprotectedprivate,ᑖ_ᵨ{©ª«tᦪᦪ"¬ᨵḄஹ:®Ḅᡈὅ"°ᨵḄ஺±᪵g9²ᑮ´µ◚·Ḅ¸Ḅᓽºº¬»&¼⌕᜜¾¿⍝ḄᑁÂT◚·ᐸÃ*ᑗᑁÂ஺ᡃÆ%g9ÇᵨḄÈÉ%⌕ÊÃDᡂÌ┡ÎÏÐÑÒÓÔᡮ஺Ḅ᱐×⌕ᨵØÙj×(1)privateÚḄᦪᑏᙠÛ☢TpublicÚḄᦪᑏᙠÝ☢᝞~/8-3(a)஺Þᵨ±Ù᱐×ḄᕒàḄáâ“9ᦪ[ä”qæᐵḄᑁçw᪀஺(2)publicÚḄᦪᑏᙠÛ☢TprivateÚḄᦪᑏᙠÝ☢᝞~/8.3(b)Þᵨ±Ù᱐×ḄᕒàḄáâ“9[ä”qæᐵḄ"8飤ÎÏ᪵Ḅêë(ᡈ¡¢)஺ìC++ᦟîïᑮBiarneStroustrupð*℉òḄóô%¿%õᙢÞᵨ“9ᦪ[ä”Ḅïᑏj×÷%øùᨵ⍝ᳮ஺ᡃûü}ὅÞᵨ“9[ä”Ḅïᑏj×ᓽ✌ᐜὃ⇋
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!"ᨎ$%&'()▅+஺,-ᵨᡝᨬᐵ2Ḅ34$567ᐜ9ᑮᚮ<ᨵᦪ>ᡂᕒA”classAclassA((private:public:inti,j;voidFund(void);floatx,y;voidFunc2(void);public:private:voidFund(void);inti,j;voidFunc2(void);floatx,y;}1CD8.3(a)Eᦪ>-F2᱐HCD8.3(b)EJ--F2Ḅ᱐H2001Page21of101

21KLMC++/CNOᢣᓭ$V1.0R3STUVᑣXY℉UḄTUVᑣ[\Microsoft]^Ḅ“ᒼᱛᑭ”b$TUVᑣḄc⌕e“ᙠfMgᦪUFhᐭjkElmnoOpḄᳮr”஺D᝞ᡠᨵḄuvfMᙳEch-jk$xᢣ┐fMᑣzhjkP஺᝞{|fMᵫppch~ᜮ$ᑣ⊤ᢣᔣuvᢣ┐Ḅᢣ┐஺“ᒼᱛᑭ”bᨬᜧḄᳲ$D᝞inti,j,k;floatx,y,z;᎚xᵨ“ᒼᱛᑭ”TUVᑣ$ᑣ[ᑏᡂintil,ij,ik;//jki⊤Cint
floatfX,fY,fZ;//jkf⊤Cfloat
᝞ᳲḄOpᜧᦪOpᕒb஺>ὃ$ᨵTUVᑣEᡠᨵḄOpᕒ$OpᦟᢣTUVᑣ஺TUVᑣo¡¢£¤%¥¦“ᡂ§¨ᐵ”Ḅ©$ᡃn⌕ᓄ¬®¯°±²³´ᨬµḄTUVᑣ$%[ᑴ·ᜧᦪ⚗¹ᡂᕒº7ḄTUVᑣ$¦ᙠ⚗¹F»¼½¾஺3.1ᐳឋVᑣÁ⁚ÃÄḄᐳឋVᑣÅᜧᦪOpᕒÆḄ$ᡃn[ᙠ⍳ÈÉᐳឋVᑣḄjÊ$Ë᡽ᐙᱯḄVᑣ$᝞3.2⁚஺•ூVᑣ3-1-1௃᪗Óv[ÔÕ&EÖ+$×ᦻÙ7$ÚmJ“rṹ”஺᪗ÓvᨬµᵨÜᦻᓫÞᡈᐸáᔠ$(ãäåg▅+஺ᑗçèᵨéêÖëᩭTU஺OpFḄÜᦻᓫÞ¬íᩖ$ᵨÞ[ïð஺D᝞⌕ñCurrentvalueᑏᡂNowValue஺•ூVᑣ3-1-2௃᪗ÓvḄòó[vᔠ^min-length&&max-information”ôᑣ஺õᓝ÷jὁANSICVUuïùú6|uv$ûüḄC++/CËᨵ▲ᑴ஺ᩭþ$òUuÿ
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"#$%&᝞maxval()maxValueUntilOverflow
ᵨ஺ᓫḄ-ᨵᵨḄ/#Ḅ᝞012,11,3*,425678/9ᵨ:ᦪ0ᑁḄ<=஺•ூAᑣ3-1-3CAᑣDEᡠFᵨḄG:HIᡈKLMᐹḄOPQᢝST஺&᝞WindowsUᵨVWḄ᪗Y8/Fᵨ“ᜧ\ᑏ”_᣸Ḅab᝞AddChild஺cUnixUᵨVWḄ᪗Y8/Fᵨ“\ᑏdeᑜg”Ḅab᝞add_child஺hijkO2001Page22of101

22Draw();//Ḅᡂᕒᦪ•ூAᑣ3-1-89ᵨ©ªḄ«Cᐹᨵ¬®Ḅᡈ{«:Ḅᦪ5஺&᝞}intminValue;intmaxValue;intSetValue(...);intGetValue(...);¯ூ°±3-1-1௃D²³suvᦪm´᝞Valuel,Value25◀¶·¸¹Ḅª◤⌕m´஺j»■½VWᕒᏕ¿ÀCᾯÂcÃTÄÅ®Ḅ(Æᵨᦪm´ᨬḕÈ)஺3.2ÉᓫḄWindowsUᵨVWCAᑣ:ὅ¥“ᒼᱛᑭ”CAᑣÍ»ᔠᳮḄÉᓄeÑḄCAᑣÉᓫ᧕ᵨ)Ò〉ᔠÔWindowsUᵨÕÖḄKL஺2001Page23of101

23

24JC++/CKLᢣᓭv1.0•ூᑣ3-2-7
OP■RSTUVWXḄTY᪗[\]ᐸ_UVWXḄ`a'(Oᔜc᪗[\def᧜UVឋJḄ஺᝞ijkl᪗mOpenGLḄᡠᨵW,ᦪᙳ(glqᜮᡠᨵstᡈvwxyᙳ(GLqᜮ஺3.3zᓫḄUnix|ᵨL~/ᑣ2001Page25of101

25JC++/CKLᢣᓭv1.04⊤]ὅ'eᝰᶧifஹforஹwhileஹgoto,switch%᪵zᓫḄ⌕KL⚪ᜧᡃḄL~ᕒᵨ◚¢┯¤Ḅ¥ᑏ⊤]ᡃ§¨©ª«Ḅ┯¤஺⊤]¬®C++/CḄ¯°᪀²஺_³´«zᓫ.¶ᵨ·◚¸¹º஺»¼P½¾ᵨ⊤]ḄTYᑣ+¿À஺4.1ÁÂ\ḄÃᐜÅC++/CÆḄÁÂ\ᨵᦪᓝÈÁÂ\ḄÃᐜÅ+°ᔠÊ᝞⊤4-1ᡠ஺ËÌTᐗÁÂ\+-*ḄÃᐜÅÑ®Ò|ḄÓᐗÁÂ\஺ÃᐜÅÁÂ\°ᔠÊ()[]>.ÔÕÖ×!~++--(Ø)sizeofHIJKÔ+-*&//%ÔÕÖ×Ñ+-ÔÕÖ׫»ÔÕÖ×ᑮ<<=>>=ÔÕÖ×|===ÔÕÖ×Ú&ÔÕÖ×AÔÕÖ×᣸1ÔÕÖ×&&ÔÕÖ×ᑡIIHIJK?HIJK=+=-=*=/=%=&=A=ÔÕÖ×1=«=»=⊤4-1ÁÂ\ḄÃᐜÅ+°ᔠÊ•ூᑣ4-1-1௃᝞QRṹTUḄVWXYZ[\ᵨÞß¾w⊤Ḅàáâ~)*ᵨãäḄÃᐜÅ஺ᵫ®æ⊤4-1ç蹺éêḄOP■RëìíxîïÑ'ឋ|ðᵨÞß¾w⊤Ḅàáâ~஺᝞word=(high«8)Ilow2001Page26of101

26JC++/CKLᢣᓭv1.0if((aIb)&&(a&c))4.2ñᔠ⊤᝞a=b=c=0%᪵Ḅ⊤òOñᔠ⊤஺ᐕôñᔠ⊤õᙠḄᳮᵫ(1)øᑏzùú(2)'(ïÑKûᦔ᳛஺¶⌕■Rþᵨñᔠ⊤஺•ூᑣ4-2-1௃⌕KᑏÿᩖḄᔠ⊤஺᝞i=a>=b&&c?Ḅif((a

27]C++/C*ᢣᓭFv1.0if(!flag)//⊤9flag!ᎷᐸḄᵨqF᝞if(flag==TRUE)if(flag==1)if(flag==FALSE)if(flag==0)4.3.2᦮i\]-STU•ூI4-3-29¡_᦮i\]ᵨ“=="ᡈ“£=”`a-0TU஺Ꮇ|᦮i\]Ḅ}~!value,-STUḄ᪗zif&'᝞if(value==0)if(value!=0)^¨©Z[\]Ḅ7ᑏᡂif(value)//ª«=M?value6Z[\]if(!value)4.3.3¬\]-STU•ூII4-3-39^_¬\]ᵨ“=="ᡈ"£=”-noᦪ~TU஺ᓟ¯⌕ᶇ±F²Y6floatµ6doublehiḄ\]Fqᨵ¸¹▲ᑴ஺ᡠRx{⌕½¾_¬\]ᵨ“=="ᡈ"£=”-ᦪ~TUF|¿ᓄᡂ“>="ᡈ“<="Ã஺Ꮇ|¬\]Ḅ}~!X,¡_if(x==0.0)஻◚K┯MḄTU¿ᓄ!if((x>=-EPSIN0N)&&(x<=EPSIN0N))ᐸ,EPSIN0N6ᐕÎḄMÏ(ᓽ¸¹)஺4.3.4ᢣ┐\]-STU•ூIJ4-3-41¡_ᢣ┐\]ᵨ“=="ᡈ"£=”-NULLTU஺ᢣ┐\]ḄS6“Ó”(m!NULL),ÔÕNULLḄ-0Ö×FØ6"ὅ±j×஺Ꮇ|ᢣ┐\]Ḅ}~!PF-STUḄ᪗zif&'᝞if(p==NULL)//p-NULLÚTUFÛÜp6ᢣ┐\]if(p!=NULL)⌕ᑏᡂif(P==0)//Ý᧕«=M?p6᦮i\]if(p!=0)ᡈὅif(P)//Ý᧕«=M?P6Z[\]if(!p)4.3.5ßif&'Ḅ⊡ᐙâã2001Page28of101

28]C++/C*ᢣᓭFv1.0ᨵä᎛ᡃç^èªéᑮif(NULL==p)ë᪵íîḄ஺6*+ᑏ┯;F6*+ᕒ!;■ð_if(p==NULL)Mᑏᡂif(p=NULL),7ᨵ±)pñNULLò᎔஺ôᘤö!if(p=NULL)6ᔠḄFØ6ªᢣ÷if(NULL=p)6┯MḄFø!NULLèùú஺*+,ᨵäª⍗ᑮif/else/returnḄÿᔠ
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z{-.?ᦪ@ᜧ
}vwᑨy~ᑮ2001Page29of101

29C++/Cᢣᓭ
v1.0-.IḄ᜜☢஺nm4-4(c)Ḅrnm4-4(d)Z᡻N-1?vwᑨy஺z{ᵫὅὁ⌕vwᑨy
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30C++/Cᢣᓭ
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°ï᪵Ḅᑍ`òó஺ôNswitch/0uᙠḄᳮᵫ஺switch/0ḄKCõNtswitch(variable)(casevaluel:break;casevalue2:…break;default:break;)•ூ½ᑣ4-6-1௃úæcase/0Ḅûü⌕ý(break,ᔲᑣÿ
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ᑖ)஺•ூᑣ4-6-2௃⌕ᨬdefaultᑖ஺ᓽ$%&Ḅ◤⌕defaultᜐᳮ,,-./ᶇ12default:break;8᪵:;
<=>?@ABC■EFGHIBJCdefaultᜐᳮ஺4.7goto12KLM᎝O᪀ᓄRSIᩭ?got஺WᡂCᨵYZḄ12஺✌ᐜ?ᵫ^goto12_Iᮣabc?᝞ef▲ᑴ?iḄjkẚmO᪀ᓄRSno஺ᐸq?got஺12rstᩭ┯Hᡈ◚x஺i_ybzC{|}~Ḅ᪀⌼ஹḄᓄஹ⌕ḄS12?᝞gotostate;Stringsi,s2;//gotobzintsum=0;//gotobzstate:᝞eᘤy<┯H?ᵨ=qgoto12_yᶇ◚x஺
GZ◀C++/CḄgoto12?I¢x஺£¤¥¦Aᙢ¨?┯HA$%ᕒKª⌼ᡂḄ?Agot஺Ḅz┯஺goto12«¬ᨵ=ᜐ_®¯?iyL
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qḄbreak12»᝞gotoerror;2001Page31of101

31¼½C++/C$ᢣᓭ?v1.0))error:W~ÀÁḼÂC?ᩭÃLÀÄ=Å=ÅÆÇ?_LÈÉbÊÂᙷ஺ᡠIᡃÎÏЬᵨஹÑᵨgot஺12?@AἭᵨ஺2001Page32of101

