《谢孟媛中级语法5》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
介系词48-53一.介系词的受词1）名词/代名词的受格1.IwentshoppingwithMaryyesterday.2.ImetMarybychance,andIwentshoppingwithher.2）形容词作受词Thingswentrapidlyfrombadtoworse»事情迅速恶化3）副词作受词1.Howfarisitfromheretothebusstop?2.Ihaven'tseenhersincethen.4）动名词1.Mybrotherusedmycomputerwithoutaskingformypermission.2.I'mlookingforwardtoseeingyou.5）不定词,原形不定词用于but,except,as,then等后,仅在ー些特殊句型中使用1.Theydidnothingbutplaycardsallday,原形不定词2.Iwouldratherstayathomethangoout.6）子句1.Thefutureofthisplanetdependsonwhetherwecanprotecttheenvironment.2.Mendifferfromanimalsinthattheycanusefire,differfrom…区别于…二.介系词的位置1）受词为疑问词时1.Who/Whomareyougoingwith?Withwhomareyougoing?2.Whatareyoutalkingabout?2）受词为关系子句时1.Thisistheriverwhich/thatIusedtoswimin.ThisistheriverinwhichIusedtoswim.2.TheyoungladywhomMomistalkingtoisourmusicteacher.TheyoungladytowhomMomistalkingisourmusicteacher.3）介系词及受词中有不定词1.Hehasmanyfriendstorelyon.2.Shehadsomethingparticulartowriteabout.写下什么writeaboutsth.4）被动语态时1.Allofuslookforwardtohissuccess.>Hissuccessislookedforwardtobyallofus.2.Wehavetotakecareofthebaby.>Thebabyhastobetakencareof.三.群体介系词片语形的介词1.Wehadtostayindoorsalldaybecauseofthestorm.
1=Wehadtostayindoorsalldaybecausetherewasastorm.1.Thankstoyouradvice,Iwasabletowinthegame.2.Hesenthisbrotherinsteadofgoinghimself.他派了他弟弟去,而不是自己去3.Hesavedthechildattheriskofhislife.冒着生命危险救了那个孩子4.Weexpressourthoughtsbymeansofwords.5.Ididmybestwithaviewtopleasingmyfather.=Ididmybestinordertopleasemyfather.6.Butforhisgoodeducationhewouldnothavegotthejob.7.Withall/foritsshortcomingsthisnovelisregardedasthebest.Inspiteofitsshortcomingsthisnovelisregardedasthebest.8.Weshallsolvethisproblembymeansoflawandeducation.9.Inadditiontomanyshopsandrestaurants,theseaporthasamuseum.11.Onaccountofdifferenceintaste,yourdesignsdonotsuitthismarket.12.Toloveforthesakeofbeingloveishuman.爱ー个人由于被爱是壹个人的行为。13.Toloveforthesakeofbeinglovedishuman,buttoloveforthesakeoflovingisangelic.[把n'd3elik]以爱还爱的是人性,但为爱而爱的是神性。总结accordingtoowingto由于duet〇〜由于becauseoiasfor至于ast〇、关于thankst〇〜butfor、若没有〜的话insteadofattheriskoiincaseofinfrontoiinspiteof〜尽管withfor/alP尽管bymeansof〜凭借,通过inadditiont〇〜除了〜onaccountof〜由于.因为withaviewt〇〜为Jforthepurposeof〜为了〜的目的forthesakeof〜由于〜的缘故四.双重介系词两个介系词连用1.Hewaschosenfromamongthevolunteers.2.Shetookaboxfromunderthecounter.from表示从….Under表示counter的下面五.常用的介系词(1)表时间a)in＞年,月,季节,早上,下午,晚上in1998,inAugust,inspring,intheafternoon,intheeveningon＞特定的时间:星期某,那一天早上onSunday,onthemorningofOctober10,onmybirthdayat〉在总分,中午,午夜atnineo'clock,atdawn[do:n],atsunset,atnight,atmidnightatwork,atschool,attheageof5b)until/till＞直到、,动作继续的期限until个1,till两个1by＞直到”,动作完成的期限before》在〜之前1.I'mgoingtoworktillseventonight.一B直做至U2.I'11finishtheworkbynoon,中午以前
21.Ibegantoworkbeforeeightthismorning.ノl点以冃Ua)from〉从(过去,现在,未来某时刻)起since〉从(过去某时刻)以来完成式after〉在〜之后1.Theworkshouldtakeusfromfourtofivehours.估计花四五个钟头2.Hesaidthefloodsweretheworstsince1968.这是自1968年以来最严重的水灾3.Hecamehomeafterafewhours.b)in在〜内〉某段时间那么长within在〜内〉某段时间中的一刻1.Ihaveneverseensnowinmylife.2.Hewillbebackwithin/inaweek.c)for持续〉时间的长度,动作是断断续续的during在什么期间〉特定的时间,动作规律性的断续through整个期间〉从头到尾,动作是贯通的1.IhavelearnedEnglishforfiveyears.2.Iworkedattheshopduringtheholidays.3.Ihadtoworkthroughthenight.彻夜(2)表地点a）in〉在较宽敞之处,建筑物的内部on〉特定的面at〉在较狭小之处,某ー特定地点intrainstation火车站内部
3attrainstation火车站的某ー个你知我知的地点1.Theyaretakingastrollinthepark.公园内部2.Theplayersarepracticingonthefield.3.Hewaitedforthegirlatthedoor.门口那个特定的地方4.atthedesk在书桌前学习inthedesk抽屉里onthedesk书在书桌上a）for＞方向的目标to＞到某点toward》朝着某方向1.TheyareleavingforNewYorktomorrow.2.Thedogwenttotheboy.狗走到男孩那里3.Thedogwenttowardtheboy.狗朝着男孩的方向去了c）along）沿着“across〉横越（马路）through〉贯穿（公园）1.Wewalkedalongtheriver.2.Weswamacrosstheriver,游过ア円3.Wewalkedthroughthepark.Neverwalkthroughtheredlight,d）by〉在、旁前后左右任一beside〉在“旁左右其中之一near〉在〜附近1.Shesatbythewindow.2.Isatbesideher.我坐在她旁边Isatbyher.我靠着她坐3.Helivesnearmyhouse.注意beside/besides1.Attheparty,2.Attheparty,3.Attheparty,therewereseveraltherewereseveraltherewereseveralgirlsbesideKelly,girlsbesidesKelly,girlsexceptKelly.exceptionn,例外noexception没有例外e）between〉两者之中among〉三者以上1.PetersatbetweenJaneandme.2.Hedisappearedamongthepeopleinthecrowed.bothOeither--Wouldyoulikecoffeeortea?ーーEitherisok.allOanyーーWouldyoulikecoffee,teaororange?ーーAnywilldo.f）around/round围绕着about在〜四周,〜的附近
4ロ语中,常用around代替aboutLTheearthmovesaround/roundthesun.2.Heglancedaboutandsawhiminconversationwithsomeone.3.Thechildrensatabout/aroundtheoldman.alltheyearround一整年round圆e）in＞在、之中（滞留状态）into〉在"之中（运动状态）outof》从、之中（运动状态）onto〉在“之上（运动状态）1.Hewalkedintheroom,在房间中踱步Hewalkedintotheroom.进入房间2.Hewalkedoutoftheroom«走出房间3.ThecatjumpedontotheTVset.跳到TV上.ThecatjumpedontheTVset,在TV上蹦跳f）on〉接触off〉分离1.Heswitchedonthelight,开关闭合2.Heswitchedoffthelight.开关分离putonOtakeoff穿上,脱掉（和衣服接触,和衣服分离）g）before〉在〜前infrontof〉在〜前方behind〉在、后人,动物,建筑等after〉在»后行动的物体,顺序1."B"comesbefore"C"inthealphabet.字母B在C前2.Wemetinfrontoftheschool.Thereisablackboardinthefrontoftheclassroom.冃U面部分3.Ihatedrivingbehindabus.4.Let,shaveagameoftennisafterschool.放学后注意onOoffoverOunderaboveObelowon表示ー样东西只接触另一样东西的部分表面above表示不接触而高于某表面,亦可用overover表示接触到某表面的全部on〇aboveoverton（I〇/A1onbelowunder选自初级文法最后，卷upOdownintoOoutofinfrontof/above<>inbackof/behind1.Thereisaflyontheceiling.2.Aplaneisflyingabovethemountain.3.Thesunisshiningover/aboveourheads.4.Acatissleepingunderthetable.5.Thereisawaterfallabove（below）thebridge.桥的上游（下游）
