考研必备语法精要速览

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第一编考研必备语法精要速览行式）一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时：(1)表示感知的动词：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell;(2)表示意愿、情感的动词：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate;(3)表示思考、看法的动词：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose;(4)表示所有、占有的动词：belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容纳)；(5)其他动词：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seemo如：I'dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatisbelongingtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.(1997年考研题，belong表示归属，不用于进行式)Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.(1990年考研题，see表示结果，不用于进2.不用will/shall表达将来时的形式：(l)begoingto表示现在的打算和意图；(2)arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeoff等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作；(3)beto(do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如：Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.(4)beaboutto(do)表示将要(做)，如：Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.(5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示“马上就要"，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用；(6)be,begin,come,depart,getoff,go,leave,return,start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件，如：Hyouwantyourfilmtobeproperlyprocessed,you,llhavetowaitandpickituponFriday,whichisthedayaftertomorrow.(画线部分一般不用willbe)(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：Idon'tknowwherehewillgotomorrow.我

1不知道他明天去哪儿。（宾语从句）riltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。（宾语从句）比较：I'lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打电话时我告诉他。（状语从句）（8）在makesure,makecertain,see（toit）后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn'tknowtheanswertolasttime.（include不能用willinclude或其他形式）1.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：（l）by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.（表示1919年时已发生的情况）（2）by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months,主句用现在完成时，但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如:Thechangesthathowetakenplaceplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ltisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。(6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语：allthiswhile,allthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等。4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.

2TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandthathisfollowershadbeendemonstratingfor.时态、语态答题思路：⑴先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。二、不定式1.不定式做主语⑴做形式主语的代词：不定式做主语，通常用it充当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Tobefrank,itisagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfilledinsoshortatime.(2)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导，但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong,如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It'scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(3)不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如:saidreportedthoughtbetodosth.believedknownsupposedByronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.2.不定式做宾语⑴必须接不定式做宾语的动词：掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wish.如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.

3注意：1)有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语，这类动词有：consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder,如：Whilestillayoungboy,Bizetknewhowtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.2)如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语，介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前面。如:Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.Withoutfacts,wecannotformworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking.(2)可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语)的动词：下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语)：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish,注意：画线动词后面的不定式不带to。如：Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.3.不定式做定语(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendencytodo—tendtodo,decisiontodo—^decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambitiontodo”干的雄心”一beambitioustodo“有雄心干”curiositytodo”对的好奇心”—becurioustodo”对好奇”

4abilitytodo”做的能力”—abletodo“有能力做……”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies'abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括:way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动)，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.3.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。(l)inorderto(do),soasto(do)结构引导目的状语，soasto不能置于句首。如：Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedstobepersistent.Iadvisethemtowithdrawsoasnottogetinvolved.(2)so...asto,such...asto,enough...to,too...to结构做程度状语。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo...to,too...notto,but/onlytoo...to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。如：

5Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。三、动名词1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keepmind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate.如：Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.2.动名词做介词短语考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer...to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewaytoo如：TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofashavingbeencreatedinashortperiodoftime.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears.Everyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoverybeingjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue.四、分词分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清楚：

6•现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。•过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于扃略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：⑴现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：Ifseasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相当于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相当于...recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced...)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相当于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto...)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相当于...descriptionwhichwasbasedon...)(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一个逃才巳aretiredworker一位退休工人

7afadedcurtain一个褪了色的窗帘anewlyarrivedstudent一个新来的学生1.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前发生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.2.分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分，但在翻译时经常译成独立的句子，考生要注意英汉两种语言在结构上的区别。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.

81.分词做表语和补语，尤应注意由使役动词变来的分词的形式(1)现在分词表示主语或宾语的特征，多以事物做(逻辑)主语。如：HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected.(2)过去分词表示主语或宾语所处的状态或对某事的心理反应和感受，多以人做(逻辑)主语。如:Thesestudentsarequickatlearning.We'llhavethemtrainedinnewmethods.Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled.Fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.五、非谓语动词的其他考点1.按不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法meantodo想要（做某事）proposetodo打算（做某事）meandoing意味（做某事）proposedoing建议（做某事）forgettodo忘记（要做的事）remembertodo记得（要做某事）forgetdoing忘记（已做的事）rememberdoing记得（已做过的事）goontodo继而（做另一件事）stoptodo停下来去做另一件事goondoing继续（做原来的事）stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo（对将要做的事）遗憾regretdoing（对已做过的事）后悔如：Mr.Jankinregrettedhavingblamedhissecretaryforthemistake,forhelaterdiscovereditwashisownfault.Theboyisconstantlybeingtoldnottoscratchthepaintoffthewall,buthegoesondoingitallthesame.2.不定式的习惯用法句型:cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做"、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特点是都有一个否定词和but„如：Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalented

9heisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.1.动名词的习惯用法句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.Ifsnogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan'thelpthinkingaboutit.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.therebe非谓语动词的用法（1）做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.（expect要求接不定式做宾语）（2）做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe,做其他状语用therebeing„如：Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.（fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语）Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scaroutquitesafely.（fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语）Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we'llstopheretoday.（therebeing…做原因状语）（3）引导主语用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.（4）做除for外的介词宾语，用therebeing,如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.六、虚拟语气1.主从句谓语动词的时态（1）掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配：主句从句与现在事实相反would/情态动词过去式+dowere（不分人称）/did与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式

10+havedonehaddone与将来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+doshoulddo如；Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.（2）区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.（主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反）HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.（主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反）（3）识别事实和假设混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.（句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实）Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.（前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实）1.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,voteo如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,

11crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,re-quirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding.如：JohnWagner'smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.1.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：⑴连词but,butthat,or,orelse;副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn'tknowwhafshappened;otherwisehewouldn'thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有:without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如:Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn't.2.常用虚拟形式的句型

12(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose...hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing...Ifonly...Itis(high)timethat…(从句中动词只用过去式)如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn'ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I'dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan'tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor...(与现在事实相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor…(与过去事实相反)相当于butforo如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(shou[d+)动词原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如:Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.七、情态动词注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义：1.表示已经发生的情况(l)musthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定如：Mypainmusthavebeenapparentthe

13momentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”(2)cant/couldn"have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“(昨天)一定没如:Marycouldn'thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许如：AtFloridaPower'sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.1.表示虚拟语气(l)needn"have+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……如:Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn'thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了，译为“本(不)应该如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该”，与should的完成式含义类似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.2.几个情态动词常考的句型(l)may/might(just)aswell”不妨，最好”，与hadbetter

14相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/caiTt…too…”越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot...over...,如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn,t或didn'tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:Ididn'texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.八、形容词、副词及其比较级1.形容词的句法功能形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：(1)以“a”开头的形容词如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。(2)某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词是形容词，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look,如：Al!thoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.2.副词主要测试其修饰作用考生应了解：副词可修饰谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、整个句子。如：Thispairofshoesisn'tgood,butthatpairishardlybetter.(与前半句的否定意义吻合)It'sessentia!thatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.Andrew,myfather'syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthepicnic,muchtothefamily'sdisappointment.Mostofusareoftheopinionthatthissetoftrainingprogramisamongthemostwiselydevisedoneswehaveseensofar.

151考比较级时，考生应把握(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear'smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear's.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray's.(3)比较级的修饰语如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather,还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as...as…，或修饰语+more...than...o如：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan„4口：Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.2最高级形式应注意的问题(1)最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among,in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：inChina,allovertheworld;of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意：among...相当于oneof…，不说amongall....这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来。如：Ofallvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.(2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：

16anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。1有关比较级的特殊句型(l)notsomuch…as…与其说不如说……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.(3)no/notanyless…than…两者一样都Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(4)justas...so.…正如也(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.九、平行结构1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同，即都是形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是动名词，或都是句子等。如：Symposiumtalkswillcoverawiderangeofsubjectsfromoverfishingtophysicalandenvironmentalfactorsthataffectthepopulationsofdifferentspecies.Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes.2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieonone'sfeetthantoliveonone'sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.3.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。(l)rather

17than,letalone虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代词1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致如：Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920'sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.l.that的指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those),后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses“byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.3.one的指代作用one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为onesotheone指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.4.do的替代作用do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如:Forhimtobereflected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.十一、主谓一致问题主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。

181.主谓一致常出现在主谓倒装结构中。如：Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees.Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacilities.2.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰，所以距离较远，考生易误认主语。Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.4.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如：Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.5.主语带有(togethei7a】ong)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,ratherthan等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。如：Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.6.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。7.某些固定结构中谓语的数：agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数each/every+可数名词单数谓语用单数neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数morethanone+可

19数名词单数谓语用单数oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数thegreaterpartofalargeproportionof50%of谓语的数与of后面的名词一致onethirdofplentyoftherestof十二、倒装结构倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列，而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段，目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装，考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装。1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stillless,如：Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.2.以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装onlythen,onlyatthattime,onlyonce,onlyinthisway,onlywith,onlythrough,onlyby,onlywhen,onlyafter,onlybecause,如：Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint,manyatime。如：Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.4.以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out,down,in,up,away,ono如：Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.

20(2)出于习惯用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,theno如：Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.(3)有时主语较长，为了使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如：Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawhole,butfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.5.让步从句的倒装(I)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他,comewhatmay中。如：Whileifstruethatweallneedacareer,preferablyaprofitableone,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge-beitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.Comewhatmay,I'llbeonyourside.6.比较从句的倒装as,than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。如：Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Today'selectriccarscannotgoasfastasgasoline-drivenvehiclesbecausethebatterydoesnotofferthesameamountofenergyasdoesgasolinecombustion.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.(1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词，倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do<,如：Littledidweexpectthathewouldfulfillhistasksorapidly.(2)考生要广义理解“句首”的概念，注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。如：Suddenly,Gallup'snamewasoneveryone'slips;notonlywashetheprophet

21ofthemoment,butitwasgenerallybelievedthathehadfoundedanewandmostimportantmethodofprediction.十三、复合句——形容词性(定语)从句定语从句的测试重点：选择正确的关系代词或关系副词。切记：关系代词/副词一定要在从句中充当某种成分，即主语、宾语、表语或定语。指人时用who（做主语）、whom（做宾语）、whose（做定语）；指物时用which或that;指时间用when;指地点用where；指原因用why。此外还要注意如下几个问题：1.尤其要注意whose的用法whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以,如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。如：Ofcoursedevelopingasystemforhelpingstudentswhoseneedsareoutoftheordinaryhadbeenanecessarystepinhelpingthosestudentsgetintotheworldofpubliceducation.Itisperhapsnotanexaggerationtosaythatweshallsoonbetrustingourhealth,wealthandhappinesstoelementswithwhoseverynamesthegeneralpublicareunfamiliar.2.介词+which的用法如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。如:Childrenarebestservedwhenschoolscontributetoshapingthesolidfoundationonwhichtheirfuturewillbebuilt.However,thebatteriesfromwhichthey(electricvehicles)drawenergyusuallycontainharmfulchemicals,whichbecomepollutantswhenthebatteriesaredisposedof.Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.3.非限定性定语从句前面有逗号标志，按汉语习惯通常翻译成两个句子切记：与汉语不同的是，英语中两个句子之间一般说来不能用逗号断开，而要用适当的连词或关系代词使它们形成从属或并列关系。据此可判断出逗号后面一句应由起连接作用的词开头。注意：有时关系代词前面还有其他附加成分。如：

22Biologistsbelievethatrainforestsarethehomeofperhapshalftheworld'sbioticspecies,aboutfive-sixthofwhichhavenotyetbeendescribedandnamed.Therearetwospareroomsinthebuilding,neitherofwhichhasbeenprovidedwithmodernfacilities.1.as与which用作关系代词的区别(l)as与thesame,such,so,as等关联使用。如：Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.常见的这类结构有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。2.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别(I)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略；(2)先行词是不定代词anything,nothing,little,all,everything时，关系代词用that；(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next,last,only,very修饰时，用that;(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导；(5)关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which.3.but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who...not,that...not这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如：Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.十四、复合句名词性从句一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语/介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。l.what/whatever的用法