32Ó½C++/C$ᢣᓭ?V1.0Ô5ÕssA=Ö᪗ØÙ?iḄÚᙠÜÝÞßឤá஺C1âᵨ#defineᩭáäsåæBçsè஺C++1â◀C#define᜜é_IᵨconstᩭáäsåæBconstsè஺5.1Bëì◤⌕s᝞eᵨs?íîᙠ$%³ïᑏᦪñᡈñÙò?ókᨵëìôõöå1è$%Ḅ_øឋå_ᳮúឋèû஺$%ᕒKªk|ᦪñᡈñÙòAëìü?ᵨᡝᑣþfÿ
ᜐᩭஹ⊤஺2ᙠḄᙢᐭ᪵Ḅᦪᡈ!"#$%&ᑏ┯)஺3᝞,⌕.ᦋᦪᡈᑣ1ᙠᙢᦋ234567᧕9┯஺•ூ=ᑣ5-1-19>?@ᵨBCDEḄF?ᩭ⊤GHIᙠJK9LḄᦪᡈ஺M᝞NtfdefineMAX100/*C]^Ḅ_F?*/constintMAX=100;//C++]^ḄconstF?constfloatPI=3.14159;//C++]^ḄconstF?5.2constn#defineḄopC++]^qrᵨconstᩭsCF?tqrᵨ#defineᩭsCF?஺vwxὅozὅᨵ|Ḅ}~N1constF?ᨵᦪ_F?ᨵᦪ஺ᘤqrxὅᐰ஺zὅᣚᨵᐰᙠᣚq1%ᧇ#ᑮḄ┯)▭ᦔ஺2ᨵHᡂᓄḄ¡ᐹqrconstF?vw#_F?஺•ூ=ᑣ5-2-19ᙠC++J@ᵨconstF?#@ᵨ_F?ᓽconstF?¤ᐰ¥¦_F?஺5.3F?sC=ᑣ•ூ=ᑣ5-3-1௃◤⌕᜜ª«ḄF?¬ᙠᜮᦻ¯J#◤⌕᜜ª«ḄF?¬ᙠsCᦻ¯Ḅᜮ°஺±²³´ᳮqr¶#·ᙽḄF?J¹¬ᙠº»ªᐳḄᜮᦻ¯J஺•ூ=ᑣ5-3-29᝞,½ºF?nᐸF?¿ᑗÁᐵᙠsCJᒹBÄÅᐵÆ#2001Page33of101

33ÇÈ?C++/Cᢣᓭv1.0Ë9ºHÌÍḄÎ஺M᝞NconstfloatRADIUS=100;constfloatDIAMETER=RADIUS*2;5.4JḄF?ᨵÕᡃ
×ؽHF?ᙠJᨵᦔ஺Ù³#definesCḄ_F?wᐰÇḄ#ÚᑮÛḄ³wÜÝᯠᙢßàáᵨconst.⛲ᦪᡂᕒᩭäL஺constᦪᡂᕒḄåw¹ᙠḄvᐸBCᓾ#wᡃ
ᡠèØḄ஺constᦪᡂᕒᙠ½»é%¹èᑁwF?³᦮»^ᓾwqìḄí±qrîï»é#ḄéᐸconstᦪᡂᕒḄÎqr#஺#ᙠðñJòóᓄconstᦪᡂᕒ஺rôᵨõw┯)Ḅí±Ḅéö÷îïÕᘤ#ø⍝SIZEḄÎw஺classA(•••constintSIZE=100;//┯)üýᙠðñJòóᓄconstᦪᡂᕒintarray[SIZE];//┯ḄSIZE)constᦪᡂᕒḄᓄᙠ᪀⌼#ᦪḄᓄ⊤%&'(᝞classA{…A(intsize);//᪀⌼#ᦪconstintSIZE;);A::A(intsize):SIZE(size)//᪀⌼#ᦪḄᓄ⊤)Aa(100);஻78aḄSIZE9:100Ab(200);//78bḄSIZE9:200=᪵?@Aᙠ᦮C%DឤFḄGHᕖJKᢣMconstᦪᡂᕒNOPᵨ%ḄRSGHᩭUV஺(᝞classA(-enum{SIZE1=100,SIZE2=200);//RSGHintarray1[SIZE1];2001Page34of101

34_`HC++/Cabᢣᓭv1.0intarray2[SIZE2];dRSGHefᓰᵨ78Ḅhijklmᙠanopᐰrs9஺RSGHḄtuv:lḄ◚xᦪyv᦮ᦪᐸᨬᜧ9ᨵ▲e⊤uᦪ᝞PI=3.14159d஺2001Page35of101

35`HC++/CabᢣᓭV1.06#ᦪ#ᦪvC++/CbḄᓫᐗᐸ⌕ឋe஺#ᦪḄtu᧕P#ᦪp┯ᵨᡠ¢ᐝ¤#ᦪḄ¥¦ve§Ḅ஺u¨©#ᦪḄª«¬ᑁrUVḄ®¯°ᑣ஺#ᦪª«Ḅ²C⌕³v´ᦪ¬µ¶9஺C·%#ᦪḄ´ᦪ¬µ¶9Ḅ¸⌴º»ᨵ²¼½9¸⌴(passbyvalue)¬ᢣ┐¸⌴(passbypointer)C++·%¿NÀᵨ¸o⌴(passbyreference)ᵫÂÀᵨ¸⌴Ḅឋ`8ᢣ┐¸⌴¤ᵨº»ᓾ89¸⌴oÄὅGGÆÇeÈ᧕ÀÉÊËÌᐜ▅Ï6.6⁚“ÀᵨÒᢣ┐ḄÓÔ”஺6.1´ᦪḄ°ᑣ•ூ°ᑣ6-1-19´ᦪḄØᑏ⌕Ú᦮e⌕ÛÜḕÞᑏ´ᦪḄyḕᶍ´ᦪàá஺᝞â#ᦪãᨵ´ᦪᑣᵨvoidäᐙ஺(᝞½voidSetValue(intwidth,intheight);//æçḄèévoidSetValue(int,int);//eæḄèéfloatGetValue(void);//æçḄèéfloatGetValueO;//eæḄèé•ூ°ᑣ6-1-29´ᦪêà⌕ាìí⌕ᔠᳮ஺(᝞aᑏáðñòó#ᦪStringCopy,lᨵ²C´ᦪ஺᝞âô´ᦪàáÉ:strl¬str2,(᝞voidStringCopy(char*strl,char*str2);õöᡃmøùúûüývôstrlòóᑮstr2%,ÿ
᎔ᩭ஺ᦪᨵ᝞strSourcestrDestination஺᪵strSource!"ᑮstrDestination«$ᨵ%&'⚪)&ᦪ*%&ᙠ,*%&ᙠ-.ᦪḄ01⌕⍳451ᕒḄ78஺%9ᙢ;<Ḅᦪ=ᙠ,☢?ᦪ=ᙠ-☢஺᝞@;AᦪBCDEvoidStringCopy(char*strSource,char*strDestination);FGᙠHᵨJKLMᎷOPᙢᑏᡂ᝞STUEcharstr20;StringCopy(str,"HelloWorldw);//ᦪ01V᎔•ூZᑣ6-1-39᝞@ᦪᢣ┐^_`aᐭᵨᑣᙠcd,econst,■gᢣ┐ᙠAᦪhᑁj᜜lᦋ஺n᝞E2001Page36of101

36opqC++/Cr5ᢣᓭV1.0voidStringCopy(char*strDestination,constchar*strSource);•ூZ"II6-1-49᝞@aᐭᦪtu⌴ḄwUu⌴xyᑣzᦋᵨ“const&”wUᩭu⌴᪵ḕ|}JxyḄ᪀⌼᪆᪀5oᦔ᳛஺ூ6-1-19AᦪᨵḄᦪᦪ&ᦪqᑴᙠ5&ᑁ஺᝞@ᦪᙠHᵨJ᧕;ᦪcdᡈ01┯஺ூ6-1-29qM⌕Hᵨcdᦪ

37C++/Cᢣᓭv1.0ᔩᙠ!"#$getcharḄ,-.ᓫ012஺4᝞6getchar7ᑮᦻ:;<᪗>ᡈ@AB┯DEFG-.H0᪗>EOF஺
LMNO!Ḅ12PQEOFRS
Tᦪ(W!
T1)஺Z[\ᦪgetchar]ᡂLint஺ᡃbᙠc▭efgh!7ᑮi.k
lḄm⚪஺
LopqrDsᡃbtu!vw┯D᪗>ᑖy஺ᓽ{!vᵨ}q~ᦪ┯D᪗>ᵨreturn-.஺\ᦪgetcharᦋᑏᡂBOOLGetChar(char*c);ᯠgecharGetCharᮣ᝞putchar(getchar());4᝞6getcharᵨ┯LEḄᮣឋᨵᵨᕖூ621௃ᨵ᎛\ᦪ¡¢◤⌕-.v4
L¤¥ᮣឋ᝞¦ᢝ¨©⊤«▬¥-.v஺᝞12®¯\ᦪstrcpyḄ{char*strcpy(char*strDest,constchar*strSrc);strcpy\ᦪstrSrc®¯¶}q~ᦪstrDestg·\ᦪḄ-.vstrDesto¸᪵º»¼½[H¾᝞$ᮣឋ{charstr[20];intlength=strlen(strcpy(str,"HelloWorld"));ூ622]᝞6\ᦪḄ-.vH0ÉÊᨵËÌᔠᵨ“ÏᵨÐ⌴”Óᣚ“vÐ⌴”ÕÖᦔ᳛஺ᨵËÌᔠPÙᵨ“vÐ⌴”¢Ùᵨ“ÏᵨÐ⌴஺ᔲᑣq┯஺᝞{classString(-//Þv\ᦪString&operate=(constStringMother);//á¥\ᦪ᝞6âᨵfriendä⛲ᑣPæᨵH0çè~ᦪfriendStringoperate+(constString&sl,constString&s2);private:char*m_data;)StringḄÞv\ᦪoperate=Ḅcr᝞${String&String::operate=(constStringftother)(if(this==&other)return*this;deletem_data;2001Page38of101

38C++/Cᢣᓭv1.0m_data=newchar[strlen(other.data)+l];strcpy(m_data,other,data);return*this;//-.Ḅ*thisḄÏᵨï◤®¯ð)ÉOÞv\ᦪtñᵨ“ÏᵨÐ⌴”Ḅò©-.StringÉÊ஺᝞6ᵨ“vÐ⌴”Ḅò©ᯠóÙôᯠ,4ᵫOreturn⌕ö*this®¯ᑮ÷ø-.vḄ᜜úøûᓫᐗýg¤¥L¢F⌕Ḅy├ÿ
ᦪḄᦔ᳛஺᝞Stringa,b,c;a=b;//᝞ᵨ“⌴”!"#$%&*this*+a=b=c;//᝞ᵨ“⌴”!"#$,&*this*+StringḄ-.ᦪoperate+Ḅ34᝞5Stringoperate+(constString&sl,constString&s2)(Stringtemp;deletetemp,data;//temp,data=>?'\0'ḄCDEtemp,data=newchar[strlen(sl.data)+strlen(s2.data)+1];strcpy(temp,data,si.data);strcat(temp,data,s2.data);returntemp;}NO-.ᦪ!PQᵨ“⌴”ḄRSTUStringNV஺᝞ᦋᵨ“Xᵨ⌴”!YZᦪTU=%[ᢣᔣ^_NVtempḄ“XᵨᵫOtempᙠᦪbcdefg├i!"jkTUḄ“Xᵨ”lᦔ஺᝞c=a+b;mda+bnoTUpq!crZstoᑮ!v5
◚x஺6.3ᦪᑁ_34Ḅzᑣo|}~Ḅᦪᐸᑁ_34ᔜo-|!ᩭl“ᑁ_34”ᡂ%kḄ஺᪷!ᡃᙠᦪḄ“ᐭᜐ”“ᜐ”ᐵ!¡ᦪḄ¢£஺•ூzᑣ6-3-1௃ᙠᦪḄ“ᐭᜐ”!N§ᦪḄᨵᦔឋª«¬.®¯°±┯³=ᵫ´§ᦪXḄ!ᡃPµᐙᑖᳮ¹nº»¼ᵨ“½¾”(assert)ᩭ■ÀmÁ┯³஺ÂÃ6.5⁚“¼ᵨ½¾”஺2001Page39of101

39¡¢£C++/CÇ°ᢣᓭ!V1.0•ூzᑣ6-3-2௃ᙠᦪḄ“ᜐ”!NreturnÉÊḄº»ឋᦔ᳛ª«¬஺᝞ᦪᨵTU!YZᦪḄ“ᜐ”=returnÉÊ஺ᡃo⌕ÌÍreturnÉÊ஺᝞returnÉÊᑏtoÏ!ᦪ⌕Z┯!⌕Zᦔ᳛5஺ÐÑÒ⚗᝞5(1)returnÉÊoTUᢣᔣ“᪘ᑁÕ”Ḅ“ᢣ┐”ᡈὅ“Xᵨ”!ÙÚµᑁÕᙠᦪbcdefg├i஺᝞char*Func(void)(charstr[]="helloworld";//strḄᑁÕÞO᪘ßreturnstr;//"jk┯³}(2)⌕àáâTUḄãä=“”ஹ“ᢣ┐”æ=“Xᵨ”஺(3)᝞ᦪTU=%[NV!⌕ὃ⇋returnÉÊḄᦔ᳛஺᝞returnString(sl+s2);ê=ëdNVḄÉ!⊤í“îï%[ëdNVnTUð”஺o⌕Úðñ“ᐜîï%[^_NVtempnTUðḄb”=óôḄ!᝞Stringtemp(si+s2);returntemp;3¢oᯠ!ßö÷ṹ"ù$úûÒ஺✌ᐜ!tempNVeîï!|dýᡂþÿᓄ
ᯠ᪀⌼ᦪtempᑮḄ᜜ᓫᐗ
ᨬtempᙠᦪ!"├$(&ᵨ᪆᪀ᦪ)஺ᯠ+“-./01!2345”Ḅ789:;Ḅ<=ᘤ?@1!23-.4ABᓄᙠ᜜ᓫᐗḕDEF᪆᪀ḄᓄGHIEᦔ᳛஺LMᙢᡃP:⌕Rreturnint(x+y);//-./01!]^45ᑏᡂinttemp-x+y;returntemp;ᵫcᑁᦪeLf᝞int,float,doubleḄ]^:ᙠ᪀⌼ᦪo᪆᪀ᦪpᯠq“1!]^Ḅrs”:tHIuvᦔ᳛w98xyz{|᧕~஺6.4ᐸ5.ூ.6-4-1௃ᦪḄ⌕ᓫ/:⌕uᵨ⌶Ḅᦪ஺ூ.6-4-2௃ᦪḄ⌕^ᑴᙠ50ṹᑁ஺ூ.6-4-3]^ᦪᨵ“”஺;Ḅᐭ¡¢;Ḅ£஺ᨵ“”Ḅᦪᐸ¤¥9:¥⚜§Ḅ¨¤5Ḅ¤¥©ªc«2001Page40of101