5有一瀑布,估计是斜上方,不可用over1.Hemustbewellover50yearsold.超过〜（数量）2.Wetalkedoveracupofcoffee.3.Youscoreisaboveaverage.〜程度之上（3）表原因,理由1.Iwasdisappointedathisfailure.at表示引起某种情绪或动作的原因besurprisedatbeamazedatbeshockedatbedelightedat高兴2.Thetownisfamousforitshotsprings.Thetownisfamousasahot-springresort.hotsprings.（很多处）温泉ahot-springresort.ー处温泉胜地3.Hediedofcancer,of直接原因Insomecountriesmanypeoplediefrompoverty,from间接原因4.Hewastremblingwithcold.5.Hebecameillthroughoverwork.6.Theysurrenderedoutoffearofbeingkilled.出于7.Owingto/becauseoftherain,thegamewasputoff.注意1.Hewasverytiredfromhistrip.因〜而疲倦2.Heistiredofhismonotonous[m。'notonas]life.厌倦mono-单一的字根monorail单轨铁路⑷表目的,结果1.Thepoliticiansarecampaigningforthecomingelection.2.Nobodytrustshimafterthewayhelived.表结果3.Flourismadeintobread.表结果注意1.Breadismadefromflour.2.Thissaladismadeoflettuce,tomatoes,andcucumber.3.Imademybicycleoutoffouroldones.可看作madeoffouroldones加上out表产出4.Hewasfrozentodeath.他冻死了,注意:没死,是很冷的意思be+adj.+todeath(5)表手段,道具,行为等1.Hegoestoschoolbybus.2.Iwatchedthebaseballgameontelevision,ontheTV电视上放着全家福3.Pleasewriteitdownwithapencil.with+物品(可数)withapencilin+物品(不可数)inink4.ThebookiswrittenineasyEnglish.5.Hegothisjobthroughafriend.6.AmericawasdiscoveredbyColumbus.7.Sheleftwithoutsayinggoodbye.(6)表关联,关系
61.Ihavenodoubtabouthishonesty.2.Hegavealectureonagriculture.3.Thisisthestoryof/aboutSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfs.4.Thereissomethingwrongwithmybicycle.(7)表程度,单位,比例1.HeistallerthanIbythreeinches.2.Theyselleggsbythedozen.3.Theboyistallforhisage.4.Thecarwasrunningatfullspeed,全速(8)表样子,状态1.Helookedatmeinsurprise.2.Theylivedlikebrothers.3.Helookedathisbankbalancewithsatisfaction.with+抽象名词=satisfactorilybalance收支状况4.Toourdelight,hepassedtheexamination.5.Shestoodtherewithherhairwavinginthebreeze.附带Shestoodtherewithherarmfoldedinthebreeze关于waving为什么用主动式,个人理解wave和主语she没有主动或被动的关系,用主动而fold和she有被动的关系,所以用folded⑼表去除,区别,分离1.Heisindependentofhisparents.Of指抽象的脱离Abuttonisoffyourcoat.Off之具体的脱离注,button,老师拼错了,包括讲义2.Somepeoplecannotdistinguish/tellonecolorfromanother,(tellAfromB分辨)(tellrightfromwrong分辨是非)3.Whatyousayseemstobebesidethepoint/mark,离题be+adv.+n.六.和形容词,动词结合的介系词(l)be+adj.+prep.beafraidofbefondofbefullofbeproudofbesureofbefamousforbelateforbereadyforbesorryforbegoodatbeabsentfrombedifferentfrombesimilartobeinterestedinanxiousadj,焦虑的;担忧的;渴望的;急切的1.Iamanxiousaboutmyson'ssafety,担心、2.Iamanxiousforfame.渴望(2)v.+prep.1.Icalledonmyuncleyesterday.拜切二visitIcalledathishouseyesterday.^)Sfl=visitcallsb.=callupsb.2.HegottoNewYork.Igotonthebus.Igotoutofthecar.Getoffthetrainatthenextstation.Getoutofhere少来了,别开玩笑了3.Ihearfromhereverymonth.收至リ信(getaletterfrom)Ihaveneverheardof/aboutsuchathing,表关于时ofネロabout等4.Iamwaitingforhisanswer.等待Shedidnotliketowaitonherhusband.伺候5.Wehavetolookintothecause.调查Whatareyoulookingfor?for为了什么看I'mlookingformymissingdog,butIcannotfinditanywhere,find表结果Keepthechange不用找零了Shelookedafter
7thechildren.(2)v.+adv.+prep.1.Herantocatchupwithhisfriend.2.Iamlookingforwardtothesummervacation•翘首企盼3.Don'tspeakillofothersbehindtheirbacks.4.Hecannotgetalongwithhisboss.5.Let'smakeupforlosttime,弥ネトMakeup化妆,编造(3)V.+n.+prep.1.Carstooktheplaceofhorses.2.Pleasetakegoodcareofyourself.3.Hepaidnoattentiontomyadvice.4.Trytomakegooduseofyourtime.(4)V.+0+prep.1.Sheaskedhermotherformoney.2.Ithankedmyuncleforthepresent.3.Shespendstoomuchmoneyon/buyingclothes.4.Canyoutellasheepfromagoat?Tellthetwinsapart.5.Itookhimforhisbrother.Theyregardhimasafool.6.Heinformedthemof/abouthimmother'sdeath.本章码字工断章取义了,只码了我不懂的地方,我高ー刚结束,如需完整请参阅完整版关系词ー、关系代名词的种类和格二-二ーー、、、格先行詞ー•-£主格所有格受格人whowhosewhom事、物、動物whichwhoseofwhichwhich人、事物、動物that—that含先行詞what一what如何查找形容词子句:1.关代前面画括号;2.从句尾向前找到第一个动词前面画括号;
83.看看括号外面是不是ー个完整的句子。
9Thestudent[whosemotherdiedyesterday]isabsenttoday.二、关系代名词的用法先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+(介)人WhoWhoseWhom先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+（介）事物、动物WhichWhoseOfwhichWhich1.マ〉Helookedforacar.Itsenginewasingoodcondition.Helookedforacarwhoseenginewasingoodcondition.2.Helookedforacar.Theengineofthecarwasingoodcondition.=>Helookedforacartheengineofwhichwasingoodcondition.=>Helookedforacarofwhichtheenginewasingoodcondition.注意:老外都是喜欢所有的关代不管是否有生命他们都是用whose先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+(介)人、事物、动物ThatWhoseThat使用以上关系词的时候可以不用考虑先行词是什么性质,不管是人、事物、动物都可以通用。重点:下列情况只能以that作为关系代名词A.先行词前面有最高级、序数。1.今天是我们经历过最寒冷的一天。Todayisthecoldestday(that)wehave(ever)experienced.最高级要加个定冠词the表示最高只有一个,金字塔的顶端。形容词子句中的“一天”是受格,关代受格是可以省略的。2.头一件[你需要做的]事就是研读数学。Thefirstthing[(that)youhavetodo]is(to)studymathematics.