23考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.（what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语）Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.（what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语）2.whoever和whomever的区别whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho,用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.（whoever在从句中做主语）3.有关同位语从句的问题（1）下列名词常用做同位语的先行词：appeal,belief,conclusion,condition,conviction,doubt,evidence,fact,fear,feeling,ground（s）,hope,idea,likelihood,message,news,opinion,order,plan,point,possibility,problem,promise,reply,proof,proposal,question,rumor,sign,story,suggestion,suspicion,theory,thought,truth,trouble,understanding,worry,如：Ihavenodoubtthathewillovercomeallhisdifficulties.Onesignthatyouaremakingprogressinanartsuchaspaintingorphotographyisthatyoubegintorealizehowmuchthereistolearn.(2)引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如:Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.Thefactthatshewasafewminuteslateisnoreasonfordischargingher.(3)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.(4)同位语从句与定语从句的区别：•从意义上看，同位语从句说明名词的具体内容，定语从句则对名词进行限定、修饰；•

24从结构上看，同位语从句的引导词不在从句中充当任何语法成分，定语从句的引导词在从句中必须充当一定的句子成分；•从先行词的词义特点看，同位语从句的先行词表达的是抽象内容，这类词数量有限，而定语从句的先行词则没有任何限制。4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用，而ifornot贝1J不能，ornot只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether弓I导；(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether,question的同位语从句也用whether弓I导；(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。5.动词believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上，这一点在翻译时要注意与汉语表达的区别十五、复合句——副词性(状语)从句副词在句中起状语作用，故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子，那么该句便是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。对于常见的状语从句和从属连词的常规用法，本书不想赘述，只谈谈常见从属连词的特殊用法并提醒考生应注意的地方。1.条件状语从句的常考知识点(l)if与unless的用法。if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法，因为它表示反面条件，相当于ifnot“如果不”、“除非”。如：Evenifautomakersmodifycommerciallyproducedcarstorunonalternativefuels,thecarswon'tcatchoninabigwayunlessdriverscanfillthemupatthegasstation.Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponenfsfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.(2)复合连词aslongas,solongas,asfar

25as,onconditionthat,intheeventthat;动词及分词provided(that),providing(that),giventhat,suppose/supposing(that),assuming,say等引导条件状语从句。如：Ifleftalonebyhumans,they(theforests)canregenerate,aslongasthereareseedtreesintheneighborhoodandthesoilhasnotlostallitsnutrients.YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon'tmindtakingthenighttrain.Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(如果)Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon'tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(如果)Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如)Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?(假如)(3)祈使句表示条件。如：Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou'llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.Dresswarmly,orelseyou'llcatchcold.Hurryup,ortheticketswillhavebeensoldoutbythetimewegetthere.2.让步状语从句的常考知识点(l)as引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Tiredashewas,wedecidedtodisturbhim.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引导让步从句。如：Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn'tcheatunderanycircumstances.Whileit'struethatweallneedacareer,preferablyaprofitableone,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge-beitscientificorartistic.(3)复合连接词forallthat和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如：

26Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn'tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.2.时间状语从句的常考知识点(l)before表示汉语的“只有/必须才能如：Electronicsmustbeprogrammedbeforetheycanwork.必须为计算机编好程序它才能工作。Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.有时候新的思想必须等待多年以后才能被人们完全接受。(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：Hewasalmosthurtwhenthebuscametoasuddenstop.(1991年6月四级考题)IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.(3)whenitcomesto是习惯用法，意为“当谈到时”。如：

27Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.(4)名词短语、介词短语each/everytime,themoment/second/minute,inthetime,bythetime起连词作用。如：Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.Ifindividualsareawakenedeachtimetheybeginadreamphaseofsleep,theyarelikelytobecomeirritableeventhoughtheirtotalamountofsleephasbeensufficient.MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingailright?”Mercury'svelocityissomuchgreaterthantheEarth'sthatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeittakestheEarthtocompleteone.(5)副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句，相当于assoonas。如：Thepolicemenwentintoaction2.原因状语从句的常考知识点(l)inthat引导原因从句时，有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于如：Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.(2)nowthat表示“既然”；seeingthat,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如：Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.Hedidpoorlyintheexaminations,consideringhowhardhehadtriedforthem.Seeingsheislawfullyenoughtogetmarried,Idon'tthinkhowyoucanstopher.directlytheyheardthealarm.其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:forthe(simple)reasonthat,byreasonthat,onthegroundsthat,inasmuchas,insofaras等。

282.while,whereas引导对比从句WhiletheteenagepopulationintheUnitedStateshasdeclinedoverthepastdecade,violentcrimescommittedbyjuvenileshavesharplyincreased.Ababymightshowfearofanunfamiliaradult,whereasheislikelytosmileandreachouttoanotherinfant.6.so...that...,withtheresultthat,somuchsothat引导结果状语从句Conversationbecomesweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalkedtothatithasallbutlostthewillandtheskilltospeakforitself.Overtheyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudiedatthatuniversitywiththeresultthatithasacquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.Hehimselfbelievedinfreedom,somuchsothathewouldratherdiethanlivewithoutit.7.inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest（用虚拟语气）引导目的状语从句如：GivemeyourtelephoneHelenlistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhatJohnwanted.8.where作为连接副词的一种用法，翻译为“在地方”InJapan,aperson'scapabilitiesarenotforcedintoaninflexiblespecialty.Wherethereiswillingnessandintelligence,thereisaplacewithinthecompanytotryandtosucceed.WheretheAtlanticOceancrossestheequator,thetradewindcausesaflowofwatertothewest.十六、省略1.形容词性（定语）从句关系代词的省略（l）that,which引导定语从句并在从句中做宾语时，可以省略。（2）that引导定语从句并且从句是therebe句型时，可以省略。如：Noonewouldhavethetimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverythingthereisgoingonintheworld.2.副词性（状语）从句的省略number,incaseIneedyourhelp.⑴虚拟语气句省略条件连词if,从句采用倒装结构。如：

29Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(2)由although,asif,if,nomatter+wh-,once,though,unless,until,when,where,whether,while等连词引导的表示时间、地点、条件、让步、方式的状语从句，可省略主语和助动词be,保留ing分词、ed分词或表语。这样省略的条件是：•从句中被省略的主语必须与主句的主语一致；•谓语动词必须含有be;•从句必须与主语和be动词一起省去，不可只省略主语而保留整个谓语，也不可只保留主语而省略谓语。如：ThoughraisedinSanFrancisco,DaveMitchel]hadalwayspreferredtorecordtheplainfactsofsmall-townlife.AlthoughborninChicago,theauthorismostfamousfbrhisstoriesaboutNewYorkCity.Oneshouldneverloseone'sheartwhenconfrontedwithtemporarydifficulties.尤其要注意识别哪个词是省略了的主语，进而选择谓语的数、时态和语态。Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthanexistintraditionalmedia.Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofgettingcancerthanexistsinthepublicmindtoday.Theprojectrequiresmorelaborthanhasbeenputinbecauseitisextremelydifficult.4.that用于引导宾语从句时，可以省略第二编考研语法专项突破训练3.比较从句中主语的省略在这种省略结构中，也可以把than或as当成关系代词。因为主语盾略了，所以1.Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.A.todevelopB.tobedevelopedC.developingD.willdevelop2.Spaceexplorationpromisestoopenupmanynewterritoriesforhumansettlement,aswellastheharvestofmineralresources.

30A.leadstoB.toleadtoC.leadingtoD.leadto1.Someday,solarpowercollectedbysatellitestheearthorfissionpower（裂变能）manufacturedbymankindmaygiveusalltheenergyweneedforanexpandingcivilization.A.circledB.tocircleC.circlingD.circles2.Inthisexperiment,theyarewakenedseveraltimesduringthenight,andaskedtoreportwhatthey.A.hadjustbeendreamingB.arejustdreamingC.havejustbeendreamingD.hadjustdreamt3.Herterrorwassogreatsomewheretoescape,shewouldhaverunforherlife.A.onlyifB.thattherehadonlybeenC.thathadthereonlybeenD.iftherewereonly6.Somewomenagoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.A.mustmakeB.shouldhavemadeC.wouldmakeD.couldhavemade7.Alightwithnomorepowerthanbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomesintenselystrongasitisconcentratedtoapinpoint-sizedbeam.

31A.asisproducedB.thatproducedC.thatisproducedD.produced6.Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonewhatlaybeneaththesurface.A.askingB.askC.toaskD.beasked9.Eveniftheyareonsale,theserefrigeratorsareequalinpriceto,ifnotmoreexpensivethan,attheotherstore.A.anyoneB.theothersC.thatD.theones10.Theatmosphereisasmuchapartoftheearthasitssoilandthewaterofitslakes,riversandoceans.11.Fromnowon,whenanyoneinourrankswhohasdonesomeusefulworkdies,soldierorcook,weshouldhaveafuneralceremonyandamemorialmeetinginhishonor.A.nomatterheisB.whetherhehasbeenC.beheD.whetherbehe12.In1921EinsteinwontheNobelPrize,andwashonoredinGermanyuntiltheriseofNazismhewasdrivenfromGermanybecausehewasaJew.A.thenB.andC.whenD.beforeA.thatB.allC.whichD.whatA.areB.isC.doD.has14.thepopulationofworkingage13.Physicsisthepresent-dayequivalentofusedtobecallednaturalphilosophyfromwhichmostofpresent-daysciencearose.increasedby1millionbetween1981and

321986,todayitisbarelygrowing.A.WhereasB.EvenifC.AfterD.Nowthat15.Hisfeatureswereagreeable;hisbody,slightofbuild,hadsomethingofathleticoutline.A.somehowB.asC.thoughD.somewhat16.Bythefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury,internationalcommercialtrafficvastlybeyondtoday'slevels.A.willbeexpectedtoextendB.willhavebeenexpectedtoextendC.isexpectedtobeextendedD.isexpectedtohaveextended17.Weadvocatetheeconomic,culturalandreligioustraditionsofallnationalminorities.A.torespectB.toberespectedC.respectingD.havingrespected18.Therearetwohorsesattheendsofaropewithalltheirmightinoppositedirections.A.pullingB.pullC.pulledD.topull19.TodaytheTennesseeValleyisoneoftherichestareasintheworld.Butifthingsastheywereitwouldnowbeadesert.A.hadleftB.wereleftC.hadbeenleftD.hadbeenleaving2O.Aftertwentyyearsabroad,Williamcamebackonlyhowhishometownwasdamagedinanearthquake.A.tofindoutB.findingoutC.tohavefoundoutD.tobefinding

33out21.Relaxation,freshair,purewaterandcleanfood,isessentialtoasoundmindandhealthybody.A.muchlessthanB.nolessthanC.nomorethanD.anylessthan22.Itisfarbettertodowellabitofworkwhichiswellalargefortune.A.worthytobedonethanhaveB.worthdoingthantohaveC.worthwhiletodothanhaveD.worthyofdoingthanhave23.Understandingtheculturalhabitofanothernation,especiallycontainingasmanydifferentsubculturesastheUnitedStates,isacomplextask.A.oneB.theoneC.thatD.such24.Whetherornotthenextplanwillyieldanypositiveresultstobeseen.A.remainB.remainsC.isremainedD.haveremained25.Ifeveragainhappensanaccidentlikethis,wewillhaveonlyourselvestoblame.A.itB.soC.thereD.that26.Thisisthemostimportantrespectcivilizedmancanbedistinguishedfromprimitivecommunities.A.whichB.inwhichC.withwhichD.that27.Withproductionsteadily,thefactoryneedsanever-increasingsupplyofrawmaterials.A.havinggoneupB.goesup