40I¬^C++/C<8ᢣᓭV1.0¯“°᝱”஺²᪵Ḅᦪ´:᧕ᳮ¶·:ᑭc§¹Fº»஺ᙠC/C++r¼ᦪḄstatic½]^9ᦪḄ“”ᘤ஺.^vᵨstatic½]^◀¿À◤஺ூ.6-4-4௃:Â⌕ÃÄᐭÅᦪḄᨵᦔឋÇ⌕ÃÄÈ7ᐸ5⌶ÉÊᐭᦪᑁḄ]^ḄᨵᦔឋË᝞ᐰ½]^ஹᦻÏÐÑÒ஺ூ.6-4-5
ᵨc£┯ᜐᳮḄ/Õ⌕Ö×ØÙᵨὅ:Û᧕ÜÝᡈ߶┯ßàá஺6.5Ùᵨâ¼8x/ãᑖ¤Debug᱐æFRelease᱐æDebug᱐æᵨcᑁ&¹Release᱐æçèᵨᡝÙᵨ஺â¼assert9ÂᙠDebug᱐æêëᵨḄì5ᵨcÃÄ“:q”ç¢Ḅàá஺íË6-59/0ᑁîᑴᦪ஺ᙠï78᝞ðassertḄÅᦪ¤Ꮇòó8xôtõö/ãᙢÇt£÷Hí2øùúᙠûóᙢüýçEassert
஺void*memcpy(void*pvTo,constvoid*pvFrom,size_tsize)(assert((pvTo!=NULL)&&(pvFrom!=NULL));//Ùᵨâ¼byte*pbTo=(byte*)pvTo;//■õᦋpvToḄᙢᙬbyte*pbFrom=(byte*)pvFrom;//■ᦋpvFromḄᙢᙬwhile(size—>0)*pbTo++=*pbFrom++;returnpvTo;)6-5ᑴḄᑁᙽassertᩭḄ஺ᙠ!"ḄDebug᱐$%Release᱐$&'()assert*+,-./01ᵨ஺ᡠ4assert5ᦪ)7஺!"ᕒ94:assert;ᡂᙠ./=>?᝱AB94CᐰEᵨḄFGHIJK஺᝞M!"ᙠassertᜐO)PQRᨵ+assertḄ5ᦪᨵ┯U)7VᵨὅX'┯)assert94YZᡃ\]ᑮ_-┯UḄ`a஺bcᨵdefᑮ!"Ḅgh)ᓾj⍝+ghḄ1ᵨlmnopḄq஺rᓄbtuv)᣸◀┯U)7yz{|}┯Uᑮ~஺ᨵḄu᎛)!"ᕒᏔXᨵ┯UḄgh஺ᡠ4᝞M{|ghḄ)bᑨg┯UXᙠ!")Xᙠgh஺Ḅ}⚪b)y⌕{ᨎḄᓽ9஺}$7᧕Ḅq¡)9bcᨵ!"ᕒ}᪵£஺}dnᙠ¤᪍¦);ᑮ᪛┑Ḽᙽ“ᓻ◅”Ḅᜧ¯°஺±ᓻ◅ᑮ~²᪛⌕᎔²ᨵ´µ²ᨵ¶·²◀¸¹ºn\“ᓻ◅”)ᔲᑣ}½¹¯4ᑮ¾᩽ᨵᦔḄ1ᵨ஺4ᳮḄghÂÂÃ!"ᕒÄᶍ,ÇÈÃᑤ◀஺Maguire,p8-p302001Page41of101

41ÊËÌC++/CÍ!ᢣᓭ)v1.0•ூÒᑣ6-5/௃Eᵨghᣓᣍ*+_-Ḅ¸Ö¡×஺⌕ØÙ¸Ö¡×Ú┯U¡×ÛvḄÜ()ÝὅÞᯠᙠḄPàá⌕1IHᜐᳮḄ஺•ூÒᑣ6-5-29ᙠ5ᦪḄᐭåᜐ)EᵨghæᦪḄᨵᦔឋèᔠÖឋê஺•ூëì6-5-19ᙠÍᑏ5ᦪu)⌕îïðḄὃ)Pàòó“ᡃᡭõ£ö÷Ꮇá²”ùúáḄᎷá)⌕EᵨghûᎷáîï஺•ூëì6-5-29üᦟþÿ
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42âãØC++/Cᢣᓭv1.0intn=0;Fund(n);cout<<"n="<᝞?Ḅ@A◤⌕Dᵨ(EFGH'Ḅ“JK”MN&ᵨ“Oᵨ”PQ⌕ᵨ“ᢣ┐”,-S8TU᜜஺W᝞XFY◤⌕(Z[\]ᩭᙠᦻ`abacdḄᓺf&gh᝞?)icdḄjᓇlmnMNn&ophQqᨵḄᩗᑭ஺2001Page43of101

43vwxC++/CyzᢣᓭV1.0|7dᑁᳮ}~ᐭᑁ<ᱏ஺ᜧḄBillGatesᜫ640Koughttobeenoughforeverybody—BillGates1981z¥ᕒ§"yᑏᑁᳮz¥©©ª«¬஺᝞?Q®¯°•Ḅ²³´µ&8¶ᡠᨵ¸¹Ḅᙢº»᣸◀+§¾¾QhḄ஺]dḄᑁ¿W(ÀᦟÂÃḄ⌕ÄᐭpÅÆὅ◤È«▅Æ
ᑮËÌᙢÍ᧽ᑁᳮ஺7.1ᑁᑖÏÐÑᑁᑖÏÐÑᨵÒÓ(1)Ö☟᝱ÙÚᑖÏ஺ᑁᙠz¥yÛḄÜ᎛&ÞᑖÏß<ᙽᑁᙠz¥Ḅ᦮Gâgãäåᙠ஺æ᝞ᐰèéxstaticéx஺(2)ᙠ᪘aíî஺ᙠ᡻gðᦪÜðᦪᑁèòéxḄÙᓫᐗå,-ᙠ᪘aíîðᦪ᡻gõÜ<öÙᓫᐗ÷øùúû஺᪘ᑁᑖÏâüᑁýþᜐᳮᘤḄᢣᦔ᳛ᑖḄᑁᨵ▲஺(3)ᚮᑖ᝱ᑁᑖ஺"#ᙠ%&Ḅ'᎛ᵨmallocᡈnewᵭ45678Ḅᑁ"#ᕒ:;<=ᙠ>'ᵨfreeᡈdeleteCDᑁ஺᝱ᑁḄEFᵫᡃIJKLᵨMNᮣPQ⚪Sᨬ7஺7.2NUḄᑁ┯WXᐸZ[\Eᑁ┯W]MN^_Ḅ`a஺bcᘤde:\fgh┯WiNᙠ"#%&'jeᣓᣍᑮ஺ngh┯Wᜧ7pᨵqrḄst'◚'fvwxᦋ┯Ḅz{஺ᨵ'ᵨᡝ᝼~ᙢᩭ"#ᓾpᨵ\E5>Q⚪┯W\x஺NUḄᑁ┯WXᐸZ[᝞♦ᑁᑖᡂᓾLᵨx஺b"Ng┯WIpᨵ6ᑮᑁᑖdᡂ஺NᵨJᙠLᵨᑁᢣ┐ᔲNULL஺᝞¦ᢣ┐p¨ᦪḄªᦪ«¬ᙠ¨ᦪḄᐭ®ᜐᵨassert(p!=NULL)³&஺᝞¦ᵨmallocᡈnewᩭᵭ4ᑁ´µᵨif(p==NULL)ᡈif(p!=NULL)³&■┯ᜐᳮ஺♦ᑁᑖ¸ᯠᡂº»¼ᓄ¾¿ᵨ஺g┯WÀ⌕ᨵÂÃÄpᨵ»¼ᓄḄÅÆÇÈWÉᑁḄÊḕ»ÌᐰÎÏпᵨ»Ì┯W(Ñ᝞ᦪÒ)஺ᑁḄÊḕ»ÌÓÔÕ¬Öpᨵ×Ḅ᪗ÙÚÛᨵh'᎛ÎÌᡃIÜÝÞ2001Page44of101

44ßC++/Cb"ᢣᓭV1.0ᐸádÝÞᐸᨵ஺ᡠÉáãᵨ>äåæçᦪÒèéêxë»ÌᓽíëÎÌSdÝḕᶍd⌕ï^_஺♦ᑁᑖᡂÖðñò»¼ᓄóôõxᑁḄö÷஺Ñ᝞ᙠLᵨᦪÒ'òN\E᪗“71”ᡈὅ“81”Ḅó஺ᱯéᙠforûüýþûüÿᦪ
᧕┯ᦪ஺♦ᑁ⌼ᡂᑁ☄஺ᨵ┯Ḅ!ᦪ"#$ᵨ&'()ᜫ&ᙽᑁ஺,-./01Ḅᑁᐙ3456ᑮ┯஺8ᨵ&'9:;ᯠ=ᣵ01?@ABCᑁὑE஺F᝱ᑁḄᵭIJKLMN9:OmallocJfreeḄPᵨ'ᦪ&Q⌕STᔲᑣWQᨵ┯Xnew/deleteTᳮZ஺♦ᑁᓾ\]Pᵨ^஺ᨵ_`aCX1Z9:OḄNb$ᵨᐵ0defᩖhᙠjklmnoNbpqrᔲstᑁu/vwxyz{ᦪ|}᪀᪷NbᳮḄ☢஺2
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F᝱ᑁḄᵭIJKLMN■´ᑁÇ஺•ூ«ᑣ7-2-5௃ᵨfreeᡈdeleteᑁ¢®ᓽ¤ᢣ┐z¥NULL,■´¦§¨ᢣ┐”஺7.3ᢣ┐JᦪḄNÈC++/C9:Oᢣ┐¶ᦪᙠ6ÆᙢÊËkSÌÍᣚḼᵨÐѦ§&┯ÒkÓὅrÔÕḄ஺ᦪ⌕Öᙠ☟᝱ØÙ#ÚÛX᝞ᐰᦪZ⌕Öᙠ᪘#ÚÛ஺ᦪÞNvḼXß6rᢣᔣZ&ᙽᑁᐸᙢᙬJâᙠ§ãäᑁåᢝ6çèᨵᦪḄᑁËkᦋç஺ᢣ┐Ëkê/ᢣᔣëìíḄᑁᙽ^ḄᱯîrËç”ᡠkᡃñòᵨᢣ┐ᩭF᝱ᑁ஺ᢣ┐ôÈᦪᮣö÷øùᓻ◅஺2001Page45of101

45üâC++/Cý9ᢣᓭv1.0¾☢kÿ
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46¦§C++/CJ¨ᢣᓭv1.07.3.3eWᑁ"bfᵨ^ªsizeof%&«ª¬ᦪḄ(⁚ᦪ)஺7-3-3(a)sizeof(a)Ḅ®12(mn¯°ᢣ┐pᢣᔣa,Wsizeof(p)Ḅ®ᓾ4஺³´sizeof(p)OᑮḄᢣ┐(Ḅ⁚ᦪ,¶:sizeof(char*)[BpᡠᢣḄᑁ=஺C++/CF¹ºᨵ»G¼⍝ᢣ┐ᡠᢣḄᑁ=◀¿ᙠᵭᑁ=ÁÂÃÄ஺ghiᦪ3jkᦪḄlᦪmTn⌴p\qᦪ3rs⌨ᓄkv*wḄᢣ┐஺{|7-3-3(b)BÅᦪaḄÆÇsizeof(a)ÈÉÊ:sizeof(char*)஺chara[]="helloworld”;char*p=a;cout<

47¦§C++/CJ¨ᢣᓭv1.0éê¬ᙠᦪGetMemory஺JKᘤë⌕ᦪḄìÐᦪᑴíîÁïðᢣ┐ÐᦪPḄïð_PJKᘤÜ_P=P஺᝞ÕᦪòᑁḄ¨óDᦋ_PḄᑁô\]ÐᦪPḄᑁíḄDᦋ஺³ôᢣ┐%&ᵨíõ¬ÐᦪḄö´஺ᙠð_pᵭ÷Ḅᑁ=ø}PᡠᢣḄᑁ=ᙢᙬᦋ(WPùúû(஺ᡠ&ᦪGetMemoryMBoõ¬üÑýþ஺ÿ
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48C++/Cᢣᓭv1.0ᵨqᦪrstᩭv⌴a᝱ᑁexyzᯠᵨ[ᨵreturnᵨ┯஺e]⌕ᵨreturnrsᢣᔣ“᪘ᑁ”Ḅᢣ┐/ᑁᙠqᦪa5677-4-4஺char*GetString(void)(charp[]="helloworld”;returnp;//¡ᘤ£¤¥¦§}voidTest4(void)(char*str=NULL;str¨GetStringO;//strḄᑁi[ᚗ«cout<