10老外在讲话的时候习惯将be动词后面的to省略掉,称为“原形不定词”,并不是be动词后面直接加动词哦。B.先行词同时有人和事物Thedirverandthecar[thathadfallenintothesea]werequicklyrecovered.人、事物、动物都可用thatC.先行词中有疑问词who、which-＞避免重复关系代码词的who、which是没有中文解释的。1.Who[thathascommonsense]couldbelievesuchathing?有常识的（人）谁会相信这件事。2.WhichisthepicturethatMarypainted?D.先行词为theonly,thevery（正是…），thesame等1.HeistheonlymanthatIlove.2.ThisistheverynovelthatI9velookfor.E.先行词为数量不定的代名词all,no,every,any,"thing,"one1.Al1thathesaidwasnottrue.2.Mybrotherfixedalmostanythingthatneededrepairing.*need+doing:表示被动（见动名词）F.口诀最高级,序数,人+物,免重复all,no,every,any,the重点:关系代名词和介系词受格关代+S+V+（介）（介）+受格关代+S+V不及物动词是会带有介系词的,而且这个介系词是很活泼的,位置可以改变的。1.Isthattheman?Youlentthemoneytohim.=>Isthattheman（whom/that）youlentthemoneyto?=>Isthatthemantowhomyoulentthemoney?注意,将介系词放在受格关代之后就不能用that了・eTW"同时也不能省略了。
111.那班[我正在等的]火车现在已晚了半小时。Thetrain[whichIamwaitingfor]isnowhalfanhourlate.ThetrainforwhichIamwaitingisnowhalfanhourlate.老外比较prefer第二种写法哦。若为动词/形容词+介系词组成的片语时,介系词只能放后面。workwithsb.非片语dealwith片语（有独立意思,处理）1.Thisistheman[whomIworkedwith].ThisisthemanwithwhomIworked.不构成片语，可以拿到关代前面。2.Thisisthehabitwhichyoumusttodowith.戒掉习惯:dowiththehabit,dowith是个片语,戒掉的意思。翻译:这是个你必须戒掉的习惯。重点:关系代名词的省略A.受格关代可以省略1.Thelady(whom/that)wemetatthestreetisourteacher.Theladywemetatthestreetisourteacher.B,当补语的主格关代可以省略S+V+OShewasacheerfulgirl,过去Sheisnotthecheerfulgirl,现在Sheisnotthecheerfulgirl[(that)shewas].that是当补语的主格关代beV.连系动词后是补语一般动词后是受词C.There/Here+be的句型中,关代可以省略1.Thereissomeone[(who)wantstoseeyou].
12D,关代后有There/Here+be时,关代可以省略1.这是这家店里唯一的ー个蝴蝶领结。拆分:1、这是唯・的蝴蝶领结。2、这家店里唯一•的蝴蝶领结。Thisistheonlybowtie[thatisinthisstore].Thereis[thebowtie]inthisstore>Thisistheonlybowtie[(that)thereisinthisstore].>Thisistheonlybowtiethereisinthisstore.>Thisistheonlybowtie/thereis/inthisstore.停顿拆分Thisistheonlybowtie.主要子句Thereisabowtieinthisstore.次要ナnJThereisabowtieinthestore=Inthestoreisabowtie.母语:mothertongue如果你不确定关系代名词能不能省略就不要省略。关代和先行词合并在ー起先行词主格+V所有格+N受格+S+V+（介）含先行词What—WhatWhatthething(s)whichallthatanythingthatL[我所要的]是心灵的平静。WhatIwantispeaceofmind.Thething[whichIwant]ispeaceofmind.简洁的话语更加有力。2.她告诉侦探们[他们想要知道的]所以事情。Shetoldthedetectivesall[(that)theywantedtoknow].Shetoldthedetectives[whattheywantedtoknow].
13Idon'tknowwhattheyweretalkingabout.a.我不知道那件他们正在谈论的事情。（what是关代）b.我不知道他们在谈论什么。（what是疑问词）尽管词性不一样,但是句子的意思还是差不多的。Idon'tknowwhatheis.间接问句就是将疑问词拿到句子的中间。翻译:我不知道他是做什么的。Whatishe?翻译:他是做什么的?问职业的。重点:含有what的惯用表现Whatiscalled/Whatwe(=>you,they)call=>所谓的/所说的两个句型都是可以互换的。1.他是所谓的活字典。Heiswhatiscalledwalkingdictionary.Heiswhatwecallwalkingdictionary.2.她是所谓的音乐天才。Sheiswhatwecallamusicalgenius.Sheiswhatiscalledamusicalgenius.Sheiswhatyoucallamusicalgenius.他就是你所说的音乐天才AistowhatBisto->A对于…的关系正如B对于…的关系1,空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。Airistouswhatwateristofish.强调的是空气对于人很重要。Fish是指种类的时候才能用复数,fishes〇2.文化之于心犹如食物之于身体。Cultureistomindwhatfoodistobody.注:这里的名词均用单数,无冠词,指一种抽象的概念
14WhatAis(was/usedtobe)つ今日的A/昔日的A通过be动词不同的时态就可以表示今日的时态或者昔日的时态。1.她不再是十年前的她。Sheisnotwhatshewastenyearsago.对比Sheisnotthecheerfulgirl[(that)shewas],前者并过了2.什么使得中国变成今天这种样子?Whathasmadechinawhatsheis?问的人不知道什么原因,有多少个原因,状况不明视为单数。用hasChina>sheThemoon>sheThesun>heWhatismore(更好的是而且"'')表示更加积极正面的表现Heisabrightboy,(and)whatismore,heiskindhearted.Bright灵光的,聪明伶俐。翻译:他不仅聪明而且心地善良。一句话不仅只有一种表达方式,以下说法用and连接更加简洁:Heisabrightandkindheartedboy.Whatisworse=>tomakemattersworse使得事情更加糟糕,负面的表现。Theylosttheirway,andwhatwasworse,nightwascomingon.翻译:他们迷路了,而且更糟糕的是夜晩即将要来临。这里用be+Ving现在进行式有时候也可以表示未来式。Whatwith~and(whatwith)~ー则~原因;~ー则~原因表示不好的原因,因为两个不好的原因产生负面的结果,经常会将what省略掉,只用with〇Whatwithoverworkand(whatwith)poormeals,shefellill.翻译:ー则因为超时工作,ー则因为营养不良,以致她生病了。
15fall作为名词是秋天,作为动词是“陷入某种状态エFall-fell-fallen注意不是feel-felt-felt语感就是对语言的感觉,复习的时候大声地念出来。三、限定用法和非限定(补述)用法Wehavetwodaughters[who/thatbecamenurses],但是我们仃儿个女儿你是不知道的,仅仅对这两个当了护I:的做了限定。Wehavetwodaughters,andtheybecamenurses.Wehavetwodaughters,who/thatbecamenurses.我们就仃两个女儿,如果你还愿意听,她们后来成为护士非限定用法=＞补充叙述前句话或者去一句的某个部分。注意两个句子有逗号隔开,补述逗号后面的who不能用that代换,限定的时候可以换成that〇读法区别第一句daughters声调扬,我还未讲完第二句daughters声调降,表已讲完重点:非限定用法作为非限定性补述它可以修饰前一整个句子或者前一句子的某个部分，具体修饰哪个部分根据情况而定。1.IcalledBrian,whohadhadcalledmewhileIwasout.=1calledBrian,becausehehadhadcalledmewhileIwasout.第・•句的who可以替换成becausehe,连接词是because,代名词是he加在ー起等于关代who〇翻译:我为什么用打电话给Brian呢,因为他打给我的时候我不在。2.Iboughtahat,whichwastoobigforme.Which作为非限定性补述它口]•以修饰前一整个句子或者前一句子的某个部分,先行词不・定在关代前面,由于which是指没有生命的东西,所以它不能修饰I只可能修饰hat〇Iboughtahat,butitwastoobigforme.Which等于butit连接词+代名词的形式。3.Heboughtsomeapples,twoofwhichhegaveher.翻译:他买的苹果当中有两个他送给了她。Heboughtsomeapples,andhegavehertwoofthem.Heboughtsomeapples,hegavehertwoofwhich.