34A.togetB.gottenC.tohavegotD.1.11thoughtthetechnicianwastoblamefortheblowingofthefuse,butIseenowIwasmistaken.A.howB.thatC.whereD.why29.Electroniccomputers,manyadvantages,cannotcarryoutcreativeworkorreplaceman.A.thoughhavinghadB.whichhaveC.evenifhavingD.overwhichhave30.Themembersofthedelegationweregladlongerthanoriginallyplanned.A.tobestayingB.stayingC.tohavestayedD.iftheystayed31.ThestudentsweremuchencouragedachancetotalkwiththeAmericansinEnglish.havinggot32.Whenapersonisinahappyframeofmind,hemayagreeonthethingthathewon'ttoleratewhenheisnotintherightframeofmind.A.doingB.todoC.doneD.tobedone33.Recentlymanyschoolshavefacedwhatcouldbecalledthecrisisofcomprehensionor,insimpleterms,thephenomenonofstudentswithphonicandgrammarskillsstil!unabletounderstandwhattheyread.A.areB.tobeC.beingD.havebeen34.1thetrainbutIoversleptthatmorning.A.couldcatchB.mightcatch

35caught35.Itisverykindofyoutodothewashing-up,butyouit.A.mustn'thavedoneB.wouldn'thavedoneC.mightn'thavedoneD.didn'thavetodo36.Takingmorevitaminthanthebodyneedsdoesnotmakeitfunctionbetter,over-fulfillingtheoillampmakesitlightenbetter.A.nomorethanB.anymorethanC.notmorethanD.muchmorethan37.DoyouhaveanyideawhatJimdoesallSunday?Hespendsasmuchtimeidlingaboutashedoes.A.hisstudyB.studyingC.tostudyD.onhisstudy38.ThestudentIamteachingthisyearismuchmoreintelligentthanItaughtlastyear.A.thatB.oneC.theoneD.those39.Justasthebuilderisskilledinthehandlingofhisbricks,theexperiencedwriterinthehandlingofhiswords.A.andsoisB.asisC.thesameisD.sois40.Thenewhotelhaserectedabeautifulbuildingwithrecreationareaandconferencefacilitiesonthetopfloorthefinestviewofthecitycanbeobtained.A.inwhichB.overwhichC.whereD.there41.Weagreetoaccepttheythoughtwasthebesttouristguide.A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever

3635.Althoughmanypeopleviewconflictasbad,conflictissometimesusefulitforcespeopletotesttherelativemeritsoftheirattitudesandbehaviors.A.bywhichB.sothatC.inthatD.providedthat36.Abeamoflightwillnotbendroundcornersunlesstodosowiththehelpofareflectingdevice.A.madeB.beingmadeC.havingmadeD.tobemade37.Aknockatthedooragain!Itwasthethirdtimesomeonemethatevening.A.hasinterruptedB.hadinterruptedC.tohaveinterruptedD.wouldhaveinterrupted38.Thegovernmentagreestoinstallperiod.A.whicharetobepaidforB.forwhichtobepaidC.whichtobepaidforD.tobepaidforwhich39.Hewouldalwaysignorethefactofsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.A.theretobeB.therebeingC.itbeingD.therehavingbeen40.Aconvenientwayistosetthefoodonapieceofaluminumoil,totheairforhalfanhour,andthencoveritwithadish.A.letitstayopenB.letitstayedopenC.lettingitstayopenD.lettingitstayopenedservicesbyresidentsoveraten-year41.Theyuswillinglybutthattheyhappenedtobeshortofhands,too.A.wouldhelpB.wouldhavehelped

37C.weregoingtohelpD.musthavehelped35.Researchfindingsshowthatwespendabouttwohoursdreamingeverynight,nomatterwhatweduringtheday.A.shouldhavedoneB.wouldhavedoneC.mayhavedoneD.musthavedone36.Ifyouaretocatchatrain,itisalwaysbettertobecomfortablyearlythanevenafractionofaminutelate.A.tooB.veryC.muchD.rather37.Ifyouhavebeengeneroustoapersonforaperiodoftime,itismostlikelythatthepersonwilltakeadvantageofyourgenerosityandtradeonyour“weakness”becomeappreciativeofyourkindness.A.butnotB.letaloneC.ratherthanD.insteadof38.Apoetmustnotwritefortheagespast,butforinwhichhelivesandthosewhicharetofollow.A.oneB.thoseC.theoneD.that39.Thereisadelicatebalanceofnaturemanysquaremilesofoceanandvegetationandcleanairareneededtomaintainonlyarelativelyfewhumanbeings.A.whereB.inwhichC.whenD.how40.Therearecasesnewfactoriesarebeingputupandbeautifuloldtreesaregoingtobecutdownforanewfactory.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when41.Somebodyinthenextroommustbeill,adoctorhasjustcomeout.A.becauseB.forC.inthatD.as42.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanthusfar.A.hasgivenB.wasgivenC.beinggivenD.hasbeengiven

3835.Ofgreatsignificancethenation-widemovementistheKampucheanpeopleintheirheroicstruggleagainsttheaggressionoftheVietnamese.A.tosupportB.forsupportingC.supportingD.ofsupporting36.Manyfarmerscametothecity,jobsandforalltheotherlegendaryopportunitiesoflifeinthecity.A.lookingforB.tolookforC.havinglookedforD.lookedfor37.Itisrequestedthatanapplicantwhoseundergraduateworkisdoneatanotherinstitutiontwocopiesofundergraduatetranscriptsanddegreesdirectlytothedeanofthegraduateschool.A.mustsendB.sendC.aretosendD.needsend38.YouherinherofficelastFriday;she'sbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.A.needn'thaveseenB.mighthaveseenC.musthaveseenD.can'thaveseen39.Thestudiesshowthatthedriverwhohasconsumedanamountofalcoholwithinthelimitislikelytohaveanautomobileaccidentthanthedriverwhodoesnottakeanyalcohol.A.notsoB.notmuchC.nolessD.nomore40.Ifsomeoneisdyingofcancerandbeggingtobeputoutofhisorhermisery,andsomeonegivesthatpersonadeadlydoseofmorphine,thatseemsmercifulcriminal.A.neverthelessB.otherwiseC.orelseD.ratherthan41.Whenwearrived,hefoundtheagedandthesickathome.A.nonebutB.noneotherthanC.nothingbutD.nootherthan