49ØC++/CᢣᓭV1.07.5freeÙdeleteᢣ┐¸-ᖾºÛÜfreeÙdeleteḄÝ»ូßßḄ(àᐸ[delete),ÇnÖ[ᢣ┐ᡠᢣḄᑁãᣵåᨵᢣ┐æçèᣵ஺ᵨ¬ᘤ¯°677-5,±²ᢣ┐péfreep³ᐸᙢᙬìᯠ]Î("NULL),Ö[/ᙢᙬí.Ḅᑁ[ᚗ«pᡂ“îᢣ┐”஺᝞!ï]p¿ðNULL,ñÂpp[fᔠzḄᢣ┐஺᝞!Èóôõᡃnᨵö]÷pᡠᢣḄᑁ[ᔲùúéᙠûüýᵨpþÿ
ᵨif(p!=NULL)■┯ᜐᳮ஺⍡ifᑮ■┯!ᵨ"#ᓽ%p&NULLᢣ┐)*ᢣᔣᔠ-Ḅᑁ0ᙽ஺char*p=(char*)malloc(100);strcpy(p,"hello");free(p);஻pᡠᢣḄᑁ0EFGH&pᡠᢣḄᙢᙬKᯠMif(p!=NULL)//Oᨵᑮ■┯!ᵨ(strcpy(p,"world");//S┯TU7-5pᡂ#Wᢣ┐7.6X᝱ᑁ0EZXFGᔩ\]ᦪ_ᑁḄ`aMbᙠ]ᦪdeZXfg஺hijk#TU7-6&opḄ஺ᳮᵫ&p&`aḄᢣ┐Mb)fgḄ᎛s)ᡠᢣḄX᝱ᑁ0tuv஺w&┯xyvoidFunc(void){char*p=(char*)malloc(100);//X᝱ᑁ0ZXFGᔩ\}TU7-6sX᝱ᑁ0ZXFGᡃᢣ┐ᨵt“&”Ḅᱯ(1)ᢣ┐%&'()*⊤,-ᡠᢣḄᑁ0123456஺(2)ᑁ0256'()*⊤,ᢣ┐1%&ᡈὅᡂ'NULLᢣ┐஺w⊤FGᑁ0&tk₝᳛Ḅ஺*ᨵit⌕Sk₝᳛Ḅᳮᵫ᝞¡¢£¤¥¦tᑗᢣ┐¨fgX᝱ᑁ0E©!ª«¬ᦈ஺®ᯠ᝞,2001Page50of101

50`¯bC++/C°¡ᢣᓭv1.0ᙠ¡¢²£³´kµFGᑁ0ஹµ·ᢣ┐¸¹#NULL¥஺£ºkᏕ¼½┯j¥ᔳ\¿ÀÁ஺᝞ÂiÃÄÅ¡¢ÆSᩭᵨᑮᐸ)ᙢÉÊËÌ\7.7ÍΓWᢣ┐”“Wᢣ┐”&NULLᢣ┐&ᢣᔣ“ᚗДᑁ0Ḅᢣ┐஺itÑ┯ᵨNULLᢣ┐"#ᵨifÒ᧕ᑨÕ஺H&“Wᢣ┐”&ᓻ◅Ḅif)!ᵨ஺“Wᢣ┐”Ḅᡂ"Ø⌕ᨵÙÚ(1)ᢣ┐MbOᨵEÛÜᓄ஺Þßᢣ┐MbàEáâZXᡂ#NULLᢣ┐)Ḅãḕå&æçḄ)èᢣt஺ᡠkᢣ┐MbᙠáâḄéêëEÛÜᓄ⌕Ë·ᢣ┐¸¹#NULL,⌕Ës)ᢣᔣᔠ-Ḅᑁ0஺U᝞char*p=NULL;char*str=(char*)malloc(100);(2)ᢣ┐pEfreeᡈὅdeleteïðOᨵ¹#NULL,sijk#p&ñᔠ-Ḅᢣ┐஺òó7.5⁚஺(3)ᢣ┐©!øù¥MbḄ!ᵨû஺wÚüýsi■þ■TU¡¢᝞ÿclassA(public:voidFunc(void){cout<<"FuncofclassA”<Func();஻p)“+ᢣ┐”)/ᦪTestᙠ᡻345p->Func()6789a:;<ᜫ7>p)ᢣᔣaḄ7ᡠApBᡂD“+ᢣ┐”஺F᜻HḄ)ᡃJ3KLMN6OᯠQᨵS┯7KUVWXYᘤᨵᐵ஺2001Page51of101

51\]^C++/CXMᢣᓭ7v1.07.8ᨵDmalloc/free`abc⌕new/delete?mallocWfree)C++/C4iḄ᪗kl/ᦪ7new/delete)C++ḄJno஺pqrUᵨtᵭvw᝱ᑁz{|}ᑁz஺8t~ᑁᦪḄ89>i7ᐝᵨmaloc/freew᝱89Ḅ⌕஺89ᙠḄ6⌕w᡻3᪀⌼/ᦪ789ᙠ<⌕w᡻3᪆᪀/ᦪ஺ᵫtmalloc/free)l/ᦪ>)Jno7ᙠXYᘤᑴᩗ▲ᑁ7V᡻3᪀⌼/ᦪ{᪆᪀/ᦪḄtmalloc/free஺C++4i◤⌕LV¢ᡂw᝱ᑁzᑖ¤{¥¦ᓄ¨©ḄJnonew,A«LV¢ᡂ¬ᳮW|}ᑁz¨©ḄJnodeleteo!new/delete)l/ᦪ஺ᡃqᐜ¯°¯malloc/free{new/delete᝞²³´89Ḅw᝱ᑁzµᳮ7¶·¸7-8஺classObj{public:Obj(void){cout<<"Initialization”<Initialize();//¥¦ᓄ//...a->Destroy();//¬◀¨©free(a);//|}ᑁz}voidUseNewDelete(void)(Obj*a=newObj;//ᵭvw᝱ᑁzÇÈ¥¦ᓄ//...deletea;//¬◀ÇÈ|}ᑁz}·¸7-8ᵨmalloc/free{new/delete᝞²³´89Ḅw᝱ᑁzµᳮObjḄ/ᦪInitializeÉÊD᪀⌼/ᦪḄËV7/ᦪDestroyÉÊD᪆᪀/ᦪḄËV஺/ᦪUseMallocFreeÌ7Ítmalloc/freeV᡻3᪀⌼/ᦪW᪆᪀/ᦪ7ÎÏÐᵨᡂᕒ/ᦪInitialize{Destroyᩭ¢ᡂ¥¦ᓄW¬◀¨©஺/ᦪUseNewDeleteᑣÔᓫÖ×஺2001Page52of101

52\]^C++/CXMᢣᓭ7v1.0ᡠAᡃq⌕ØÙᵨmalloc/freeᩭ¢ᡂw᝱89Ḅᑁzµᳮ7ÚÛᵨnew/delete஺ᵫtᑁᦪḄ“89”Qᨵ᪀⌼W᪆᪀ḄÜM78pq>imalloc/free{new/delete)ÝÞḄ஺ßᯠnew/deleteḄËV¢ᐰ⌚âDmalloc/free,`abC++malloc/freeãäS\ᕖæK)`C++MN;ç⌕ÐᵨC/ᦪ7>CMNèVᵨmalloc/freeµᳮw᝱ᑁz஺᝞éᵨfree|}"newḄw᝱89”7êbÛ89᡻3᪆᪀/ᦪ>UVëìMNS┯஺᝞éᵨdelete|}"mallocᵭvḄw᝱ᑁz”7ᳮíîïMNðS┯7F)ÛMNḄUñឋóô஺ᡠAnew/deleteÎϤ8õᵨ7malloc/freeö°-᪵஺7.9ᑁzὑùúbûæ᝞éᙠᵭvw᝱ᑁz6üᑮᜧḄᑁzᙽmallocnewNULLᢣ┐ᑁᵭᜫ஺ᨵ!ᜐᳮ“ᑁὑ&”(⚪஺(1)ᑨ.ᢣ┐/ᔲ1NULL,᝞4/ᑣ67ᵨreturn<=>?@Aᦪ஺C᝞DvoidFunc(void)(A*a=newA;if(a==NULL)(return;)}(2)ᑨ.ᢣ┐/ᔲ1NULL,᝞4/ᑣ67ᵨexit(l)>?᦮STUḄWX஺C᝞DvoidFunc(void)(A*a=newA;if(a==NULL)(cout<<"MemoryExhausted^^<

53vwxC++/CyTᢣᓭv1.0ᳮAᦪ஺{|ᑁ}~ὃC++ᵨ஺712!ᵨᨬ஺᝞4SAᦪᑁᨵᜐ◤⌕ᵭ᝱ᑁ!1ᑁᵨ!2ᩭᜐᳮ஺¡ᵨexitl,(D“yᑏ£┯ᜐᳮTUq¥¦§¨lm©ªXX«”X஺᝞4¬“ᑁὑ&”®᪵Ḅ°±²³ᩭᵨTU´µ¶·hᦗ஺᝞4ᵨexitl¹ºTUᩔ¼½h¾¿À¼¥¦§¨஺⍝ᳮ᝞uD᝞4¹ÂÃÄÅÂÃᙠὁ¼ÈÉ¿ÊËÌḄÍ஺ᨵSÎ⌕ḄÏÐ⌕ÑᜧÓ஺ÔÕ32Öi7ḄᵨTU×ضÙÚ᪵ᵨmallocsnew,ÛÜh¾ÝÞ"ᑁὑ&"஺ᡃᙠWindows98ËᵨVisualC++yᑏãäåTUæçC7-9஺®STU¿¶ê?ᙢWXËì᪷@¿>?஺î132Ö¥¦§¨ïᢝ“ñ”ᑁᵨòãlᵨóôõö⚔ø஺ᡃùúᑮóôüᔷüᔷᙢþWindow98´µÿ
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54RSC++/Cᢣᓭv1.0ᡃ8,ᙠ⌕¡“¢ᣚ”1“sizeof”஺♦malloc¤¥¦Ḅ§void*,ᡠᙠNᵨmalloc©⌕ª«ᙢ®¢ᣚPvoid*¢ᣚᡂᡠ◤⌕Ḅᢣ┐஺♦mallocᦪ²³´=µ¶⌕ᵭḄᑁ#§·¸¹ᐵ»ᑁ#Ḅ¼½⁚ᦪ஺ᡃ8¿ÀÁ=Âint,floatÃᦪÄḄÅSḄÆᑗ½⁚ᦪ஺|᝞intÅSᙠ16+§2½⁚ᙠ32+§4½⁚ÈÉfloatÅSᙠ16+§4½⁚ᙠ32+ʧ4½⁚஺ᨬÌᵨ+?ÍÎ}cout<ᩭ⌕ôᦪmallocõᓫD|᝞int*pl=(int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*length);int*p2=newint[length];§Wnewᑁ÷;sizeof,¢ᣚ1øᐰúûüë஺
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55/01C++/C23ᢣᓭv1.0)voidTest(void)(Obj*a=newObj;Obj*b=newObj(1);//891deletea;deleteb;)᝞ᵨnewᦪ;<=>ᵨḄ*+ᦪ᪀⌼ᦪ஺'᝞Obj"objects=newObj[100];//100᝱?=ᑏᡂObj"objects=new0bj[100](1);//100᝱ḄA81ᙠᵨdeleteBCᦪ;ᶇE?⌕GHI'K‘0'᝞delete[[objects;//LMḄᵨNdeleteobjects;//┯PḄᵨNQὅSTUdeleteobjects[0],VᣵX᜜99஺7.12-Z[\]^ᡃ`a?bᢈd?┯ḄC++/C3eᕒgbᨵh=iijklm᧽ᢣ┐pᑁrsᳮ(ᒹvᡃwx)஺ᡃᨬz{C|ᱯ~᝿ᢣ┐ᡃ-ᵨ(1Cṹ)ᨵ>ᵨ-ᢣ┐ᐰᵨᦪ;ᩭ⚔ᢣ┐ᙠ≶\ᑖ஺ᢣ┐?NQᩭᡃᦋᑏṹ1ᑮᐜḄ-¢஺ᡃḄ£¤ᦟ¦§(1)¨᝿ᢣ┐©¨⌕>ᵨᢣ┐஺?^LM>ᵨᢣ┐ª«¬?ᔠ¯Ḅ3eᕒ஺(2)°±²ᡂ“>ᵨ´µᘤ⌲¸¹º3e”Ḅ{¼<ᨵ᪵¾=¿À⚪ḄÂ0஺2001Page56of101

56Ã01C++/C23ᢣᓭV1.08ÄC++ᦪḄÃÅᱯឋÇUC|ḄᦪC++ÈÉÊËÌoverloaded
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ஹconstÏvirtualÐ$ÑÒᑴ஺ᐸÕÊËÏᑁὶÒᑴÖ"ᵨUᐰ/ᦪ!"ᵨU×ḄᡂᕒᦪconstpvirtualÒᑴØᵨU×Ḅᡂᕒᦪ஺ÊËÏᑁὶª«ᨵᐸÙᜐ¾^ÛC++|ÜÝÞ?"#TᡂßàḄᓤ⚶ãäᵨ஺ÂÄåæçÊËÏᑁὶḄèép/▲ឋlëìíîïðÜᵨஹ?ðÜᵨ#ñ⌕òó┯ᵨ஺8.1ᦪÊËḄᭆõ8.1.1ÊËḄö÷wᯠ|Õ-ù"#ᨵú?ḄûüᓽðùÛÊË஺hþ"#mïᦻᩭᑨᑮ஺“Ḅ”஺᝞“ᔛ”Ḅᓝᑖ!"#$%&ᨵ(⌕*+,-./0ᐹ2ᔛ345஺67ῖ-9:;<#.₎✏?Ḅ₎@ᨵAᑏC஺ᙠC++EFG#HஹJKLMḄNOPᦪᵨSTOU@⊤W#ᓽPᦪ஺Y᪵[\]^#_`aPᦪḄ᧕ᵨឋ#YC++dᵨeᑴḄTOᳮᵫ஺᝞W8-1-1GḄPᦪEatBeef,EatFish,EatChickenᵨSTOPᦪUEat⊤W#ᵨ5SijḄkᦪl6஺voidEatBeef()n//ᦋqvoidEat(Beef…)nvoidEatFish(•,,);//ᦋqvoidEat(Fish…);voidEatChicken(•,,);//ᦋqvoidEat(Chicken•)W8-1-1PᦪEatC++dᵨeᑴḄrT-OᳮᵫtiḄ᪀⌼Pᦪ◤⌕eᑴ஺xqC++yz᪀⌼Pᦪ{iSU|}k~9#᪀⌼PᦪKᨵTOU@஺᝞ᵨN5SḄC946⌱#Kᵨeᑴᩭ஺ᡠiᨵOSUḄ᪀⌼Pᦪ஺8.1.2᝞ḄNOSUḄPᦪᯠ5SḄPᦪ#%᝞lᑖḄᕖᡃ%ᯠᑮPᦪḄO⌕tkᦪ{஺᝞SUPᦪḄkᦪ5S|ᒹ¢ijஹ£F5S#¤4¥᧕l6¦%5SḄPᦪ஺2001Page57of101