16Which代替的是逗号前的apples,Ofwhich替换成了and •them,也是关代还原成连接词+代名词。为了让关代靠近它修饰的名词,同时又希望介系词保持在其前面,所以受格的twoofwhich摆到句首去了。1.Thispoem,whicheverybodyknows,isbyShelley.翻译:每个人都知道的这首诗是Shelley写的。ThispoemisbyShelley.翻译:这首诗是Shelley写的。2.Mymotherexpectsmetobecomeadoctor,whichisnoteasy.Mymotherexpectsmetobecomeadoctor,howeveritisnoteasy.翻译:我妈妈希望我成为ー名医生,这可不太容易。Which代替的名词是tobecomeadoctor,不定词有名词的特性,不定词已经不再是动词了。3.Hetoreupmyphoto,whichupsetme.which指整句tearup撕碎tearn.眼泪[tie]v.撕[t£e]tear-tore-torn/tare-tearing四、关系副词关系副词=>连接词+副词先行词场所时间理由无先行词关系副词WhereWhenWhyHowA.重点:where1.Thisistheplace.IIthere（=attheplace）Ifirstmetmywife.ヽThisistheplacewhereIfirstmetmywife.（這就是我和我太太第一次相遇的地方〇）>Thisistheplace[whereIfirstmetmywife].2.Here'samapofthetown.
17there（=inthetown）AuntSallylives.Here'samapofthetownwhereAuntSallylives.（這裡有一張Sally姑媽所住的小鎮的地圖0）>Here,samapofthetownwhereAuntSallylives.翻译:这里有张Sally阿姨所在的城镇地图。先行词为caseヽpointヽsituation等,也可用where（情形,状况）。这些表示情形和状况的词,我们常说“在这一点上,我和你的意见是ー只的。”在…上，这个也有类似地方的意思。Therearethecaseswherethisruledoesnotapply.Where引导的字句是用来修饰cases的,表示“在这样子的状况下”。翻译:在这种情况下这些规则是没用的。
18B.重点:when1.Sundayistheday.IIthen(=onSunday)]havenoschool.ヽSundayisthedaywhenIhavenoschool.(星期天是我不&ピ學的日子。)2.Thatwasthetime.II(then)Dinosaurslived.ゝThatwasthetimewhendinosaurslived.(那是恐龍生あ的時期〇)=>SundayisthedaywhenIhavenoschool.=>Thatwasthetime[whenDinosaurslived].Ihavenoschoo!不上学3.Theday[whenwecanliveinouterspace]willcome.Thedaywillcomewhenwecanliveinouterspace.当ー个形容词子句太长时,我们可以先写出主要子句,老外习惯将主要的意思先讲出来,同时因为when只代替时间,所以第二句的写法也不会有歧义,when代替一定是theday〇翻译:我们可以在外太空生活的那一天会来临。C.重点:whyL[他缺席的]原因不明。主轴:原因不明。Thereason[whyhewasabsent]wasn'tclear.2.我真的很喜欢甜食。那就是[我牙齿不好的]原因。Ireallylikeeatsweets.Thatisthereason[whymyteetharebad].Ihaveasweettooth.我喜欢甜食。ー颗甜牙齿,就是因为吃糖嘛。
19Ihaveagreenthumb.经常种花种草手指就变成绿色了。Myfingersareallthumbs.我的手指都不灵活了。笨手笨脚,大拇指最不灵活了。这些映射的俚语、俗语和日常生活很贴近。D.重点:howhow通常没有很明显的、明确的先行词。1.Thisishowtheriothappened.翻译:这个就是暴动的原委。Howdoyoulikeit?翻译:你有多喜欢它。how一般表示程度。Howdoyoufixit?翻译:你是用什么方法来解决它的?这里的how指方法。2.Thisisthewaythathesolvedtheproblem.=>Thisishowhesolvedtheproblem.how没有先行词Way可以解释成:方向,方法,样子,道路注意how没有明确的先行词,这里有theway作为先行词,只能用that当将theway省略掉之后就可以使用how这个关系代名词了,注意:关系副词的先行词通常都可以省略。因为,when前面的一定是时间,where前面一定是ー个地点,这些可以肯定的,大家都知道的东西就可以省略掉,不然就太多余了。1.星期二是［垃圾车来的］日子。Tuesdayis(theday)whenthegarbagetruckcomes.因为是限定星期ニ那一天,所以用定冠词the在名词的前面。Tuesdayiswhenthegarbagetruckcomes.When前面一定是指时间,所以就可以省略掉theday〇2.晩春是［这里雨季开始的］时期。Latespringis(thetime)［whentherainyseasonbeginshere］.拓展:Q.rainyseason与rainingseason有何不同?A.rainyseason是正确的,rainingseason是错误的。
20英法语法中的分词(participle)跟动名词(gerund)都是在原形动词后加”ing”。只有在它们后面加一个名词时,方能确定何者为分词何者为动名词。例如:sleepingbaby（睡觉中的婴儿）中的sleeping是分词。=ababythatissleeping.分词的主要功能是形容词。sleepingcar（卧车）中的sleeping是动名词。=acarforsleeping.动名词的主要功能是名词。但在sleepingcar中作形容词用。rainingseason是错误的,它不等于aseasonforraining,因为人力不能将ー个季节指定为雨季。但是fastingmonth（斋戒月）=amonthforfasting是对的,因为人カ可以将••个月份指定为斋戒月。其他如sleepingbag=bagforsleeping,drinkingwater=waterfordrinking,walkingstick=stickforwalking,spendingmoney=moneyforspending,runningshoes=shoesforrunning,huntingaccident=accidentinhunting,都是动名词作形容词用。1.这是［我出发的］理由。=Thisis（thereason）［whyIleftearly］.=ThisiswhyIleftearly.=ThisisthereasonIwasgettingupearly.这句话有reason和why的时候可以一次省略，个,因为reason=why〇E.重点:that有时候可做关系副词,来代替where,when,why等。通常代替when的情形的比例比较高,此时that可以省略。1.我几乎不记得［跟她头一次见面的］日子。Irememberthedatelittle.翻译：我儿乎不记得那日子。little在这里是副词，几乎不的意思,little是一个否定词,为了让后面的关代紧跟连接词可以将否定词放在句首,当ー个否定词拿到句首之后后面要用倒装句,问句句型就是ー种倒装句。如果是be动词，be动词拿到主词前，•般动词位置不动变成原形,句子前面用助动词Do等。LittledoIremembertheday(that)Ifirstmether.使用这样的倒装就是为了能让关系代名词紧跟先行词,同时theday为先行词可以用that关代,并可以省略。