3964.1hopealltheprecautionsagainstairpollution,aresuggestedbythelocalgovernment,willbeseriouslyconsideredhere.A.asB.whileC.afterD.since65.MostofisonAmericantelevisionareprogramsdesignedtoappealtopeoplewhogointothesupermarketsandbuytheproductsthatareadvertisedonTV.A.whichB.thatC.whateverD.what66.Supposetherewereafloodoranearthquakeandthepeoplecouldnotbereachedbytrainsortrucks,packagesoffoodcouldbedroppedfromplanes,thepeoplemightstarve.A.UntilB.BeforeC.UnlessD.Ifonly67.Maryhaslonghadthedesireafamouswritereventhoughthestudyofwritingwouldrequireyearsofsacrificeonherpart.A.forbecomingB.tobecomeC.ofbecomingD.becoming68.Thisissodifficultaproblemthatthescientistisknowntoonitforabouttenyears,buthasn'tfoundasolutionyet.A.haveworkedB.havebeenworkingC.beworkingD.workon69.Amajoritycollectivelymayberegardedasabeingwhoseopinionsand,mostfrequently,whoseinterestsareopposedtothoseofanotherbeing,whichisstyledaminority.A.takingB.takesC.takeD.taken70.1wouldhavepassedthecollegeentranceexaminationsImissedsomeofthequestionsandgavethewronganswers.1.butB.becauseC.asD.inthat71.Yousuchalongessay;ourteacheronlyaskedfor200words,andyouhave

40written300!A.mustn'thavewrittenB.couldn'thavewrittenC.needn'thavewrittenD.mightnotaswellhavewritten71.foraches,painsandfever,aspirinisnowthesubjectofmultipleinvestigationsofitsroleintreatingmanymoreseriouscomplaints.A.LongusedB.BeingusedlongC.HavingbeenlongusedD.Ithaslongbeenused72.InnocountryBritain,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday.A.betterthanB.morethanC.otherthanD.ratherthan73.Wehopethemeasurestocontrolprices,aretakenbythegovernment,willsucceed.A.whenB.asC.sinceD.after

4171.“WhatdoyousuggestIwriteabout,then,tostandachancenextyear?”“Itisn'tsomuchyouwriteasthewayyouwriteit.”A.what...thatB.what...whichC.what...howD.which...that72.Afterpeoplehavelearnedthatmagnetsattractthings,centuriespassedtheytooknoteofthefactthatmagnetssometimesalsorepelthings.A.beforeB.untilC.afterD.since73.HeisofftoParisagaintomorrow.Hetellsmethat,withthisjourney,hethereandbacktwentytimes.A.willbeB.willhavebeenC.willgoD.willhavegone74.Manywayshavebeenfoundsmallcomplicatedmachineparts.A.byusingB.touseC.usingD.used79.1walkeddownthecorridor,myfootstepsfrighteninglythroughtheemptydesertedbuilding.A.echoingB.echoedC.toechoD.havingechoed80.Apartfrompersonalpreferences,socialcontextalsoaffects—bothdirectlyandindirectly—themediaandthemediacontenttowhichyoubecomeexposed.Forexample,othermembersofthefamilyoftenselectmediacontentthatyou,andyoubecomeexposedtoit.A.wouldnothaveselectedB.shouldnothaveselectedandsimplemachinetoprocesslargeand题解:C.mustnotselectD.cannothaveselected1.AForthesechildrentodevelopto

42theirfulladultpotential在句中做目的状语，thesechildren是todevelop的逻辑主语，这种主谓关系在目的状语中一般是不能用分词表示的。B中不定式被动式与句意相悖；for不是连词，故不能选D,否则语句不通。1.Caswellas在语法功能上相当于介词，所以在句中要接动名词leadingto。2.C句子的主语为solarpowerorfissionpower,谓语是maygive,collectedbysatellitecirclingtheearth是后置定语修饰solarpower,其中circlingtheearth又是现在分词短语修饰satellite,“环绕地球的卫星”，相当于thesatellitewhichcirclestheeartho其他选择项均不符合句子语法结构要求。3.C句中已给出频次状语severaltimes,说明要用完成时态，同时句子的时态定位是现在时theyarewakened,显然不能用过去完成时，所以选C。4.C这是一个so...that结构表示结果状语的句型，A、D可以排除。在that从句中又有条件从句，而且应该是虚拟语气结构，B中没有表示条件的连词，是错误的。C虽然也没有连词if,但采用了倒装结构，可以将if若略，又是haddone,表示与过去事实相反的假设，时态、结构完全正确，因此是惟一正确的选择。5.D这是一个含蓄虚拟句，意为“有些妇女完全可以不呆在家里，干一份工作挣得可观的工资，可是她们决定不工作，为的是照顾家庭,,，所以选D。shouldhavemade意思是“本应该做而实际上没做”，与原句意不够贴切。6.B相当于Alightwithnomorepowerthanthepowerthatisproducedby...othat代替power,表示相比较的事物，而D中没有比较对象，故不对；as表示原级比较，不与than用在一起，故A也不正确；C中缺少that的先行词，也是错误的。7.CletaIone,“更不用说”，在用法上相当于并列连词，因此要求填入与前面一样的结构，此处是不定式。8.D句子要求填一个能够代替theserefrigerators的代词，故排除A、Cotheothers一般与另一部分相对而言，在此句中不对，所以选theones。

431.A句子后半句是倒装句，主语是复数itssoilandthewaterofitslakes,riversandoceans,因为较长，所以后置，故选A。2.C此句含有让步状语从句whether…01•…”不管是还是”，采用倒装后省略连词，用原形动词，所以只能选C。3.Cwhen引导时间从句：“纳粹上台的时候，他被赶出德国”then不是连词，用在句中不符合句法要求；如果选B,应为andthen;before填入句中句意不通。4.D句中要求一个能够引导of介词宾语从句的连接词，所以只有what具有这个功能。5.A箭后两个句子是对比关系：increased和barelygrowing,而evenif表示让步“即使"；after表示时间;nowthat表示原因，故只有whereas正确。6.Cthough表示让步，意为“虽然”，全句的意思是:“他的长相挺好，身体虽然瘦小，但有点儿运动员的样子。“somehow"不知怎么不知什么原因”。as可以引导让步从句,但句子结构要倒装，不用于省略句，因此在此处不合适。somewhat“有几分”、“有点儿”，没有让步意味。7.D句子讲的是“人们期待到21世纪前10年时，国际性商业航空交通远远超过当今水平”，人们现在就期待，而不是将来期待，所以A、B是错误的；另夕卜，表示到将来某一时刻为止已经完成的动作或出现的状态，应用将来完成时，按句意，是指extend这一动作的完成，所以应该在不定式上体现出来。根据上述分析，选D符合句意要求。8.C动词advocate后接动名词而不接不定式做宾语。D虽然是动名词，但用其完成式在语义上讲不通。9.Apulling是现在分词在句中做horses的定语，相当于whichpull,10.Chadbeenleft表示与过去事实相反的假设“如果情况还像以前那样”。11.A不定式tofindout