57¨©ªC++/C«Eᢣᓭ#v1.0᝞SUPᦪ®®ij5S#ᨵ¯lᑖ#ᨵ¯ᓾ5K஺᝞tvoidFunction(void);intFunction(void);±²OPᦪ#TO&ᨵ#³OḄintij஺᝞Y᪵´ᵨPᦪtintx=Function();ᑣᑨ¦Function³OPᦪ஺¶⚪ᙠC++/CEFG#ᡃ%¸ᶍPᦪḄ஺ᙠYº»¼#«½ᘤ¿EFᕒÁ5Â⍝OFunctionPᦪÄ´ᵨ஺ᡠK☠kᦪÆ5K☠ijḄ5SᩭlᑖPᦪ஺«½ᘤ᪷Èkᦪq*OPᦪÉÊ5SḄᑁÌ᪗ÎÏ஺᝞«½ᘤqW877GḄÒOEatPᦪÉÊ9eatbeefஹeatfishஹeatchickenÓiḄᑁÌ᪗ÎÏ(5SḄ«½ᘤKÉÊ5SÕÖḄᑁÌ᪗ÎÏ)஺᝞C++EF⌕´ᵨ;×Ä«½ØḄCPᦪ#4ᎷÚÛOCPᦪḄÜÝ᝞¼tvoidfoo(intx,inty);PᦪÄC«½ᘤ«½ØᙠÞGḄU@qTf஺஺#ÆC++«½ᘤᑣßÉÊà.foo_int_intÓiḄU@ᵨᩭâᢝPᦪ¿ijäᐰæ஺ç\«½ØḄU@5S#C++EF5Kè´ᵨCPᦪ஺C++_éaTOCæêᣚᢣzÏìextern“C”ᩭíîYO¶⚪஺᝞textern"C"(voidfoo(intx,inty);…//ᐸPᦪ)ᡈὅᑏᡂextern"C"(#include"myheader.h"…//ᐸCᜮᦻö)Y÷øùC++«½½ᘤ#PᦪfooOCæ#úᑮÞGûU@TfooÆ5û_foo_int_int஺C++«½ᘤüýᖪ;×C᪗ÿḄᜮᦻextern“C”ᜐᳮᡠᡃᵨ#includeᵨᜮᦻ஺ᦪḄ!"#$%&᪀ᡂ)*஺ᐰ,ᦪ-.Ḅᡂᕒᦪ$!0)*12ᦪḄᵨ3$஺4᝞6voidPrint(•,•);//ᐰ,ᦪclassAvoidPrint(-);//ᡂᕒᦪ2001Page58of101

58,89C++/C:;ᢣᓭv1.0)?PrintᦪḄEᦪᔲ$᝞G.ḄHᡂᕒᦪ⌕Jᵨᐰ,ᦪPrint,2LᡂᕒᦪPrintMNᐰ,ᦪOJᵨPQR'66'᪗U஺᝞::Print(…)Y//⊤[Printᐰ,ᦪ\]ᡂᕒᦪ8.1.3^_◚a.bcᣚef)*ᦪghijឋ[48T-3pqroutputᦪḄEᦪint.bqioutputᦪḄEᦪfloat.b஺ᵫzᦪ"{|}ᨵ.bᦪ"^EᦪP.bcᣚ(2◚a.bcᣚ)஺஺utput(0.5)gh:┯12:ᘤ⍝0.5cᣚᡂintfloat.bḄEᦪ஺◚a.bcᣚᙠᙢᓄ;Ḅᑏ&ᶇ◚஺#includevoidoutput(intx);//ᦪ¬voidoutput(floatx);//ᦪ¬voidoutput(intx)(cout«"outputint"<

59,89C++/C:;ᢣᓭv1.08.2ᡂᕒᦪḄ)*ஹ⌚¸L◚¹ᡂᕒᦪḄ)*ஹ⌚¸(override)L◚¹º᧕¼½C++;ᕒÀÁ⌕ÂÃÄᭆÆᔲᑣ┯■É■஺8.2.1)*L⌚¸ᡂᕒᦪO)ÊḄᱯÌ6(1)#$ḄÎ(ᙠ$r.p)Y(2)ᦪ!"#$Y(3)Eᦪ$Y(4)virtualᐵÒ"ᨵÓ஺⌚¸ᢣÔh.ᦪ⌚¸Õ.ᦪᱯÌ6(1)$ḄÎ(ᑖN×zÔh.LÕ.)Y(2)ᦪ!"#$Y(3)Eᦪ#$Y(4)Õ.ᦪÀÁᨵvirtualᐵÒ"஺[48-2TpᦪBase::f(int)LBase::f(float)#Ù)*,\Base::g(void)ODerived::g(void)⌚¸஺ttincludeclassBase(public:voidf(intx){cout<<"Base::f(int)”<ீx<f(42);//Base::f(int)422001Page60of101

60,89C++/C:;ᢣᓭv1.0pb->f(3.14f);//Base::f(float)3.14pb->g();//Derived::g(void)}[48-2-1ᡂᕒᦪḄ)*-⌚¸8.2.2ãäåæḄ◚¹çᑣ{ᩭééMN)*L⌚¸0êëC++Ḅ◚¹çᑣìí⚪ïᩖឋ▽ᯠóR஺ô“◚¹”ᢣÔh.ḄᦪõöLᐸ$!ḄÕ.ᦪçᑣ᝞6(1)᝞GÔh.ḄᦪLÕ.Ḅᦪ$!Eᦪ$஺øP?ᨵÓvirtualᐵÒ"Õ.ḄᦪO◚¹(NL)*¼½)஺(2)᝞GÔh.ḄᦪLÕ.Ḅᦪ$!ùEᦪ#$Õ.ᦪ}ᨵvirtualᐵÒ"஺øPÕ.ḄᦪO◚¹(NL⌚¸¼½)஺[4;8-2-2(a)p6(1)ᦪDerived::f(float)⌚¸Base::f(float)o(2)ᦪDerived::g(int)◚¹Base::g(float),\)*஺(3)ᦪDerived::h(float)◚¹Base::h(float)7\⌚¸஺#includeclassBasepublic:virtualvoidf(floatx){cout<

61MNOC++/CPᢣᓭv1.0voidmain(void)(Derivedd;Base*pb=&d;Derived*pd=&d;//Good:behaviordependssolelyontypeoftheobjectpb->f(3.14f);//Derived::f(float)3.14pd->f(3.14f);//Derived::f(float)3.14//Bad:behaviordependsontypeofthepointerpb->g(3.14f);//Base::g(float)3.14pd->g(3.14f);//Derived::g(int)3(surprise!)//Bad:behaviordependsontypeofthepointerpb->h(3.14f);//Base::h(float)3.14(surprise!)pd->h(3.14f);//Derived::h(float)3.14)-.8-2-2(b)stஹ⌚w8◚Ḅxy8.2.3᤮ῃ◚◚|ᑣ~஺-.8-2-36pd->f(10)ḄGᵨᦪBase::f(int),GBase::f(int)Derived::f(char*)◚஺ᵫᦪ10◚ᙢᓄᡠᙠP#┯஺classBase(public:voidf(intx);¡classDerived:publicBase(public:voidf(char*str);¡voidTest(void)(Derived*pd=newDerived;pd->f(10);//error-.8-2-3ᵫ¤◚¥¦§┯¨2001Page62of101

62MNOC++/CPᢣᓭv1.0©-.8-2-3ªᩭ◚|ᑣ¬
®≶஺G◚|ᑣ°ᨵ±²³ᙠḄᳮᵫ´♦ᑏpd->f(10)Ḅ(¶ḄᵨDerived::f(char*)ᦪ·G¸¨¹ºᦪᑏ┯஺ᨵ◚|ᑣPᘤ¼½¾ᢣ#┯¨¿ÀGÁ஺ᔲᑣPᘤÃ☟ោោᙢ¹┯¼┯ᕒ¹
ÆDz┯¨ÈÉἪ᪷஺♦Ꮇ᝞ÎDerivedᨵ²ÏÎ(sÐÑ)ᨵÒÓÔÕÖÏÎ×ØᦪÙ᝞,ᨵ◚|ᑣÚÛpd->f(10)Ãᵨ=²#ᧇḄÏÎᦪf஺ÝÞ◚|ᑣªᩭßÛᨵ⍝ᳮáḄ¾âãÖ᜜஺-.8-2-36᝞,pd->f(10)=×⌕ᵨᦪBase::f(int),ÚÛ¹ÎDerivedæᦋ᝞Éᓽ஺classDerived:publicBase(public:voidf(char*str);voidf(intx){Base::f(x);})¡8.3ºᦪḄëḕíᨵ=ÖºᦪḄíᙠîïᦪᵨðH<ñᑏ᪵ḄÃò(ó஺C++ôõᵨºᦪḄëḕíòñᑏö÷øù(ᙠPëḕíᵫPᘤúûüᐭ)஺ºᦪëḕíḄòᵨ|ᑣ´•ூᑣ8-3-1ᦪḕᙠᦪḄᙠ஺᝞voidFoo(intx=0,inty=0);//,-ḕᙠᦪḄvoidFoo(intx=0,inty=0)//┯/ḕᙠᦪḄ)01234᪵6ᡃ89ᨵ;<=>?9ᦪḄ@()AᩭCDᦪ9ᔲᨵḕFᐵᡠIJᨵK⌕MḕᙠᦪḄ஺N9ᦪḄḕO3ᦋQRᯠTᦋᦪḄUTᦋᦪḄ⌕VW஺•ூᑣ8-3-2᝞Zᦪᨵ[<ᦪᦪ\]ᔣ_ᢸ

63nopC++/Cqrᢣᓭv1.0┯/Ḅk᝞lvoidFoo(intx=0,inty,intz=0);⌕uvwᵨᦪḄḕxJᨵyzᦪ{Ḅ|}}9w~ᑏ?஺O3ᦪḄ᧕ᵨឋ9O3ᦪḄOᳮឋ஺ᡠIᡃ〉ᙢwᵨᦪḄḕ⌕■wᵨ☢ᦔZ஺k8-3-2ᔠᳮᙢwᵨᦪḄḕbcd¡ᦪoutputNឋ஺#includevoidoutput(intx);voidoutput(intx,floaty=0.0);voidoutput(intx)(cout<<"outputint஻<

64opC++/CqrᢣᓭV1.0Complexoperator+(constComplex&a,constComplex&b);¸¹ºDËÌᦪᙠeᵨÍḄÎÏᜐ9ÑÒËÌᦪᦪᙠᙊÔÕᑁ×ÑÒ¸¹ºᦪᙠᐸÙஹÛÜ஺᝞Complexa,b,c;c=Add(a,b);//ᵨËÌᦪc=a+b;//ᵨ¸¹º+᝞Z¸¹ºÝ¡0ᐰnᦪß2ᨵ?<ᦪḄ¸¹ºÅÆ?ᐗ¸¹ºᨵ;<ᦪḄ¸¹ºÅÆNᐗ¸¹º஺᝞Z¸¹ºÝ¡0áḄᡂᕒᦪß2?ᐗ¸¹ºJᨵᦪNᐗ¸¹ºᨵ?<ÛÜᦪ>0ÑäåæᡂçÙÜᦪ஺\gèÃ鸹ºêOI0ᐰnᦪOI0ᡂᕒᦪ஺ᦻìíMurray,p44-p47ñÑòó⚪õçö[Ḅ▊øxùúç⊤8-4TḄᑣ஺¸¹ºᑣᡠᨵḄ?ᐗ¸¹ºüý¡0ᡂᕒᦪ=0[]->¡0ᡂᕒᦪ+=-=/-*=&N1=%=»=<<=ᡂᕒᦪᡠᨵᐸᐰᦪ⊤8-4-1¸¹ºḄ¡ᑣᵫC++ᢝᦪ!"ᡂᦪᩭᵨC%&'஺ᡃ*⌕,-./ᩭ01ᦟ3(1)&⌕7ᑖ9/:;&<ᵨḄ>?@ᯠBCDᕒ*E៉Ḅᦪ஺(2)&⌕7ᑖH/ᙢJᵨ᝞L&JMṹOPQR᧕T᧕ᑏV%Wᵨᔲᑣ<:Z[\஺8.4.2&`ḄᙠC++bᔠdᨵefB&ᐕh`Ḅ஺ij▲ᑴBmnᐰo☢Ḅὃ⇋s■u┯wxyz஺(1)&ᦋOC++ᑁ}ᦪ~(᝞int,float)Ḅ஺(2)&ᙠd0ᡂᕒᨵᡂ᪗ᵨ஺(3)&C++bᔠdᨵḄ᝞#,@,$஺ᨵeB,ᳮ¢£B,¤¥¦ᐜ¨஺(4)0©ᙠḄª'«&ᦋO¦ᐜ¨¬ᑣᔲᑣ!®yz஺8.5ᦪᑁὶ8.5.1ᵨᑁὶ±M²Mṹ2001Page65of101