211.我不喜欢［他说话的］样子。Idon'tliketheway(that)hetalks.theway后面必须用关代that,并且可以省略。F.重点:关系副词where及when可用于非限定用法(补述)炖个补给你吃吧。吃了补就会更加强壮,但是不吃会不会危及生命?当然不会了,所以补充叙述也是不一定要有的东西。1.ShemovedtoNewYork,wheresheopenedaboutique.这里有个逗号,说明只是用来补充说明用的,不是最主要的东西。翻译:她去纽约,在那里开了一家精品店。2.Iwastakingashower,whenthelightswentout.翻译:我那个时候正在洗澡,就在我洗澡的时候灯就熄灭了。When修饰Iwastakingashowershowern,淋浴;阵雨takeabath盆浴takeashower淋浴五、复合关系词复合关系词都是表示不论、任何的意思,口语中可以只用这一个词表示“不关心,没关系”。关系词+ever按照你家的环境定做的组合式的家具就是复合,例如你家的墙壁是斜的,家具得依照墙的形状。Whoever=anyonewho/who(m)ever=anyonewho(m)无论是谁Whichever=anyonethat/whatever=anythingthat尢论哪―・个东西anyone指的是人,anyone中one代替ー个单数名词,一件事情或ー个物品。没有限定地问你要什么?Whatdoyouwant?
22如果桌上摆了五样东西,妈妈问你。Whichdoyouwant?表示限定在这五样东西里你想要哪・样。所以,what是没有限定的问事物,which是有限定的。关系副词+everWhenever=atanytimewhenWherever=atanyplacewhere1.他设法帮助需要帮助的任何人。Hetriedtohelpanyonewho/thatwasinneedofhelp.beinneedof表示“在…状况需要的状态当中”,如果表示一般的常态,他都是这样的习惯可以用ー・般现在式。Hetriedtohelpwhoeverwasinneedofhelp.beinneedof需要2.自行取用任何［你想要的］东西。Helpyouselftoanyonethatyouwant.Helpyouselftowhicheveryouwant.3.今天我请客。你可以点［任何你喜欢的］菜。I'11treat(you)today.Youcanorderanything［thatyoulike］.I'11treat(you)today.Youcanorderwhateveryoulike.这里表示没有限定的任何东西,不限定对象种类和数目用关代whatever,如果是有限定的选择则用whichever〇MayItakeyourordernow?翻译:可以点菜了吗?(服务员问)Iwouldliketoordernow.翻译:我要点菜了。重点:复合关系词可表示“让步”=>无论…不管、无论就是语法中“让步”的意思。Whoever=nomatterwhoWhichever=nomatterwhichWhatever=nomatterwhat
23Whenever=nomatterwhenWherever=nomatterwhereHowever=nomatterhow1.无论是谁打电话来,我都不想接。Whoeveriscalling,Idon,twanttoanswerthephone.Nomatterwhoiscalling,Idon'twanttoanswerthephone.这里的iscalling有两层意思,ー是正在进行式,比如接到ー个电话,妈妈问你“你的电话,要不要接?",这个电话正在打来;二是・般未来式,等会不管是谁打电话来我都不想接,用现在进行式表示未来。Whoever没有anyonewho的含义,这个是nomatterwho的意思,不管是谁,不是任何ー个人。这句话的意思不是:“任何ー个人打电话过来,我都不想接。”这两句还是有一定的差别的。2.无论发生什么事,我将永远爱你。Whateverhappens,I'11alwaysloveyou.Nomatterwhathappens,I'11alwaysloveyou.3.无论我在哪里，我都会想起你。可以将主要子句放在前面。I'11bethinkingofyouwhereverIam.未来进行式Willbedoing4.无论你们走得多快,天黑前还是无法到达.Herunsveryfast.主词:He,动词:run,副词1：fast»副词2：very,副司2是修饰副词1的。表程度也是副词的特性,注意修饰副词后面要紧跟被修饰的副词very后紧跟fast〇Howeverfastyoumaywalk,youwillnotbeabletoarrivebeforedark.关系副词修饰后面的副词,所以这里的fast我们让其紧跟关系副词however。Nomatterhowfastyoumaywalk,youwillnotbeabletoarrivebeforedark.这个时态是未来需要用will,面will之后表示不能就不可再用助动词can'tT，因为两个助动词不能相连,所以换种写法用beableto也是一・样的效果,主要是避免两个助动词相连。六、关系形容词(具有形容词作用的关系词)关系形容词=连接词+形容词+(N),形容词是修饰名词的。A.allthe+N+that=what+N1.Igavethechildallthelittlemoney.Ihadallthelittlemoneythen.>1gavethechildallthelittlemoney(that)Ihadthen.
24>1gavethechildwhatlittlemoneyIhadthen.(数量)不定形容词,allthelittlemoney中money是名词,前面修饰名词就是形容词。littlemoney前面的形容词allthe和代名词that又可以组合成关系形容词what〇allthe+N+that=what+N〇这里的what不再是“什么”的意思,而是“所有的”。说明what一个关系形容词,修饰了名词,连接了后面的句子。1.Nancywaitedwithallthepatience.Shecouldcommandallthepatience.Nancywaitedwithallthepatiencethatshecouldcommand.Nancywaitedwithwhatpatienceshecouldcommand.B.介系词+which+名词3.有十天之久,在这段时间他一直待在家,没人来走访。Fortendays,in/duringwhichtimehekeptindoor,nobodyvisitedhim.表示在某个期间用in或during都是可以的,which修饰名词time表其有形容词的特性。4.我们可能会错过火车,如此一来我们的约会就会迟到。Wemaymissthetrain,inwhichcasewe'11belatefortheappointment.“如此一来”表示在这样子的状况下,用inwhichcase,which代替是状况的具体描述。重点:as,but,than也可扮演关代的角色。as像什么・样,but有对比的意思,than有比较的概念。
25as表示前后情况ー样1.Oilandwaterdonotmix,andweallknowthat.Oilandwaterdonotmix,asweallknow.关系代名词二连接词+代名词,同时在这个句子里有“如同…一般”的意思,表两个情况相同可以用as〇2.Iwearearnings.Shewearsthesameearnings.ShewearsthesameearningsthatIwear/do.ShewearsthesameearningsasIdo.更强调ー样3.Hecamelateforclasstoday,andthatisoftenthecasewithhimHecamelateforclasstoday,asisoftenthecasewithhim.Asisoftenthecase,hecamelateforclasstoday.翻译:一如往常,他今天上课又迟到了。asisoftenthecase(with~)就如~所示4.Readsuchbooksasyourteacherhasrecommended.翻译:读你们老师推荐的书。such~as~就如同~recommend,一般当动词,表示推荐。[,reks'mend]commend,一般情况下,当表扬讲。command控制but用于否定句,形成双重否定所有的规则都是有例外的/凡事都有例外Thereisnorulethatdoesn'thaveanyexceptions.Thereisnorulebuthassomeexceptions.Everyrulehassomeexceptions.than用于比较句1.Youdidwork[thatIhadexpected],你做了我期望的工作YoudidmoreworkthanIhadexpected,你所做的比我期望得多2.Youhaveclothingthatisnecessary•你的衣服都是必需的Youhavemoreclothingthanisnecessary.你的衣服比需要的多形容词(61-65)(1)限定用法a.形容词(ー个字)+名词1.Theoldmanlivedinasmallvillage.2.Hiselderbrotherisafamousmusician.