44做结果状语，有意想不到的含义。不定式表示结果时，用其一般式即可。1.Bnolessthan“与同样(重要)全句意为：“放松休息，就像新鲜空气、纯净水、清洁的食品一样，是健康的身心所不可缺少的。”2.Btohavealargefortune与todowellabitofwork...是并歹ij不定式。另夕卜，worth,worthy,worthwhile在用法上的区别是：(l)worth是介词，后接动名词或名词，形成介词短语。接动名词时，与主语是动宾关系，其形式是主动的，意义是被动的。如：Thebookisworthreading.(2)worthy是形容词，置于be动词后或名词后面，做后位修饰语，其结构是:beworthyofdoingsth.,sth.isworthytobedone.(3)worthwhile是形容词，要与形式主语it并用：Itisworthwhiletoreadthebook.worth和worthy都不能用于这种结构。3.Aone指代前面提到的具有泛指含义的可数名词单数，在该句中指代anothernation,句中属于泛指，可见B是错误的。such指代前面讲过的整个情况，多用作主语。that指物时常用来指代不可数名词，指代可数名词时具有特指含义。4.Bwhether引导名词性从句做主语,谓语动词应为单数。另外，remain一般不用被动式，所以B为正确选项。5.C这是therebe句型的异化形式，即therebe句型中还可以用be以外的不及物动词，如live,stand,exist,come,remain等。6.B要填入的成分在从句中做状语，据此排除A、D»另外，respect要求介词in,相当于inthisrespect"在这方面”，故选inwhicho7.D全句用的是一般现在时态，说明一种情况,go是非及物动词，要填入的是with介词短语的一部分，应用动名词形式,所以选goingup.8.Bthat引导宾语从句，see在句中的意思是understand。此句切不可从汉语角度理解成“我怎么错了”或“我为什么错了”而错选了A或D。9.Bwhichhavemanyadvantages

45是非限定性定语从句，在此有让步的含义。1.C句子用的是过去时态…wereglad...,不定式完成式tohavestayed表示这一动作发生在谓语动词wereglad之前，相当于:Themembersofthedelegationweregladthattheyhadstayedlongerthanoriginallyplanned.2.C句中不定式表示原因：“学生有机会用英语与美国人交谈，很受鼓舞。”所以应用不定式完成式。如果句子用的是一般现在时are,那么选A是对的。3.Atolerate要求动名词做宾语，只能选A。4.C动名词being做students的逻辑谓语，相当于...students...beingunabletounderstandwhattheyread,整个动名词短语做of的宾语，所以只能选C。5.D这是一个含蓄虚拟条件句，前半部分假设，后半部分真实，因此应选couldhavecaught,意为“我本来能赶上火车的，可是那天早上我睡过头了”。区别这类含蓄虚拟条件句的关键词是buto6.Ddidnthavetodoit”不用非得洗（碗）”，符合句意。7.Bnot...anymorethan…“与同样不……本句意为：“摄入的维生素超过了身体所需要的量并不能使身体更好地发挥作用，就像往油灯中倒入过多的油不能使其更亮一样。”nomore…than与not...anymorethan同义，但句中前半部分已有not,此处再填no是错误的。8.B此题测试的是平行结构问题，即在并列或比较结构中，并列或比较的成分在语法形式上应一致。如该句中应为：Hespendsasmuchtimeidlingaboutashespends（much）timestudying.句中does代替spends,idling与studying平行。9.Ctheone代替带定冠词的单数可数名词。句中代替thestudent,故选C。10.D句子用的是justas…so…句型，后半部分要求倒装，所以应选D。

461.Cwhere引导定语从句，在从句中做地点状语，相当于fromthetopfloor„41.Dwhoever引导名词性从句，并在从句中做主语，用来指人。theythought是插入成分。42.Cinthat“是因为”，引导原因状语从句，符合句意。bywhich表示手段；sothat引导目的状语从句；providedthat引导条件状语从句。43.Amadetodoso是itismadetodoso的若略形式。unless是连词，应连接句子，所以除A以外的其他几个选项都是错误的。44.B此处用过去完成时，是因为本句意指“到那次敲门，已经是第三次有人打搅我了句中用词was和thatevening都说明指过去发生的事，到过去某一时刻为止已出现的情况用过去完成时。45.Awhich在句中是关系代词,要引导一个句子，而B、C、D三个选项中都没有谓语，因此不是句子。本句意为：“政府同意提供服务设施，经费由居民在十年期间偿还。”46.Btherebeing做介词of的宾语，如果是介词for,则用theretobe。47.C分词短语做伴随状语，形容词open在分词短语中做补语，表示状态，不用过去分词，所以D不正确。48.B此句是含蓄虚拟语气句，暗含的假设条件为：iftheyhadn'thappenedtobeshortofhands.故应选B。49.Cmayhavedone"（不管我们白天）可能做了些什么”，符合句意。shouldhavedone”本该做（但实际未做）”；wouldhavedone表示与过去相反的假设；musthavedone是对已发生的情况作肯定推测。50.A句中toolate相当于toolatetocatchthetrain,所以选其他词不合适。51.Cratherthan表示对比，在意思上前后形成对照：takeadvantageofyourgenerosity...ratherthanbecomeappreciativeofyourkindness意为“利用你的慷慨，而不是理解你的好意另外，ratherthan在结构上起并列作用，使takeadvantage与becomeappreciative平行。