65³?´C++/CµCᢣᓭV1.0C++ᢝᦪᑁὶᐸḄB¸¹³ᦪḄ᡻'ᦔ᳛(½¾).ᙠCCDds,ᵨ²Mṹ¹³᡻'ᦔ᳛஺²Mṹ>¿&BᦪÀJᵨ®ᩭÁᦪ஺⚜ᜐᳮᘤᵨÅᑴ²MṹḄoÆMÇᦪÈᵨḕʸËᦪÌ᪘ஹÏᡂеḄCALLÈᵨஹÑÒËᦪஹ᡻'return7CÓÔ¹³¸½¾஺Jᵨ²MṹᨬᜧḄ×BØ᧕m┯⚜ᜐᳮᘤᙠÅᑴ²Mṹ«..ÙÏÚ&ᑮḄÜ▭ᦔÞ஺ß᝞tfdefineMAX(a,b)(a)>(b)?(a):(b)àresult=MAX(i,j)+2;!`⚜ᜐᳮᘤ¢áresult=(i)>(j)?(i):(j)+2;ᵫ'+'ã'3'Ḅ¦ᐜ¨³ᡠ,äåàæ&çèéḄresult=((i)>(j)?(i):(j))+2;᝞Lê²Mṹᦋᑏ^defineMAX(a,b)((a)>(b)?(a):(b))ᑣs,¢ëᵫ¦ᐜ¨®Ḅ┯w஺ÀBᓽJJᵨíᦋîḄ²Mṹï&BðñeᜫḄß᝞àresult=MAX(i++,j);!`⚜ᜐᳮᘤ¢áresult=(i++)>(j)?(i++):(j);0C++ÔJᵨ²Mṹóᨵôej×3ñõöḄ÷ᨵᦪ~ᡂᕒ஺øᡃ*ùùC++Ḅ“ᦪᑁὶ”B᝞üöḄ஺0ᑁὶᦪµýᘤᙠ⊤ÿᐭᦪḄ(ᒹஹᦪஹ)஺᝞ᘤᨵᑁὶᦪᙠ┯#$%&'ᦪḄ(ṹ*+ᐭ,-⊤/஺ᙠ0ᵨ23ᑁὶᦪ4$ᘤ✌ᐜ780ᵨ9ᔲ;<(=>?ᐰ78$ᡈὅ=>CDEᣚ$GᯠIᡠᨵḄᦪK2᪵)஺᝞;<$ᑁὶᦪḄ(ṹMNOPQᣚᦪ0ᵨ$R9ḕTUᦪ0ᵨḄV├஺X3YZ[⚜ᜐᳮᨵ_℉Ḅab$cd⚜ᜐᳮᘤae=>?ᐰ78$ᡈὅ=>CDEᣚ஺Ꮇ᝞ᑁὶᦪ9ᡂᕒᦪ$IiḄᙢᙬ(this)N+ᙠᔠ〉Ḅᙢn$X*9⚜ᜐᳮᘤoaᑮḄ஺C++qrḄᦪᑁὶsᑴuᐹᜓx(ṹḄᦔ᳛${|}U?ᐰឋ$CᵫḄᦪᡂᕒ஺ᡠᙠC++Z$'ᵨᑁὶᦪ(ᡠᨵx(ṹ$“rassert”អ᝿92Ḅ᜜஺assert9ᙠDebug᱐ᵨḄx$ᵨR78“a'”Ḅ஺dUaᙠZḄDebug᱐Release᱐$asserta'¡¢ᵨ஺᝞assert9ᦪ$ᵫRᦪ0ᵨNᑁஹ(ṹḄ£D$%&¤¥¦Debug᱐[Release᱐ᙠ§஺ᡠasserta9ᦪ$9x஺(¨6.5⁚“ªᵨr”)8.5.2ᑁὶᦪḄ~ᐵ¬inline®[ᦪ¯°±ᙠ2²eªᦪᡂdᑁὶ$¤inlineᙠᦪ³☢a¡ᵨ஺᝞µ¶·ḄᦪFooaeᡂdᑁὶᦪ¸inlinevoidFoo(intx,inty);//inline[ᦪᙠ22001Page66of101

66º»¼C++/CZᢣᓭ$v1.0voidFoo(intx,inty)()᝞µ¶·ḄᦪFooᑣᡂdᑁὶᦪ¸voidFoo(intx,inty);inlinevoidFoo(intx,inty)//iniine[ᦪ¯°±ᙠ2()ᡠÎ$inline92Ï“ᵨRÐḄᐵ¬”$a92Ï“ᵨRḄᐵ¬”஺2Ñᙢ$ᵨᡝ▅ÔᦪḄ$Õ9ÖaᑮᦪḄ¯°஺×ØᙠᜧÚᦪᦟÜÝᑁὶᦪḄஹ¯°±³☢K}Uinlineᐵ¬$Õᡃßdinlinea'àᙠᦪḄ஺X3á⁚âᯠaNãäᦪḄåe$Õ9±U滼C++/CZé궷Ḅ23ëìᑣ¸[¯°aíd2î$ᵨᡝᨵ⌕ஹ*a'ð⍝ᦪ9ᔲ◤⌕ᑁὶ஺¯°ᙠóḄᡂᕒᦪ¤CDᙢᡂdᑁὶᦪ$᝞classA(public:voidFoo(intx,inty){…}//CDᙢᡂdᑁὶᦪ)¤ᡂᕒᦪḄ¯°±ᙠóâᯠeÿᩭ
ᑏḄḄᦋᡂ//ᜮᦻclassA(public:voidFoo(intx,inty)3)//45ᦻiniinevoidA::Foo(intx,inty)(}8.5.3<ᵨᑁὶᑁὶ@ABCᦪḄ᡻Fᦔ᳛IJKLᡠᨵḄCᦪO45ᡂᑁὶCᦪP᝞RᡠᨵḄCᦪOᑁὶCᦪSᵨTḼ“ᑁὶ”XYᐵ[\ᔩPᑁὶ^_ṹab(cᑴ)I_effḕhiCᦪjᵨḄk├mnABCᦪḄ2001Page67of101

67opqC++/Cᢣᓭv1.0᡻Fᦔ᳛஺᝞R᡻FCᦪuᑁ_ṹḄvwxyzCᦪjᵨḄk├{ᜧ}Kᦔ᳛Ḅᦈ஺☢ᜐᑁὶCᦪḄjᵨO⌕cᑴ_ṹḄ_ṹqᜧ,ὑḄᑁw஺^ᵨᑁὶ1᝞RCᦪuᑁḄ_ṹy{ᵨᑁὶᑁὑ_e{B஺2᝞RCᦪuᑁ¡}K᡻FCᦪuᑁ_ṹḄvw⌕yCᦪjᵨḄk├ᜧ஺¢Ḅ᪀⌼Cᦪ¥᪆᪀Cᦪ§᧕©ª«¬ᡂᵨᑁὶᨵᦔ஺⌕®᪀⌼Cᦪ¥᪆᪀Cᦪ¯@◚±²FI᝞“ᏕᏕᙢ”᡻Fiµ¢ᡈᡂᕒ¸¹Ḅ᪀⌼Cᦪ¥᪆᪀Cᦪ஺ᡠ^⌕ºᙢ᪀⌼Cᦪ¥᪆᪀CᦪḄ45u»ᙠ¢½¾¿஺YḄÀᘤ᪷ÃCᦪḄ45uÄÅᙢÆÇTḄᑁὶXÈÉʾTinlineᙠCᦪḄ½¾¿஺8.6²®TuC++ÎÏ¿ḄÐÑஹᑁὶஹÓḕÔᦪஹ◚ÕÖᣚØÙᑴÚiÛÜX²ÛÜḄÝÞO◚±Ḽ²◚ß஺à᝞ªáḄâãã¥äãO¯Æាᑮᜐ஺ᡃá⌕èéᙢêëC++ḄìÙᑴា᝞ᐸᑖᙢᵨïá஺ðᯠXᡃávò²®ói²ôõXöḄ÷ø஺2001Page68of101

68BpqC++/CᢣᓭV1.0ù9ú¢Ḅ᪀⌼Cᦪஹ᪆᪀CᦪûüÇCᦪ᪀⌼Cᦪஹ᪆᪀CᦪûüÇCᦪY¢ᨬµᩈḄCᦪ஺ïáÿ
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᪀⌼ᦪ)஺=>?'(A,᝞DEFGᑏIJᦪC++GMᘤOPQ;ARST'UḕḄᦪ᝞A(void);஻UḕḄ]^ᦪ᪀⌼ᦪA(constA&a);//UḕḄ78᪀⌼ᦪ~A(void);஻UḕḄ᪆᪀ᦪA&operate=(constA&a);//UḕḄ./ᦪEἭᶧmnᯠpPQSᡂᦪ;rst⌕vwᕒGᑏyz{᝞|(1)᝞D~ᵨ“UḕḄ]^ᦪ᪀⌼ᦪ”-“UḕḄ᪆᪀ᦪ”>P“ᓄ”-“◀”ḄC++StroustrupḄ஺(2)“UḕḄ78᪀⌼ᦪ”-“UḕḄ./ᦪ”ᙳᵨ“78”“/78”Ḅᩭ᎚¡(¢6ᨵᢣ┐¥¦§'ᦪ¨©Oª┯஺=>!ᨵᔛ®ᜮḄC++vwᕒ᝞D°±Gᑏ᪀⌼ᦪஹ᪆᪀ᦪ³./ᦪ´᧕1EᵨQᾯ¶⊤°Ḅ¸¹tº»¼½¾ᨵ¿>ÀÁ஺ÂÃ(StringḄÅƳ;ÇÈᐭ▊JË´2ᦟÍÎÏÐḄ⍝ᳮ஺StringḄÒ᪀᝞|classString(public:String(constchar*str=NULL);//
᪀⌼ᦪString(constStringfeother);//78᪀⌼ᦪ~String(void);//᪆᪀ᦪString&operate=(constStringftother);//./ᦪprivate:char*mdata;//ᵨ>ÝÞßàá)â9.1᪀⌼ᦪ³᪆᪀ᦪḄãäå;ºCæᐜèḄéêC++ÀëæḄᑴᩭíîvwḄïᐰឋ஺C++GMᘤᐹᨵóôḄ(õïᐰö÷øp9ùúpûªvw¢ᡠᨵḄéýþ⚪
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69C++/CᢣᓭV1.0ᕒḄᜧ஺⊤┯!"#ᙠᙠ“┯”Ḅᜧ'()“*+┯”Ḅᙢ-./0122஺34Ḅ┯5◚789:;<=>Ḅ?@ABCDEF᧕஺᪷I"JKLMNOḄ┯ᵫQRSᨵUVWXᓄᡈ[◀⌼ᡂḄ_WXᓄ`[◀ab9F᧕Uc⍡e஺StroustrupᙠfgC++*hiᐙᑖὃ⇋
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70ûC++/Cᢣᓭv1.0♦¢ḄᦪIᡂᕒḄWXᓄEMüᵨWXᓄ⊤ᡈzᦪàᑁù³ýþÙ
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71C++/Cxᢣᓭ;v1.0)569-2(c):FḄ᪀⌼ᦪᵨFTn?@ᓄLM;569-2(d):FḄ᪀⌼ᦪᵨFn?@ᓄLM஺F::F(intx,inty)F::F(intx,inty):m_x(x),m_y(y)((m_x=x;m_i=0;m_yy;m_j=0;m_i=0;)m_j=0;)569-2(c)ᦪkᡂᕒᙠ?@ᓄ⊤:h?@ᓄ569-2(d)ᦪkᡂᕒᙠᦪJᑁh?@ᓄ9.3᪀⌼᪆᪀Ḅy᪀⌼G<Ḅᨬ᪷ᜐ@;ᙠT:;✌ᐜDᵨ<Ḅ᪀⌼ᦪ;ᯠvDᵨᡂᕒ23Ḅ᪀⌼ᦪ஺᪆᪀ᑣ¡¢ᢥ᯿¥᪀⌼¦Ḅy᡻¨;©ySªTḄ;ᔲᑣ¬ᘤI®¯°᡻¨᪆᪀±x஺T²ᨵ³Ḅ´3S;ᡂᕒ23?@ᓄḄyᐰ
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72ÝC++/Cxᢣᓭ;V1.0}//StringḄ᪆᪀ᦪString::"String(void)Jdelete[]m_data;//ᵫim_dataSᑁjᦪkb,
ḕ=?ᦪḄ“@AB”CᕡḼ᡻Gb.m_data=a.m_data஺<⌼ᡂJ┯KLMb.mdataNᨵḄᑁOPQRS⌼ᡂᑁOT☄VWMb.m_dataXa.m_dataᢣᔣZLᙽᑁOaᡈb]^L_`abcdeL_VJMᙠ#$Q᪆᪀im_dataQRSj஺♦AB᪀⌼ᦪX=?ᦪkl1᧕nolpq┯ᑏஹ┯ᵨ஺AB᪀⌼ᦪMᙠ#$QuviwᵨḄx=?ᦪyzQ{|OᙠḄ#$wᵨ஺}~JXᑖwᵨAB᪀⌼ᦪwᵨ=?ᦪᔩStringa("hello");Stringb("world");Stringc=a;஻wᵨAB᪀⌼ᦪᨬᑏᡂc(a);c=b;஻wᵨ=?ᦪ*JḄᦋᑏᡂStringc(a)஺9.6*KStringḄAB᪀⌼ᦪ¡=?ᦪ//AB᪀⌼ᦪString::String(constString&other)2001Page73of101

