考研英语语法___纯净打印版

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考研英语语法突破一、时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时：⑴表示感知的动词：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell；(2)表示意愿、情感的动词：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate；(3)表示思考、看法的动词：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose；(4)表示所有、占有的动词：belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容纳)；⑸其他动词：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seemo如：I'dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatisbelongingtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.(1997年考研题，belong表示归属，不用于进行式)Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.(1990年考研题，see表示结果，不用于进行式)2.不用will/shall表达将来时的形式：(l)begoingto表示现在的打算和意图；(2)arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeOff等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作；(3)beto(do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如:Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortage

1istobeavoided.(4)beaboutto(do)表示将要(做)，如:Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.(5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示"马上就要"，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用；(6)be,begin,come,depart,getoff,go,leave,return,start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件，如：Ifyouwantyourfilmtobeproperlyprocessed,you'llhavetowaitandpickituponFriday,whichisthedayaftertomorrow.(l@l线部分-,般不用willbe)(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：Idon'tknowwherehewillgotomorrow.我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句)riltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：I'11tellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(8)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn'tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)3.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.

2Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况)(2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow^since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months,主句用现在完成时，但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：Thechangesthathowetakenplaceplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.⑸在nosooner…than…，hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。(6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语：allthiswhile,allthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等。3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandthathisfollowershadbeendemonstratingfor.

3时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。二、不定式1.不定式做主语(1)做形式主语的代词：不定式做主语，通常用it充当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。如：Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Tobefrank,itisagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfilledinsoshortatime.(2)引导逻辑主语的介词:不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导，但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语则由。f引导：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong0如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It'scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(3)不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：saidreportedthought

4betodosth.believedknownsupposedByronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.1.不定式做宾语(1)必须接不定式做宾语的动词：掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wisho如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.注意：D有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语，这类动词有：consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder,如：Whilestillayoungboy,Bizetknewhowtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.2）如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语，介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前面。如：Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.Withoutfacts,wecannotformworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking.

5⑵可以用不定式做宾语补足语（复合宾语）的动词：下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语（复合宾语）：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wisho注意：画线动词后面的不定式不带to。如：Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.1.不定式做定语(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一■个登上月球的女性(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendencytodo-*tendtodo,decisiontodofdecidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambitiontodo"干的雄心”->beambitioustodo“有雄心干”curiositytodo"对的好奇心”->becurioustodo”对好奇”abilitytodo”做的能力"fabletodo“有能力做”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies5abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：

6way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动)，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。如:Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.1.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)结构引导目的状语，soasto不能置于句首。如:Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedstobepesistent.Iadvisethemtowithdrawsoasnottogetinvolved.(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to结构做程度状语。如:Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾,表示不愉快的结果,有时用only加强语气。常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo...to,too...notto,but/onlytoo...to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。如：Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。三、动名词

71.必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keepmind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.2.动名词做介词短语考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer...to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。如：TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofashavingbeencreatedinashortperiodoftime.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears.

8Everyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoverybeingjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue.四、分词分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清楚：•现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。・过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：It'seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相当于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相当于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced••,)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相当于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…)

9Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相当于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一'个逃犯aretiredworker一b位退休工人afadedcurtain一■个褪了色的窗帘anewlyarrivedstudent一,个新来的学生1.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如:Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前发生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.⑶表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.

10⑸表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.1.分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为

11分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分，但在翻译时经常译成独立的句子，考生要注意英汉两种语言在结构上的区别。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.1.分词做表语和补语，尤应注意由使役动词变来的分词的形式（1）现在分词表示主语或宾语的特征，多以事物做（逻辑）主语。如：HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected.（2）过去分词表示主语或宾语所处的状态或对某事的心理反应和感受，多以人做（逻辑）主语。如：Thesestudentsarequickatlearning.We'llhavethemtrainedinnewmethods.Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled.Fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.五、非谓语动词的其他考点1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，meantodo想要（做某事）meandoing意味（做某事）forgettodo忘记（要做的事）forgetdoing忘记（已做的事）goontodo继而（做另一件事）goondoing继续（做原来的事）regrettodo（对将要做的事）遗憾但在意思上有区别的动词的用法proposetodo打算（做某事）proposedoing建议（做某事）remembertodo记得（要做某事）rememberdoing记得（已做过的事）stoptodo停下来去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事regretdoing（对已做过的事）后悔如：Mr.Jankinregrettedhavingblamedhissecretaryforthemistake,