4742.Ctheone替代theage,还原为:…butmustwritefortheageinwhichhelivesandtheageswhicharetofollow„43.Binwhich在定语从句中做状语，相当于inthebalanceofnature(manysquaremilesof...)。44.Cthat引导case的同位语从句，其他连接词都不合适。45.Bfor连接一个原因分句，对前面的推测做原因上的解释。请考生记住：无论从逻辑推理还是从语法规则上看，只要前面是表示推测的句子，后面大都用foi•连接后一句，而不用其他连词。46.D时间状语thusfar”到目前为止”，与现在完成时连用，据此排除B、Co比较从句完整的结构应该是…thanthethoughtwhichhasbeengiventhusfar,可以把than看做关系代词在从句中做主语，也可以把主语看做是省略了。47.A题句由于主语较长，采用了倒装结构，可还原为：thenation-widemovementtosupporttheKampucheanpeopleintheirheroicstruggleagainsttheaggressionoftheVietnameseisofgreatsignificance,movement要求不定式做定语，其他选项均不符合语法规则。48.Alookingfor…分词短语做came的伴随状语，如果选tolookfor做目的状语的话，不该有逗号。49.B动词request要求其主语从句、宾语从句或同位语从句中谓语动词用(should+)原形表示虚拟。该句中that引导的是主语从句。50.Deanthavedone表示对已发生的情况作否定推测“一定不是/没”，根据句意只能选D。51.Dnomore...than...”不匕匕更……此句意为：“研究表明，喝了酒但不过量的司机可能出车祸，不喝酒的司机也同样可能出车祸。”52.Dratherthan起并列作用,使

48merciful与criminal形成平行结构，表示对比。42.Anonebut相当于noonebut”只有”，通常接表示人的词；nothingbut接表示物的词；noneotherthan和nootherthan两者的意思都是“(不是别的)正是”，与本题全句意思不符。43.Aas在句中是关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词是precautions,其他几个选项都不是关系代词，所以是错误的。44.Dwhat是关系代词，引导名词性从句，同时又在从句中充当一个成分，如在本句中做从句的主语，整个名词性从句做介词of的宾语；which只能引导形容词性从句；that引导名词性从句时，只是连词；whatever用在句中不通。45.Cunless“除非”，从主从句的逻辑关系上看是惟一正确选择。句意：“假如发生了水灾或地震，且火车、汽车又无法通至灾区，除非用飞机空投，否则那里的人们就会饿死。”46.Btobecome在句中做desire的定语，意为“成为一个著名作家的愿望”，其他结构一般不做desire的定语。47.B不定式tohavebeenworking...做主语scientist的补足语，用完成进行式表示：“这个科学家已对如此复杂的问题研究了大约十年，并且还要继续研究下去。”48.Dtaken在句中做后置定语，修饰majority,由于与所修饰的词是动宾关系，所以应用过去分词，amajoritywhichistakencollectively可以理解为“（把）大多数人作为一个整体”。49.A句中but表示转折，后面陈述的是事实情况：”……看错了问题所以没答对”。暗指“若不是看错了题，就会答对而且通过考试”。因此句子前半部分用的是虚拟语气wouldhavepassed,50.Cneedn'thavedonesth.表示做了不必做的事，此句意为：“你真不必写这么长的文章，老师告诉我们只写200个词，可你写了300个词。”51.AB、C选项之所以错，主要是由于long的位置不对，应为：B.Beinglongused...;CHavinglongbeenused....

49句子前半部分是状语，故D也不对。由此可见A是惟一正确的选择。42.Cotherthan的意思相当于except,常用在否定词之后,如nobodyotherthan...,nothingotherthan等。本句中与no在一起连用，意为“只有在英国ithasbeensaid是插入语。43.Bas是关系代词,引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词是measures,相当于...asthemeasureswhicharetakenbythegovernment...,其他几个词都是连词，不能引导定语从句。44.A句中的第一个空白处需要一个引导名词性从句的关系代词，在从句中做write的宾语；第二个空白处要填一个修饰way的定语从句的关系代词，因此只能选A。注意：先行词是way,引导定语从句的关系代词一定不能用how,可以用inwhich,可以用that,也可以省略不用。45.Abefore应该理解成“（几百年过去了,人们）才”；如果用after应该是...aftercenturiespassedtheytooknoteofthefact...;如果用until,应该是theydidn'ttakenoteofthefactthat...untilcenturiespassed.46.B此句意为：“他明天去巴黎，加上这次，他就去了二十次了。”根据句意，应用将来完成时态。句中有back一词，故D不合适。47.Btouse...,不定式短语做way的定语，只是因为定语太长,故将谓语前移，使句子避免头重脚轻。byusing表示方式，做状语用；using为动名词，不能做way的定语，way要求不定式做定语；used,无论从语法结构上还是从意义上都讲不通。48.A分词短语做伴随状语,myfootsteps与echo的关系是主动的，因此用现在分词。另外，分词做伴随状语表示与谓语动词的动作同时发生，所以用其一般式。49.A本句意为:“除了个人喜好外，社会环境也会直接或间接地影响你使用的媒体和媒体的内容。例如，家庭的其他成员常常选择的媒体内容你就未必选，可是你也得使用。”句中暗含了“如果是你，你就不会选”的意思，所以用虚拟语气合适。shouldnothave

50selected表示“本不应该选”;mustnotselect表示“一定不要选“；cannothaveselected表示“一定不能选”，过于绝对。只有wouldnothaveselected符合句意。主要参考书目教育部制订《2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》高等教育出版社2005教育部考试中心编《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试分析（非英语专业）2006年版》高等教育出版社2005教育部考试中心编《2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲解析（非英语专业）》高等教育出版社2005教育部考试中心编《2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试参考书（非英语专业）》高等教育出版社2004张锦芯主编《2006年考研英语新编考试参考书》中国人民大学出版社2005朱泰祺编《新编硕士研究生英语入学考试复习指导》北京航空航天大学出版社2004张锦芯主编《2004年考研英语复习指导》中国人民大学出版社2003