73¦§C++/C¨~ᢣᓭv1.0//ᐕ«¬otherḄ®ᨵᡂᕒm_dataintlength=strlen(other,mdata);m_data=newchar[length+1];strcpy(mdata,other,mdata);)//=?ᦪString&String::operate=(constString&other)(//(1)¶·¸=?if(this==Mother)return*this;//(2)RSNᨵḄᑁO¾¿delete[]m_data;//(3)ᑖÁÂḄᑁO¾¿ÃÄᑴᑁ1intlength=strlen(other,mdata);m_data=newchar[length+1];strcpy(m_data,other.m_data);//(4)ÇÈ#$ḄÉᵨreturn*this;}StringAB᪀⌼ᦪ¡ËÌ᪀⌼ᦪ(ÍÎ9.4⁚)ḄMKᙠᦪᐭÒᜐÔ◤¡NULLÙGÚMÛ)“Éᵨ”ÜÝzMNULL,x“ᢣ┐”Ý)NULL஺StringḄ=?ᦪÚ᪀⌼ᦪÄᩖßᑖàá;K(1)Lභ¸=?஺Ýzbâ)ßãLäå⍝ᨵçbè≶ᑮᑏëa=a᪵Ḅ¸=?íḄîÜb஺ïMðñḄ¸=?òᨵÝzë;*᝞//ᑁ1¸=?//ᙢᙬ¸=?b=a;b=&a;c=b;aW*b;a=c;ö«ᨵçb÷K“ᓽùë;¸=?ᡃöÝÜᳮüᜧÜᓄÿ
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74C++/CᢣᓭV1.0Ḅ┯஺""#$%Ḅdelete,ᩔ,-.ᑴᔩ0ᡠ2᝞456789:;<=>?ᦪ஺AB⌕DEF78ḄifIJif(this==&other)┯ᑏᡂUif(*this==other)(2)#$%ᵨdeleteYZ[ᨵḄᑁ^_`஺᝞46ᙠYZ2,bcdD⌼ᡂᑁ^f☄஺(3)#i%ᑖklḄᑁ^_`mᑴnop஺AB?ᦪstrlenrsḄtᨵᦔnopvwᒹyz{o'\0'஺?ᦪstrcpyᑣ(\0,ᑴ஺(4)#%rsḄᵨḄtU6a=b=c᪵Ḅ⊤஺AB⌕Dreturn*this┯ᑏᡂreturnthis஺.ᔲᑏᡂreturnotherᕖ0ᦔ4t᪵ᔩ02Uᡃ⍝ᦪotherḄ¡¢஺ᨵ.othert£¤ᙠ78z{,¥;<¦ᜫreturn0therrsḄDtᚗ©஺9.7Ꮥ«Ḅ¬ᜐᳮ°±᪀⌼?ᦪ³78?ᦪ᝞4ᡃᙠ´ᑏ°±᪀⌼?ᦪµ78?ᦪ¶ᐕ¸¹º»ᵨ¼ᘤᡂḄ¾ḕ?ᦪÀ¬0Ꮥ«Ḅ¬tÁÂ◤D°±᪀⌼?ᦪµ78?ᦪÄÅUÆᨵ?ᦪᵨᑏÇṹ஺É᝞ÁclassA{...private:A(constA&a);//ÆᨵḄ°±᪀⌼?ᦪA&operate=(constA&a);//ÆᨵḄ78?ᦪ)Ñ᝞4ᨵºÒÓᑏ᝞ÔÕÁAb(a);஻×ᵨÆᨵḄ°±᪀⌼?ᦪb=a;//×ᵨÆᨵḄ78?ᦪ¼ᘤDᢣ┯ØU᜜Ú2ÛÜAḄÆᨵ?ᦪ஺9.8᝞ÝᙠÞßà6ßḄá?ᦪáßḄ᪀⌼?ᦪஹ᪆᪀?ᦪஹ78?ᦪä.åÞßæç஺᝞4ßè
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75óC++/Cᢣᓭv1.0♦áß³ÞßḄ᪆᪀?ᦪ9:Uô(ᓽövirtualᐵ÷n)஺É᝞#includeclassBase{public:virtual'Base(){cout<<"þBase”<2?@0⌕BCDE:ḄᦪFᡂᕒIJ<=஺L᝞:classBase(public:Base&operate=(constBase&other);//:BaseḄ<=.ᦪprivate:intm_i,m_j,m_k;);classDerived:publicBase(public:2001Page76of101

76STUC++/C6Vᢣᓭ2v1.0Derived&operate=(constDerived&other);//:DerivedḄ<=.ᦪprivate:intm_x,m_y,m_z;);Derived&Derived::operate=(constDerivedMother)(//(1)^_`<=if(this==&other)return*this;//(2)DE:ḄᦪFᡂᕒIJ<=Base::operate=(other);//c(0defghiᨵᦪFᡂᕒ//(3)D89:ḄᦪFᡂᕒ<=m_x=other.m_x;m_y=other.m_y;m_z=other.m_z;//(4)nopDqḄrᵨreturn*this;)9.9tuvwxyᨵuC++V|}~᪀⌼.ᦪஹ᪆᪀.ᦪ<=.ᦪ:Ḅ“Big-Three”2Ḅ:ᨬI⌕Ḅ.ᦪ20஺(pḄᑁ2yd¡¢2ᡃ0dh¤¥¦§஺᝞'¨©ᔛ«“Big-Three”2¬▅¯°ὃᦻ³[Cline][Meyers][Murry]஺2001Page77of101

77STUC++/C6Vᢣᓭ2v1.0¶10:Ḅ·¸¹ºᔠDq(Object):(Class)Ḅt¥¼L(Instance)<>᝞'½Dq¾h¿À234:¿ÀḄ}~ÁÂ஺ᡠÄ☢ᔣDq}~ḄIÇ:Ḅ}~2È0DqḄ}~஺DÉC++V|ÈÊ2}~ËÌḄ:¾Í᧕Ḅ2ÏḄÐ}~E:Ñᐸ89:஺pÓÓÔÕ“·¸”(Inheritance)“ºᔠ”(Composition)Ḅᭆ×஺?@2ØÙ☢ᔣDqᢈÛḄÜᵨÝÇCOMCORBA,¤uᑁÞ%C++ᦟᩞḄᶖ2¬▅¯COMCORBAãᐵÔ℉஺10.1·¸᝞'AE:2BAḄ89:234B½·¸AḄᦪF.ᦪ஺L᝞)classA(public:voidFuncI(void);voidFunc2(void);)=classB:publicA(public:voidFunc3(void);voidFunc4(void);)=main()(Bb;b.Funcl();஻BæA·¸.ᦪFunclb.Func2();஻BæA·¸.ᦪFunc2b.Func3();b.Func4();}¤¥çᓫḄéLV|êët¥¢¼)C++Ḅ“·¸”ᱯឋîÄïðV|Ḅîñᵨឋ஺Ðc(“·¸”òᨵᵨஹò᧕ᵨ2ó⌕■õöᵨ“·¸”஺ᡃÜØ÷“·¸”Ì2001Page78of101

78STUC++/C6Vᢣᓭ2v1.0tuøᵨùᑣ஺•ூùᑣ10-1-19᝞':A:Bý0ãᐵ20îÄ(øBḄþdÿ
BAḄឋ஺⌕“ᔛᔛ”ḄᏉ☘ᦑᙢᔛ"#⊡%&஺•ூ*+,ᙠ./0B1AḄ“2"(akindof),ᑣᐕ7BAḄឋ஺8᝞ᵱ"(Man)1"(Human)Ḅ-2ᵱ<(Boy)1ᵱ"Ḅ•2஺=>?Man@AB?HumanCD?Boy@AB?ManCD஺classHumanclassMan:publicHumanclassBoy:publicMan♦EFG⚗ூ*ᑣ10-1-29IJᩭLMᓫO1P▭RᵨT@UᨵF᜜ḄᭆYᙠZ[\]^_P\]`aᐰcd஺8᝞BDᱥfghijk(Ostrich)1k(Bird)Ḅ2,ᢥᳮo?OstrichRp@AB?BirdCD஺O1jkq=>Ostrich::Fly1r>stuclassBirdpublic:virtualvoidFly(void);classOstrich:publicBird8᝞Bᦪfghiᙊ(Circle)12ᱯyḄzᙊ(Ellipse),ᢥᳮo?CircleRp@AB?EllipseCD஺O1zᙊᨵ{|}|᝞~ᙊzᙊḄ{|}|2001Page79of101

79C++/CZᢣᓭv1.0uᡠAḄ*ᑣR1,ᙠ./0B1AḄ“2”`AḄᡠᨵឋBᨵFᑣᐕ7BAḄឋ஺10.2ᔠ•ூ*ᑣ1021௃,ᙠ./0A1BḄ“ᑖ”(apartof),ᑣᐕ7BBACD1⌕ᵨAᐸstᔠBo8᝞(Eye)ஹ¢(Nose)ஹU(Mouth),ὡ(Ear)1ᜮ(Head)ḄᑖᡠA?HeadRpᵫ?EyeஹNoseஹMouthஹEarᔠᡂ1CDᡂ஺᝞§810-2-1ᡠOclassEyeclassNose((public:public:voidLook(void);voidSmell(void);)¨)¨classMouthclassEar((public:public:voidEat(void);voidListen(void););)¨//ª«Ḅ¬®ᯠ°ṹᑍ{஺classHead(public:voidLook(void){m_eye.Look();}voidSmell(void){m_nose.Smell();}voidEat(void){m_mouth.Eat();}voidListen(void){m_ear.Listen();}private:Eyem_eye;Nosem_nose;Mouthm_mouth;Earm_ear;)¨§810-2-1HeadᵫEyeஹNose>MouthஹEarᔠᡂ᝞~ᐕ7HeadBEyeஹNose>MouthஹEarCDᡂ=>Head³´µᐹᨵLookஹ2001Page80of101

80C++/CZᢣᓭv1.0SmellஹEatஹListen·
஺§810-2-2ᓝᑖM}`¹ºª«O1·2¬»¼ᓾ1Ḅ஺//ª«`°ṹM¾O1¬»¼஺classHead:publicEye,publicNose,publicMouth,publicEar(¿¨______________________________________________________________________________________§810-2-2HeadBEyeஹNoseஹMouthஹEarCDᡂÁÂÃÄÅᙢÆᡭÁÈÉÊḄËÃÌÍ⍝Ïr>ᔩuÑÏËÃÉÒÊ஺LZ[ᕒÔJ“”ḄÕÖ×ɬ┯Ù஺“¹ºª«”ḄZ[Ú1ÛḄZ[ÜᜐÞ18ß஺2001Page81of101

81ÛC++/CZᢣᓭV1.0àUáᐸZÔâ11.1ÄᵨconstãÛäᦪḄᏉឋIᑮconstᐵçèC++Z[ᕒ✌ᐜëᑮḄ@1constì.·@1îḄᩩðñò஺᝞~ÁÍ⍝ᵨconstóì=>côõö÷øᵨôᑴúûü஺constᜧḄþÿ
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Kᵨ“ᢣ┐N⌴”P“QᵨN⌴”!,Rconst⛲ᔲᑣUᦪVᜫXABY,஺constZ,⛲Aᐭᦪ\♦᝞?AᐭᦪKᵨ“ᢣ┐N⌴”^FRconst⛲■_᜜ᙢᦋ+Uᢣ┐bᑮ&'@ᵨ஺c᝞StringCopyᦪ\voidStringCopy(char*strDestination,constchar*strSource);ᐸestrSourceAᐭᦪstrDestinationABᦪ஺fstrSourceRgconst⛲h᝞?ᦪᑁḄjklmᦋ+strSourceḄᑁnopᘤVᢣB┯s஺♦᝞?AᐭᦪKᵨ“N⌴”ᵫuᦪVv+wxyz{ᵨu|ᑴUᦪUAᐭᦪ}ᩭ◤&'ᡠ⌕Rconst⛲஺c᝞⌕VᦪvoidFund(intx)ᑏᡂvoidFund(constintx)஺ᳮ⌕VᦪvoidFunc2(Aa)ᑏᡂvoidFunc2(constAa)஺ᐸeAᵨᡝvḄᦪGHI஺♦uᑁᦪGHIḄᦪvoidFunc(Aa)᪵Ḅᦪᦔ᳛஺ᦪᑁVwxAHIḄyzᵨu|ᑴᦪa,yzḄ᪀⌼ஹ|ᑴஹ᪆᪀/!Vὑz஺-.ᦔ᳛VᦪᦋvoidFunc(A&a),“QᵨN⌴”¡¢ᵨ£¤ᦪḄ¥¦§◤⌕wxyz஺¨ᦪvoidFunc(A&a)©ᙠ•¬®\“QᵨN⌴”ᨵ,ᦋᦪa,ᡃ±²³Ḅ஺´µ¬¶⚪5n᧕Rconst⛲ᓽºᦪᨬ¼ᡂvoidFunc(constA&a)஺ºH½ᔲ¾VvoidFunc(intx)ᦋᑏvoidFunc(constint&x),¿-.ᦔ᳛ÀÁᐰÃᨵÄ⌕ᑁᦪGHIḄᦪ©ᙠ᪀⌼ஹ᪆᪀Ḅ/|ᑴJÅÆ''N⌴”È“QᵨN⌴”Ḅᦔ᳛ÉÊËÌ஺¶⚪᝞ºḄÍÎᡃZÏV“const&”⛲AᐭᦪḄᵨÑÒÓ£¤᝞⊤11-1-12001Page82of101