26b.名词+形容词,thing,"body,~one等,两个字或以上的形容词片语和子句）1.Iwanttodrinksomethingcold.2.Isthereanythinginterestingintoday'spaper?3.Idon'tlikeridingontrainsfullofpeople,rideontrain搭乘火车4.Hetriedtoclimbafencetwometershigh.5.Heisaboy（whois）fiveyearsold.Heisafive-year-oldboy.⑵叙述用法a.主词补语1.Seawatertastessalty.2.Therainbowisverybeautiful.b,受词补语1.You'11findthebookdifficult.2.Ileftthewindowsopen.使开着（adj.）Iletthewindowsbeopened.使被打开（v.）重点a.只能用限定用法的形容词（定语形容词）onlymere只~mainwoodenupper上面的inner里面的live/livingdailylone孤单的,古语1.Thisisawoodenhouse.3.Heisamerechild.他不过是孩子b.只能用叙述用法（表语形容词）alivealoneafraidasleepawakewellcontentgladaware1.I,mafraidofdog.2.Thebabyisstillasleep.
271.Areyouawareofyourmistakes?重点限定用法和叙述用法意思不同的形容词1.Imetacertainlady,某ー个Itisquitecertain,确疋2.Heismypresentassistant.目冃UHeispresenttoday,出席absent缺席3.ThelateMr.Smithwasanableman.已故Hewaslateforthemeeting,迟至リ4.Shegavemeafondlook.温柔的Iamveryfondoficecream.•&欢(3)形容词的顺序+名詞冠詞+數量形容詞+性狀形容詞+形容詞化的名詞代名詞\/主觀的判斷大小、形狀、狀態、新舊、顏色、材料好,大,新,颜,质,国,材(某补课班老师教的口诀)形容词化的名词,如American,由名词变来的形容词1.CometoseemytencutesmallyoungwhiteDutchrabbits.2.Hemadethesetwolittlenewwoodentables.(4)特别注意的形容词用法a,不能以人为主词的形容词dangerous,difficult,hard,easy,useful,useless,tough,convenient,important,necessary,regrettable遗憾的,natural,possible貌似这些形容词都是人做某事才能体现只能用Itbe形容词for人toV1.Itisnecessaryforyoutoseeadoctor.2.Isitpossibleforyoutoattendthemeeting?b.以人为主词的形容词都是与情绪有关的形容词angry,ashamed,delighted,disappointed,excited,glad,happy,proud,sorry,thankful1.Wewereexcitedaboutthebaseballgame.Thegamewasexcitingforus.
281.Iamsorryforhearingthenews.c.The+形容词1.Thericharenotalwayshappy.2.Wesearchforthetrue,thegood,andthebeautiful.d,形容词的副词用法1.Itisburninghot.天气热的厉害2.Itisfreezingcold.3.Theyweredeadasleep,睡得很熟(5)数量形容词a.many/much1.doyouhavemanybooksinyourstudy?2.They'vespentmuchmoneyonadverting.否定句中的notmany/much可译成［不太多］1.Thisgardendoesn'thavemanytrees.2.Mysonhasn'tmademuchmoney.Many/much的名词性用法Manyofthestudentswereabsent.ロ语中,可用alotof,lotsof,plentyof+可数/不可数代替many/much1.Therewerealotof/lotsof/plentyofpeopleintheshop.2.Sheatealotof/lotsof/plentyoficecream.Alargenumberof=largenumbersofnumber中文有［数数］的意思,故后接可数名词Alargeamountof=largeamountofamount指［量］,故后接不可数名词b.afew/fewafew=somefew=notmany(儿乎没有)表否定,不可和not同时出现1.Thereareafewvegetablesintherefrigerator.2.Fewpeoplewereinjuredintheaccident.丿し乎没有3.Fewcanunderstandthispoem.名词性用法c.alittle/littlealittle=somelittle=notmuch几乎没有1.Ihavealittlemoneywithme.2.Weneedlittlebuttertomakethiscake.3.Thelittleofhisworkthatremainsshouldbedonewithinatoday.注意ロ语中,可用notmany/hardlyany代替few
29可用notmuch/hardlyany代替little1.Therewerenotmany/hardlyanypeopleinthepark.2.Thereisnotmuch/hardlyanydangerofanearthquake.b.some/anysome的用法1.肯定句SomestudentstakelessonsinSpanish.造言刖用in2.表示邀请的疑问句Won'tyouhavesomemoretea?Any的用法3.用于疑问句和否定句ーーDoyouhaveanyquestion?--Yes,Ihavesomequestions.ーーNo,Idon'thaveanyquestions.Therearen'tanylettersforyou.4.用于表示［任何〜（皆可）］之意的肯定句Youmaycomeanytime.5.用于条件句（if子句）Askhimifyouhaveanydoubt.c.nono=notany;notano后可接单数,复数,不可数1.Ihavenobrothers.Idon'thaveanybrothers.2.Thereisno/notanywaterintheglass.重点:表示数量的惯用表现a.agreat/largenumberofagood/greatmany可数,许多1.Thereareagreat/largenumberofbooksinthislibrary.2.Agood/greatmanybookshavebeenpublished.b.agood/greatdealofagreatquantityof不可数,许多1.Shespentagooddealoftimeinshopping.c.notafewnotalittle不少1.Notafewstudentscometoschoolbybicycle.2.Notalittlemoneywaswasted.
30注意:口语中可用quiteafew,quitealittle1.Quiteafewpeoplehavelosttheirownhouses.