12forhelaterdiscovereditwashisownfault.Theboyisconstantlybeingtoldnottoscratchthepaintoffthewall,buthegoesondoingitallthesame.2.不定式的习惯用法句型：cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做"、“不能不做”、“只能做二其共同的特点是都有一个否定词和but。如：Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.3.动名词的习惯用法句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/troub1e/prob1emdoingsth.It'snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan'thelpthinkingaboutit.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.therebe非谓语动词的用法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如:

13Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe,做其他状语用therebeingo如：Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语)Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语)Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we'llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因状语)(3)引导主语用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.(4)做除for外的介词宾语,用therebeingo如:Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.六、虚拟语气1.主从句谓语动词的时态(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配：主句从句与现在事实相反would/情态动词过去式+dowere（不分人称）/did与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式+havedonehaddone与将来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+doshoulddo如：Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloud

14noise.（2）区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.（主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反）HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.（主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反）（3）识别事实和假设混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.（句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实）Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.（前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实）1.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：(1)下列动词做谓语时,that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.

15Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggestedo如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,re-quirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understandingo如：JohnWagner'smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.

16Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.1.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：⑴连词but,butthat,or,orelse；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn'tknowwhat'shappened;otherwisehewouldn'thavemadesuchastupidremark.⑵介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.33)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn't.4.常用虚拟形式的句型⑴从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose...

17hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing...Ifonly...Itis(high)timethat…(从句中动词只用过去式)如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn'ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I'dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan'tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor,•,(与现在事实相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor…(与过去事实相反)相当于butfor。如:Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)If0nly…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.七、情态动词注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义：1.表示已经发生的情况

18(l)musthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:"Areyoufeelingallright?^^(2)cant/couldn,thave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“(昨天)一定没……如:Marycouldn'thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许如：AtFloridaPower'sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.1.表示虚拟语气(l)needn'thave+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……二如：Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn'thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了，译为“本(不)应该……:如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为"该",与should的完成式含义类似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会如:

19Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.1.几个情态动词常考的句型(l)may/might(just)aswell"不妨，最好”，与hadbetter相近。如:Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can,t...too...“越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn,t或didn'tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididn'texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.八、形容词、副词及其比较级1.形容词的句法功能形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：(1)以“a"开头的形容词如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。(2)某些以副词词缀"Ty"结尾的词是形容词，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,looko如：Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.

201.副词主要测试其修饰作用考生应了解：副词可修饰谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、整个句子。如:Thispairofshoesisn'tgood,butthatpairishardlybetter.(与前半句的否定意义吻合)It'sessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.Andrew,myfather'syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthepicnic,muchtothefamily'sdisappointment.Mostofusareoftheopinionthatthissetoftrainingprogramisamongthemostwiselydevisedoneswehaveseensofar.2.考比较级时，考生应把握(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如:Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear'smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear's.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray's.(3)比较级的修饰语如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather,还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…,或修饰语

21+more…than…。如：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?^^“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan0如：Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.1.最高级形式应注意的问题(1)最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,amongoin,(all)over用于在某一'范围内的比较，如:inChina,allovertheworld；of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresseso注意：among…相当于oneof---,不说amongall…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来。如：Ofallvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.(2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.