82ÕÖ{C++/Co/ᢣᓭv1.0ᡠØ஺uᑁᦪGHIḄAᐭᦪ¾UV“N⌴”ḄÙÚᦋ“constQᵨN⌴”àḄ-.ᦔ᳛஺c᝞VvoidFunc(Aa)ᦋvoidFunc(constA&a)஺uᑁᦪGHIḄAᐭᦪ⌕V“N⌴”ḄÙÚᦋ“constQᵨN⌴”஺ᔲᑣêëᑮ-.ᦔ᳛ḄàḄìíîᦪḄᳮ´ឋ஺c᝞voidFunc(intx)¾UᦋvoidFunc(constint&x)஺⊤11-1-1"const&”⛲AᐭᦪḄóᑣ11.1.2ᵨconst⛲ᦪḄ♦᝞?f“ᢣ┐N⌴”ÙÚḄᦪRconst⛲^Fᦪ(ᓽᢣ┐)Ḅᑁn,ᦋUZ,öfRconst⛲ḄHIᢣ┐஺c᝞ᦪconstchar*GetString(void);᝞¤jkVBÿ
┯char*str=GetString();Ḅᵨconstchar*str=GetStringO;♦᝞!ᦪ#$%&ᵨ“%(⌴*+”-ᵫ/!ᦪ01#$%2ᑴᑮ᜜678Ḅ9:ᓫᐗ=->const?⛲AᨵCDE%஺G᝞H᝞1!ᦪintGetlnt(void)ᑏᡂconstintGetlnt(void)0OᳮH⌕1!ᦪAGetA(void)ᑏᡂconstAGetA(void),ᐸ=AUᵨᡝWXYḄᦪZ[\஺᝞#$%Hᑁ6ᦪZ[\-^!ᦪAGetA(void)ᦋᑏUconstA&GetA(void)Ḅabcᦔ᳛஺fg8ᓟiᓟi⌕jk-lX⌕mno!ᦪpqr#$lstuḄ“vw”xy#$“z{”|}~-ᔲᑣ0┯஺6.2⁚“#$%Ḅᑣ”஺♦!ᦪ#$%&ᵨ“ᵨ(⌴”ḄᔠH-*+•ᙠ[Ḅ%!ᦪ=-ḄU+⊤஺G᝞classA(-A&operate=(constA&other);//%!ᦪ)Aa,b,c;//a,b,cUAḄtua=b=c;//¢Ḅ+%2001Page83of101

83£¤¥C++/Cᢣᓭ-v1.0(a=b)=c;//H¢Ḅ+%-fᔠ᝞^%!ᦪḄ#$%>const?⛲-¨©ª#$%Ḅᑁ«Hᐕ®ᦋ¯஺°G=-±²a=b=c³ᯠ-f±²(a=b)=cᑣµḄ஺11.1.3constᡂᕒ!ᦪCDH0?ᦋᦪZᡂᕒḄ!ᦪ·¸ª¹ºUconst[\஺᝞ᙠᑏconstᡂᕒ!ᦪ8-H»?ᦋᦪZᡂᕒ-ᡈὅ¾ᵨᐸ¿µconstᡂᕒ!ᦪ-
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91%&'C++/Cᢣᓭv1.0(2)rᙠÃᦪ>¶ḄOPᔩ(3)rᙠÃᦪ>¶Ḅᔩ@⌕·'P´⚪E(1)·'ḄVWᓄᡈCḕPᨵ┯¸ᔩ(2)·'Æ@ÇᡈÈÇᔩ(3)·'ḄÉÊËᔩ@⌕ᑨÍ´⚪E(1)ᵫÏÉÊpÐÑÒGᦔᔩ(2)⊤ÔÕQḄÖᐜØᨵ¸ᔩ(3)ᑨÍ3ÙÚ᎔ᔩ@⌕!"´⚪E(1)!"ÜÝᩩß[\ᔩ(2)Gà[²ÜÝ(á!")ᔩ(3)┯¸ᙢâᦋ!"·'ᔩ(4)rᙠ¸åæçᔩ@⌕┯¸ᜐᳮ´⚪E(1)êë┯¸ᜐᳮᔩ(2)┯¸ᜐᳮìᙽfîïᨵðñò
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92DEFC++/CGHᢣᓭKv1.0▬MBC++/CN⚪ON⚪PᵨQὃSC++/CHTᕒḄVOGHᢈX஺ᑁZ▲QC++/C\ᵨ]^K_`ᦪb1᪀ஹe^)`fᝍḄ]^஺ὃNᡂiXj᧜ὃlḄGHEF)`C++/CḄᳮnHoKpXj᧜ὃlḄqrs/tXr஺uNvw90ᑖy஺zὃl{|}⚪Kᑗ஺ஹᑏBOOL,float,ᢣ┐f.“0”YZḄif஺(10ᑖ)“”)0,0.0,FALSEᡈὅ“ᢣ┐᝞intFn“”Ḅif]if(n==0)if(n!=0))஺zᑏBOOLflag“”Ḅif]:zᑏfloatx“”Ḅif]:zᑏchar*p“”Ḅif]:¢ஹ£kWindowsNT£Ḅ32¤C++\eWsizeofḄ0(10ᑖ)charstr[]="Hello”voidFunc(charstr[100])char*p=str;(intn=10;zezesizeof(str)=sizeof(str)=)sizeof(p)=void*p=malloc(100);zesizeof(n)=sizeof(p)=2001Page93of101

93DEFC++/CGHᢣᓭKv1.0ஹ}⚪25ᑖ1ஹᜮᦻ¡Ḅifndef/define/endif¢£¤ᵨ2ஹ#includes#include"filename.h”ᨵ£¤¥¦3ஹconstᨵ£¤ᵨ⌶z¨©ª«¬4ஹᙠC++HT¡ᵨCG®ᘤG®°Ḅ±ᦪK£¤⌕³extern´«5ஹzµ)¶¬·for¸¹Ḅº»¼//½¾·//½·for(i=0;i

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95DEFC++/CGHᢣᓭKv1.0éஹGᑏstrcpy±ᦪ(10ᑖ)êstrcpy±ᦪḄëìchar*strcpy(char*strDest,constchar*strSrc);ᐸ¡strDestîḄïðñKstrSrcòïðñ஺(1)ᵨC++/CḄïðñó±ᦪKzGᑏ±ᦪstrcpy(2)strcpyXôstrSrcḄᑁZõᑴᑮstrDest,£¤ø⌕char*ìḄùúûஹGᑏStringḄ᪀⌼±ᦪஹ᪆᪀±ᦪsþ±ᦪ(25ᑖ)êStringḄëìclassStringpublic:String(constchar*str=NULL);//ÿ᪀⌼ᦪString(constStringMother);//᪀⌼ᦪஹString(void);//᪆᪀ᦪString&operate=(constString&other);//ᦪprivate:char*m_data;//ᵨ)ᑏStringḄ4ᦪ஺2001Page96of101

96C++/Cᢣᓭ"V1.0▬$C&C++/C(⚪Ḅ*ᫀ,-ᑖ᪗01ஹ3ᑏBOOL,float,ᢣ┐>,“@”BCḄifEF஺(10ᑖ)ᑏSBOOLflag,"@”BCḄifEF஺(3ᑖ)᪗¦§ᫀ©᝞MᑏXᙳZ[\]^"[_ᑖ஺if(flag)if(flag==TRUE)if(!flag)if(flag==1)if(flag==FALSE)if(flag==0)ᑏSfloatx,“@”BCḄifEF»(4ᑖ)᪗¦§ᫀ{|©constfloatEPSINON=0.00001;᝞M}┯ḄᑏX"[_ᑖ஺if((x>=-EPSINON)&&(x<=EPSINON)if(x==0.0)[klmn>ᵨ“=="ᡈ"p=”,ᦪif(x!=0.0)BC"qrsXtᓄᡂ“>="ᡈ“<=”yz{|஺ᑏSchar*p,“@”BCḄifEF஺(3ᑖ)᪗¦§ᫀ©᝞MᑏXᙳZ[\]^"[_ᑖ஺if(p==NULL)if(p==0)if(p!=NULL)if(p!=0)if(p)if(!)KஹLMNWindowsNTMḄ32OC++P"QRsizeofḄ(10ᑖ)charstr[]="Hello”;voidFunc(charstr[100])char*p=str;(intn=10;QRQRsizeof(str)=4(2ᑖ)sizeof(str)=6(2ᑖ)}sizeof(p)=4(2ᑖ)void*p=malloc(100);QRsizeof(n)=4(2ᑖ)sizeof(p)=4(2ᑖ)2001Page97of101

97C++/Cᢣᓭ"V1.0ஹZ[⚪F25ᑖIஹᜮᦻḄifndef/define/endifᵨ5ᑖ[■]^ᜮᦻ?2@`aᵨ஺2ஹ#include#include"filename.h”ᨵ5ᑖ[cd#include,fgᘤi᪗klmnopqrfilename.hcd#include"filename.h”,fgᘤiᵨᡝḄuvmnopqrfilename.h3ஹconstᨵᵨ⌶¢£¤¥¦§5ᑖ[F1wxyzconstMN2constwx{⛲OᦪḄ}ᦪஹ~(OᦪḄyz஺2const{⛲Ḅᑮᑴ(wx⚜■᜜Ḅ4(BCḄᏉឋ஺4ஹᙠC++P©ᵨªC«ᘤ«Ḅᦪ"N⌕¯extern“C”5ᑖ[C++KᢝOᦪ@(CK*ᢝOᦪ@஺Oᦪ2C++fgᙠlḄEICKḄ*஺ᎷQ¡¢OᦪḄ£¤¥voidfoointx,inty;^Oᦪ2CfgᘤfgᙠlḄE¥¦f஺஺(§C++fgᘤᑣ1¨©ª_foo_int_int«ḄE஺C++¬'C®¯ᣚᢣy±²extern“C”ᩭ´µEᓛ·¸⚪஺5ஹ¹Zºx»¼¢for½¾Ḅ¿ÀÁF5ᑖfor(i=0;i

98C++/Cᢣᓭ"V1.0°ஹᨵᐵᑁḄ³ὃ⚪(µ¶⚪5ᑖ"ᐳ20ᑖ)voidGetMemory(char*p)char*GetMemory(void)jIitp=(char*)malloc(100);charp[]="helloworld”;)returnp;voidTest(void)}(voidTest(void)char*str=NULL;{GetMemory(str);char*str=NULL;strcpy(str,"helloworld");str=GetMemory();printf(str);printf(str);))ÂÃÄTestᦪÅᨵ᪵ḄÇÈÂÃÄTestᦪÅᨵ᪵ḄÇÈ*&PÉÊ஺*&kÍ}×ṹ஺ËNGetMemoryÌ[ÍÎ⌴Ð᝱ᑁ"ËNGetMemoryÙÚḄ}ᢣᔣ“᪘ᑁ”TestᦪḄstr•—ÔÕ}NULL஺Ḅᢣ┐"rᢣ┐Ḅᙢᙬ[}NULL,ßᐸástrcpy(str,"helloworld");lÖPÉâḄᑁãäåªæ◀"èᑁã[ké஺Ê஺voidGetMemory2(char**p,intnum)voidTest(void)((*p=(char*)malloc(num);char*str=(char*)malloc(100);)strcpy(str,"hello");voidTest(void)free(str);(if(str!=NULL)char*str=NULL;(GetMemory(&str,100);strcpy(str,"world");strcpy(str,஻hello஻)printf(str);printf(str);}))ÂÃÄTestᦪÅᨵ᪵ḄÇÈÂÃÄTestᦪÅᨵ᪵ḄÇÈ*&*&ìᦋÐ᝱ᑁḄᑁã"ÈîL⚜(1)ÍðñShelloᧇ"õöᓻ◅஺(2)ᑁòóËNfree(str);ù"strᡂNúᢣ┐"if(str!=NULL)EF[ûüᵨ஺2001Page99of101

99C++/Cᢣᓭ"V1.0ýஹᑏstrcpyᦪ(10ᑖ)äéstrcpyᦪḄáþ}char*strcpy(char*strDest,constchar*strSrc);ᐸstrDestḄstrSrc஺(1)ᵨC++/CḄ#$ᦪ&'ᑏ$ᦪstrcpychar*strcpy(char*strDest,constchar*strSrc);assert((strDest!=NULL)&&(strSrc!=NULL));//2ᑖchar*address=strDest;//2ᑖwhile((*strDest++=*strSrc++)!='0')//2ᑖNULL;returnaddress;//2ᑖ)(2)strcpy-.strSrcḄᑁ01ᑴᑮstrDest,4567⌕char*9:Ḅ;<=>?@4ABCDE⊤GE஺஻2ᑖH᝞intlength=strlen(strcpy(strDest,uhelloworld"));Jஹ'ᑏ9StringḄ᪀⌼$ᦪஹ᪆᪀$ᦪOP=$ᦪ(25ᑖ)QR9StringḄU:4@classString(public:String(constchar*str=NULL);//^_᪀⌼$ᦪString(constStringftother);//ab᪀⌼$ᦪஹString(void);//᪆᪀$ᦪString&operate=(constString&other);//P=$ᦪprivate:char*m_data;//ᵨhij)k&'ᑏStringḄlm4o$ᦪ஺᪗q?ᫀ@//StringḄ᪆᪀$ᦪString::ªString(void)஻3ᑖ(deletesm_data;//ᵫhm_dataᑁuᦪv9:wxyᑏᡂdeletem_data;2001Page100of101

100{|}C++/C'~ᢣᓭV1.0//StringḄ^_᪀⌼$ᦪString::String(constchar*str)஻6ᑖ(if(str==NULL)(m_data=newchar[l];//-NULLᑨᑣ*m_data='\0';)else(intlength=strlen(str);m_data=newchar[length+1];//-NULLᑨᑣstrcpy(m_data,str);})//ab᪀⌼$ᦪString::String(constStringfeother)஻3ᑖ(intlength=strlen(other.m_data);m_data=newchar[length+1];//-NULLᑨᑣstrcpy(m_data,other.m_data);)//P=$ᦪString&String::operate=(constString&other)//13ᑖ(//(1)P=஻4ᑖif(this==&other)return*this;//(2)UᨵḄᑁj஻3ᑖdelete[]m_data;//(3)ᑖḄᑁjᑴᑁ0஻3ᑖintlength=strlen(other.m_data);m_data=newchar[length+1];//-NULLᑨᑣstrcpy(m_data,other.m_data);//(4);<Ḅ¡ᵨ஻3ᑖreturn*this;)2001Page101of101