311.Wehadquitealittlesnowlastwinner,去年下了相当多的雪a.onlyafewonlyalittle很少,一点1.Thereareonlyafewhousesinmyneighborhood.2.Shetakesonlyalittlecoffeeforbreakfast.(6)数词a.基數序數基數序數1onefirst12twelvetwelfth2twosecond13thirteenthirteenth3threethird14fourteenfourteenth4fourfourth15fifteenfifteenth5fivefifth16sixteensixteenth6sixsixth17seventeenseventeenth7sevenseventh18eighteeneighteentli8eighteighth19nineteennineteenth9nineninth20twentytwentieth10tententh21twenty-onetwenty-fii'st11eleveneleventh22twenty-twotwenty-second30thirtythirtieth70seventyseventieth40fortyfortieth80eightyeightieth50fiftyfiftieth90ninetyninetieth60sixtysixtieth100one-hundredone-hundredthb,数的读法1.438fourhundred(and)thirty-eight5,621fivethousandsixhundred(and)twenty-one24,712twenty-fourthousand,sevenhundred(and)twelve23,647,019twenty-threemillionsixhundred(and)forty-seventhousand(and)nineteen百位和十位间可加and无百位时十位前也可加2,日期5月21日
32May21(st)May(the)twenty-first/Maytwenty-one8月12日August12
33pointnaught英/zero美threezeropointzerothree7.分数1/2a/onehalf;a/onesecond1/4a/onequarter;a/one-fourth3/4threequarters;three-fourths3そ3threeandtwo-thirds8.算式5+2=7Fiveplustwoequalsseven.Fiveandtwois/areseven5-2=3Fiveminustwoequalsthree.Fwofrom/outoffiveis/arethree.5X2=10Fivemultipliedbytwoequalsten.Fivetimestwois/areten104-2=5Tendividedbytwoequalsfive.Twointotengoesfivetimes.32=9Threesquaredisnine.Thesquareofthreeisnine.23=8Twocubediseight.Thecubeoftwoiseight.theXthpowertotwoV4=2Thesquarerootoffouristwo.V8=2Thecuberootofeightistwo.9.其他The3:30expressThethreethirtyp.mexpressLocal［美国英语］慢车Express快递快车No.3NumberthreeBookIVBookfour!在V左表减IV>4在右表加VI>6O.31Pagethirty-one
34ElizabethIIElizabeththesecondHamletILiii.4Hamlet,act场two,scene幕three,line仃four18℃EighteendegreescentigradeEighteendegreesCelsius正式92°FNinety-twodegreesFahrenheitF二(CX9/5)+32;C=(F-32)X5/9;5/9=0.5555555-4/9=0.4444444-c,含数词的惯用表现1.Thechildrenwentawaybytwosandthrees,adv,ニニ两两2.Hewasborninthenineteen-thirties/1930s.20世纪二十年代3.Weareplanningtoemployawomaninhertwenties.一十来岁4.Iamatonewithyouonthatpoint,和你一致5.Heisprincipal,teacher,clerk,al1inone.集于~・身6.Dozensofpeoplewereinjuredintheaccident.对丿L十个7.Tensofthousandsofpeoplewerekilledintheearthquake.数以万计tenthousand>tensofthousandsof重点:复合形容词有下列五类1.形容词ー连缀动词的现在分词agood-lookingman形容词ー及物动词的过去分词awhite-paintedwall2.名词ー现在分词（主动）apeace-lovingpeople名词-过去分词（被动）ahand-madecake3.副词ー现在分词（主动）arapidly-movingtornado副词ー过去分词（被动）awell-behavedboybehavevt.［后接修饰词语］使（自己）表现得,使（自己）举止…:例句:hebehaveshimselfwell.4.名词一名词edababy-facedgirl形容词一名词edaopen-mindedleader5.数词一名词edatwo-headedmonsterathree-leggedtableasecond-handcar.three-minutefirst-class一流的three-year-oldten-meter-long副词（65-68）（1）副词的种类
35a.情状副词（~ly）Hewashappy.Helaughedhappily.形成i.adj.+lycarefully,actuallyii.adj.（y）+ilyhappy-happily,heavy-heavilyiii.adj.（e）+lytrue-truly,whole-wholly注意extreme-extreme1y,grave-grave1yiv.adj.字尾为子音+le>lygentle-gently,sensible-sensibly对比whole-whollyV,不规则变化good-wellvi,形容词和副词同形back,deep,direct,early,enough,far,fast,hard,high,ill,just,kindly,late,left,little,long,low,much,more,most,near,pretty,right,short,still,straight,well,wrongIamnogay,Iamstraight.异性恋comebacksoonthebackdoorYoucandialLondondirect.thedirectraysofthesunanill-maderoad豆腐渣工程Youlookill.Turnrighthere.右therightanswerShewentstraighthome.astraight1ine.重点有些形容词+ly＞副词,其意思改变如:warmly,hotly,coolly,coldly1.Shewelcomeduswarmly/inafriendlyway.热情地2.Theydeniedtheaccusationhotly/indignantly.愤怒地3.Hebehavedcoolly/calmlyinthisdangeroussituation.冷静4.Ilookedathimcoldly/inanunfriendlyway.冷漠重点特别注意的副词1.Healwaysworkshard.
36Ihardlyknowhim.1.Hecameneartome.Myhomeworkisnearlyfinished.2.Hecamehomeverylatelastnight.Hehasbeentryingtoloseweightlately.3.Thispictureinterestedmemost.ShemostlygoesshoppingonSunday,大概位置1.Shedancedbeautifully.Shebeautifullydanced.2.Hetookmyadvicehappily.Hehappilytookmyadvice.Took是及物动词3.Shecarefullypickedupallthebitsofbrokenglass.Shepickedupall屯hebitsofbrokenglasscarefully,受词太长4.Helookedatmesuspiciously.Helookedsuspiciouslyatme.HesuspiciouslylookedatmeLook是不及物动词5.Helookedsuspiciouslyateveryonewhogotofftheplane.Hesuspiciouslylookedateveryonewhogotofftheplane.Holookedatovoryonowhogotoffthopianobu-piciously.6.Heansweredthequestionsfoolishly.答案很愚蠢Hefoolishlyansweredthequestions.他很愚蠢7.Youknowwellthatthegirlcan'tdrive.你清楚地知道Youknowthatthegirlcan'tdrivewell.她开得不好8.Thedoorneedsacoatofpaintbadly,非常需要Thedoorbadlyneedsacoatofpaint,非常需要acoatofpaintー层油漆need/wantbadly非常需要b.频率副词i.always,usually,often,sometimes,everii.never,seldom,hardlyever/scarcelyever,rarelyiii.once,twice,continually,frequently,occasionally,repeatedly,periodically位置beV和aux.后一般动词前1.Myparentsarealwaysintimeformeals,定时用餐