22注意与汉语表达的不同。1.有关比较级的特殊句型(1)notsomuch…as…与其说不如说Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.Sheisnolessbeautifulthan(3)no/notanyless…than…两者一•样都hersister.(4)justas…so….正如,也(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.九、平行结构1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同，即都是形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是动名词，或都是句子等。如：Symposiumtalkswillcoverawiderangeofsubjectsfromoverfishingtophysicalandenvironmentalfactorsthataffectthepopulationsofdifferentspecies.Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes.2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieonone'sfeetthantoliveonone'sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.3.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。

23(1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代词1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致如：Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920'sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.2.that的指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those),后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的thatofoeg:Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional"digestivepauses“byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.3.one的指代作用

24one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。theone指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.1.do的替代作用do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：Forhimtobere'elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.十一、主谓一致问题主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。1.主谓一致常出现在主谓倒装结构中。如：Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees.Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacilities.2.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰，所以距离较远，考生易误认主语。如：Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.4.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。

25如：Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.1.主语带有(together/along)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,ratherthan等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。如：Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.2.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。3.某些固定结构中谓语的数：agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数each/every+可数名词单数谓语用单数neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数morethanone+可数名词单数谓语用单数oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数thegreaterpartofalargeproportionof50%of谓语的数与。f后面的名词一致

26onethirdofplentyoftherestof十二、倒装结构倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列，而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段，目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装，考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装。L下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stilllesso如：Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.2.以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装onlythen,onlyatthattime,onlyonce,onlyinthisway,onlywith,onlythrough,onlyby,onlywhen,onlyafter,onlybecause。如：Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint,manyatime。如：Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsports

27andgames.2.以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out,down,in,up,away,on。如：Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.(2)出于习惯用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.(3)有时主语较长，为了使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如：Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawhole,butfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.3.让步从句的倒装(Das引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他,comewhatmay中。如:Whileit'struethatweal1needacareer,preferablyaprofitableone,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.Comewhatmay,I'llbeonyourside.4.比较从句的倒装

28as,than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构（不倒装也可以）。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。如：Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Today'selectriccarscannotgoasfastasgasoline-drivenvehiclesbecausethebatterydoesnotofferthesameamountofenergyasdoesgasolinecombustion.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.（1）如果谓语动词是单个实义动词，倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词doo如：Littledidweexpectthathewouldfulfillhistasksorapidly.（2）考生要广义理解“句首”的概念，注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。如：Suddenly,Gallup'snamewasoneveryone'slips;notonlywashetheprophetofthemoment,butitwasgenerallybelievedthathehadfoundedanewandmostimportantmethodofprediction.十三、复合句——形容词性（定语）从句定语从句的测试重点：选择正确的关系代词或关系副词。切记：关系代词/副词一定要在从句中充当某种成分，即主语、宾语、表语或定语。指人时用who（做主语）、whom（做宾语）、whose（做定语）；指物时用which或that；指时间用when；指地点用where；指原因用why。此外还要注意如下几个问题:1.尤其要注意whose的用法whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。如：Ofcoursedevelopingasystemforhelpingstudentswhoseneedsareoutoftheordinaryhadbeenanecessarystepinhelpingthosestudentsgetintotheworldofpubliceducation.Itisperhapsnotanexaggerationtosaythatweshallsoonbetrustingourhealth,

29wealthandhappinesstoelementswithwhoseverynamesthegeneralpublicareunfamiliar.2.介词+which的用法如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。如：Childrenarebestservedwhenschoolscontributetoshapingthesolidfoundationonwhichtheirfuturewillbebuilt.However,thebatteriesfromwhichthey(electricvehicles)drawenergyusuallycontainharmfulchemicals,whichbecomepollutantswhenthebatteriesaredisposedof.Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.3.非限定性定语从句前面有逗号标志，按汉语习惯通常翻译成两个句子切记：与汉语不同的是，英语中两个句子之间一般说来不能用逗号断开，而要用适当的连词或关系代词使它们形成从属或并列关系。据此可判断出逗号后面一句应由起连接作用的词开头。注意：有时关系代词前面还有其他附加成分。如：Biologistsbelievethatrainforestsarethehomeofperhapshalftheworld'sbioticspecies,aboutfive-sixthofwhichhavenotyetbeendescribedandnamed.Therearetwospareroomsinthebuilding,neitherofwhichhasbeenprovidedwithmodernfacilities.4.as与which用作关系代词的区别(1)as与thesame,such,so,as等关联使用。如:Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as

30在句中的位置比较灵活,可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.常见的这类结构有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。5.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略;(2)先行词是不定代词anything,nothing,little,all,everything时，关系代词用that；(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next,last,only,very修饰时,用that；(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导;(5)关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which。6.but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who...not,that...not这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如：Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.十四、复合句——名词性从句一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语/介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。1.what/whatever的用法考生应把握：what

31是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.（what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语）Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.（what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语）1.whoever和whomever的区别whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho,用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst,（whoever在从句中做主语）2.有关同位语从句的问题（1）下列名词常用做同位语的先行词：appeal,belief,conclusion,condition,conviction,doubt,evidence,fact,fear,feeling,ground(s),hope,idea,likelihood,message,news,opinion,order,plan,point,possibility,problem,promise,reply,proof,proposal,question,rumor,sign,story,suggestion,suspicion,theory,thought,truth,trouble,understanding,worryo如：Ihavenodoubtthathewillovercomeallhisdifficulties.Onesignthatyouaremakingprogressinanartsuchaspaintingorphotographyisthatyoubegintorealizehowmuchthereistolearn.(2)引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.

32Thefactthatshewasafewminuteslateisnoreasonfordischargingher.⑶同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.(4)同位语从句与定语从句的区别：•从意义上看，同位语从句说明名词的具体内容，定语从句则对名词进行限定、修饰；•从结构上看，同位语从句的引导词不在从句中充当任何语法成分，定语从句的引导词在从句中必须充当一定的句子成分；•从先行词的词义特点看，同位语从句的先行词表达的是抽象内容，这类词数量有限，而定语从句的先行词则没有任何限制。4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用，而ifornot则不能，ornot只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句,if则不能;⑸宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether,question的同位语从句也用whether引导;(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。5.动词believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上，这一点在翻译时要注意与汉语表达的区别十五、复合句——副词性(状语)从句

33副词在句中起状语作用，故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子，那么该句便是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。对于常见的状语从句和从属连词的常规用法，本书不想赘述，只谈谈常见从属连词的特殊用法并提醒考生应注意的地方。1.条件状语从句的常考知识点(1)if与unless的用法。if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法,因为它表示反面条件，相当于ifnot"如果不"、"除非"。如：Evenifautomakersmodifycommerciallyproducedcarstorunonalternativefuels,thecarswon'tcatchoninabigwayunlessdriverscanfillthemupatthegasstation.Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent'sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.⑵复合连词aslongas,solongas,asfaras,onconditionthat,intheeventthat；动词及分词provided(that),providing(that),giventhat,suppose/supposing(that),assuming,say等引导条件状语从句。如：Ifleftalonebyhumans,they(theforests)canregenerate,aslongasthereareseedtreesintheneighborhoodandthesoilhasnotlostallitsnutrients.YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon'tmindtakingthenighttrain.Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果)

34Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon'tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(如果)Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如)Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?(假如)(3)祈使句表示条件。如：Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou'llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.《》Dresswarmly,orelseyou'llcatchcold.Hurryup,ortheticketswillhavebeensoldoutbythetimewegetthere.2.让步状语从句的常考知识点(l)as引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Tiredashewas,wedecidedtodisturbhim.《》Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引导让步从句。如：Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn,tcheatunderanycircumstances.Whileit'struethatweal1needacareer,preferablyaprofitableone,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge-beitscientificorartistic.(3)复合连接词forallthat和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如：Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn'tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.3.时间状语从句的常考知识点(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能二如：Electronicsmustbeprogrammedbeforetheycanwork.

35必须为计算机编好程序它才能工作。Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.有时候新的思想必须等待多年以后才能被人们完全接受。(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然:如：Hewasalmosthurtwhenthebuscametoasuddenstop.(1991年6月四级考题)IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.(3)whenitcomesto是习惯用法，意为“当谈到时"。如：Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.⑷名词短语、介词短语each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起连词作用。如：Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.Ifindividualsareawakenedeachtimetheybeginadreamphaseofsleep,theyarelikelytobecomeirritableeventhoughtheirtotalamountofsleephasbeensufficient.MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:"Areyoufeelingallright?^^Mercury'svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth'sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.(5)副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句，相当于assoonaso如：Thepolicemenwentintoactiondirectlytheyheardthealarm.4.原因状语从句的常考知识点(l)inthat引导原因从句时，有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于:如：Advertising

36isdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.(1)nowthat表示"既然";seeingthat,considering表示"鉴于"、"考虑到如：Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.Seeingsheislawfullyenoughtogetmarried,Idon'tthinkhowyoucanstopher.其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有：forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。5.while,whereas引导对比从句如：WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.6.so...that...,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引导结果状语从句如：Conversationbecomesweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalkedtothatithasallbutlostthewillandtheskilltospeakforitself.Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.7.inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句如：Givemeyourtelephonenumber,incaseIneedyourhelp.

37HelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.5.where作为连接副词的一种用法，翻译为“在地方”如：InJapan,aperson'scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.WheretheAtlanticOceancrossestheequator,thetradewindcausesaflowofwatertothewest.十六、省略1.形容词性(定语)从句关系代词的省略(l)that,which引导定语从句并在从句中做宾语时，可以省略。(2)that引导定语从句并且从句是therebe句型时，可以省略。如：Noonewouldhavethetimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverythingthereisgoingonintheworld.2.副词性(状语)从句的省略(1)虚拟语气句省略条件连词if,从句采用倒装结构。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.⑵由although,asif,if,nomatter+wh-,once,though,unless,until,when,where,whether,while等连词引导的表示时间、地点、条件、让步、方式的状语从句，可省略主语和助动词be,保留ing分词、ed分词或表语。这样省略的条件是：・从句中被省略的主语必须与主句的主语一致；•谓语动词必须含有be；•从句必须与主语和be动词一起省去，不可只省略主语而保留整个谓语，也不可只保留主语而省略谓语。如：ThoughraisedinSanFrancisco,DaveMitchellhadalwayspreferredtorecordthe

38plainfactsofsmall-townlife.AlthoughborninChicago,theauthorismostfamousforhisstoriesaboutNewYorkCity.Oneshouldneverloseone'sheartwhenconfrontedwithtemporarydifficulties.2.比较从句中主语的省略在这种省略结构中，也可以把than或as当成关系代词。因为主语省略了，所以尤其要注意识别哪个词是省略了的主语，进而选择谓语的数、时态和语态。Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthanexistintraditionalmedia.Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofgettingcancerthanexistsinthepublicmindtoday.Theprojectrequiresmorelaborthanhasbeenputinbecauseitisextremelydifficult.3.that用于引导宾语从句时，可以省略

391.练习听力美国国家公共广播电台NPR：http:〃www.npr.org/特点：标准美式英语。建议：每天花三十分钟左右，反复听英语广播，这是听力过关的必经之路。点击网页中左边“BROWSETOPICS”下面的“News”选项。选择自己有兴趣的新闻链接，点开“ListenNow”左边的红色小喇叭图标，然后反复听该新闻的广播。英国广播公司BBC：http:〃news.bbc.co.uk/特点：标准英式英语。建议：点击网页中左边选项中的“VideoandAudio”，再选择视频短片。2.练习发音韦伯字典：http://www.m-w.com/特点：世界全威词典，发音绝对标准，对于纠正发音很有帮助。建议：在网页中间的输入框中输入你要听发音的单词，然后点击“Search”，在搜索结果页面上再点击单词旁边的红色小喇叭图标就可以听到发音了。3.记忆单词我要模考网词汇练习：http:〃www.51mokao.com/Users/Use…&type=languages特点：在线词汇练习，不枯燥，效率高，在答案页面上还可以听单词发音。建议：在“各类语言”页面中搜索标签“记忆练习”，然后选一组词汇，反复练习，直到做到全对为止。对于发音没把握的单词，在对答案时要记得查听一下该单词的发音。每天花十分钟左右，放松心情，把练习当作游戏来做可能效率会更[H]o4.练习阅读路透社：http:〃www.reuters.com/特点：内容丰富、全面。文章都为标准英语，多阅读对于写作也很有帮助。建议：每天花二十分钟左右，选一篇自己有兴趣的文章阅读，以泛读为主。对于生词的发音，可以用韦伯字典网站查发音。对于不懂的词汇和句子，可以用Google英译中来翻译。