371.Isometimesstay/situpallnight.SometimesIstay/situpallnight.Istay/situpallnightsometimes,sometimes可放句中,句首,句尾2.Iwillneverforgetwhatyousaid.NeverwillIforgetwhatyousaid.有否定意义的词置于句首倒装3.Ialwaysdoarriveontime.do表强调时,always放do前，因为doarrive是ー组4.--Canyouparkyourcarinfrontofthestore?ーーYes,Iusuallycan.简答句时adv.置于beV和aux.前5.IknowIshouldgoonadiet,butIneverdo.简述句时adv,置于beV和aux,前c.程度副词（加强adj.adv.的程度）absolutely,almost,barely,completely,enough,entirely,extremely,fairly,far,hardly,just,much,only,quite,rather,really,scarcely,so,too,very位置beV和aux.后一般动词前1.Thebuildingwascompletelydestroyedbyfire,destroyed,p.p有形容词特性2.It'squiteextraordinary;Ican'tunderstanditatall.3.Icanhardlybelieveit.hardly,only,just这些adv.强调动词的程度4.Justsignhere.强调［签名］Sighjusthere.强调［这里］5.Hehadonlythecar.Heonlylentthecar.Helentthecartomeonly.只借我Ibelieveonlyhalfofwhathesaid.d.地方副词away,everywhere,here,nowhere,somewhere,there,downstairs,upstairs,home,aborad1.Mysisterisupstairs.2.Helivesaboard.位置一般置于句尾简单副词here,there,away,down,in,of,out,over,round,up等常见于句首倒装1.Herecomesthetrain.Hereitcomes.注意代名词的位置2.Roundandroundflewtheplane.Roundandrounditflew.3.Inthedoorwaystoodamanwithagun.4.Therewasamanwithagunstandinginthedoorway.>Standinginthe
38doorwaywasamanwithagun.e.时间副词today,tomorrow,yesterday,now,lately,recently,soon,then,afterwards,beforehand,eventually,immediately,atonce,sincethen1.Theylivedhappilyafterwards.2.SheislivinginHongKongnow.SheisnowlivinginHongKong.3.Ididn'tfeellikeeatingoutyesterday;todayI'dloveto.强调时间,置于句首f.修饰句子的副词frankly,actually,apparently,evidently,obviously,probably,undoubtedly,possibly,surely,certainly,definitely,luckily,fortunately,unfortunately,naturally1.Unfortunately,hewasdissatisfiedwiththeresult.常见Hewasunfortunatelydissatisfiedwiththeresult.Hewasdissatisfiedwiththeresult,unfortunately.常见2.Evidently,thechildhasbeencrying.Hiseyesareswollen.注意1.Honestly,Mr.Smithdidn'tgetthemoney.老实说2.Mr.Smithdidn'tgetthemoneyhonestly.Smith不诚实(2)副词的顺序a,时间副词或地方副词:小单位+大单位1.Hestayedatahotelbythesea.2.Imethimatthreeo'clockyesterday.b.时间地点同时出现,地点+时间1.Wehavemuchfunatherpartylastnight.2.Hereturnedhomesafelyyesterday.(3)特别注意的副词a.very/muchi.very修饰形容词原级,副词原级现在分词1.Sheisveryangrywithme.2.HestudiesEnglishverywell.3.Itwasaveryexcitinggame.ii.Much修饰形容词比较级,最高级副词比较级,最高级一般动词
39过去分词1.HeismuchtallerthanI.2.Heismuchthetallestboyinourclass,注意,在the刖Heistheverytallestboyinourclass.3.Ienjoyedthemovie(very)much.4.Hiscouragewasmuchadmiredbyeveryone.注意形容词化的过去分词用very修饰如tried,pleased,surprised,satisfied,excited,delightedIwasverysurprisedatthenews.AandBareverydifferent.AandBaremuchthesame.a.already/yetalready肯定句yet否定句,疑问句1.Thetrainhasalreadystarted.Thetrainhasstartedalready.2.Haveyoureadtoday'spaperyet?No,notyet.注意Already若用于疑问句,则用惊讶之意Haveyouhadlunchalready?你已经吃过午饭啦b.Ago/before时间+ago过去式时间+before过去完成时1.Thebusleftfiveminutesago.2.Hetoldmethatthebushadleftfiveminutesbefore.注意Before若单独存在,可用现在完成时,过去式,过去完成时Ago不可单独存在Isaw/haveseenhimbefore.c.too/eithertoo肯定句,疑问句either否定句1.IknowTom,andmybrotherknowshim,too.2.I,mnottired,andJaneisn'ttired,either.3.Also,一般动词前,beV之后IknowTom,andmybrotheralsoknowshim.d.so/neither1.so+S+V正是如此
40YousayHelenisagoodswimmer,andsosheis.is重读1.so+V+S也如此Nancycanplaytheviolin,andsocanI.I重读2.neither+V+S-Maryisnotkind.ーーNeitherisHelen./Helenisn'teither.ーーIdon'twanttogo.--NeitherdoI./Idon't,either.分词(69~74)(动作进行现在分词Ving{分词是动词和形容词的混合一.修饰名词的现在分词现在分词+名词1.Adrowningmanwillcatchatastraw.此时表进行2.Isawalotoffallingstarslastnight.此时表主动名词+现在分词1.Iknowthegirltalkingtotheteacher.Iknowthegirlwhoistalkingtotheteacher.2.Thewomanwavingfromthewindowismymom.Thewomanwhoiswavingfromthewindowismymom.重占现在分词伴随着受词,补语,或副词也可作形容词使用aheartbreakingstoryahardworkingmanaman-eatingtigerahealthy-lookingmananEnglish-speakingpeople名族,可数a1ife-savingmachine重点
41形容词化的现在分词（已经是形容词了）anexcitinggameinterestingperformanceamusingjokeacharmingladyapromisingboy有前途的男孩
42有些现在分词放在形容词前,可当副词使用,用以加强形容词的程度freezingcoldaburningreddress火红的洋装boilinghot酷热scorchinghot酷热drippingwet湿淋淋的二.修饰名词的过去分词过去分词+名词1.Abrokenbottlelayonthefloor.2.Thetiredworkertookarest.名词+过去分词1.Shirtsmadeofsilkareratherexpensive.Shirtswhicharemadeofsilkareratherexpensive.2.Wekeepadognamed/calledSnoopy.Wekeepadogwhichwas/isnamed/calledSnoopy.重点形容词化的过去分词1.Hewas/lookedsurprisedatthenews.Thenewswassurprisingtohim.2.Iamverysatisfiedwiththeresult.3.Howpleasedshewillbetoseeyou!4.Howlearnedheis.博学重点和形容词相同,the+现在分词/过去分词,可当名词,表ー类人thedying(thosewhoaredying)垂死的人thekilledandthewounded(thosewhowerekilledandwounded)死伤者注意此三者视为单数theaccused被告thedeceased死者theunexpected不可预期的事重点现在分词或过去分词当形容词代表的意思不同A,不及物动词的现在分词》表进行不及物动词的现在分词》表完成1.fallingleaves(leaveswhicharefalling)fallenleaves(leaveswhichhavefallen)2.boilingwater(waterwhichisboiling)
43boiledwater（waterwhichhaveboiled）B,及物动词的现在分词》表主动》令人、的及物动词的现在分词〉表被动）感到、的1.arefreshingbreeze清爽的微风feelrefreshed感到清爽2.afrighteningscene令人恐惧的画面afrightenedchild感到恐惧的小孩3.adisappointingmatteradisappointlook感到失望的表情三.S+V+C（分词）现在分词可作go,come,keep,lie躺,sit,stand,walk等动词之后主词补语,用以表示伴随着的动作1.Thechildrencamerunningtomeettheirparents.2.Westoodlookingatthemonkeys.过去分词可放在appear,seem,look,become,feel,get变得,sit,lie,remain等后,用以表示动作所产生的结果1.Thehouseappeared/looked/seemeddeserted.2.Shesatsurroundedbyhergrandchildren.四.S+V+O+C（分词）现在分词可作感官动词lookat,see等和keep,leave（让〜保持、），set设定,start,catch,find等动词后的受词补语1.Helefttheenginerunning.HelethisdaughterwatchTV.Let是语气轻的使役动词,有允许之意2.Weheardtherainbeatingagainstthewindow.用beat表纯粹陈述一件事情用beating表那时候正在3.Thesmokestartedhercoughing.Startsb.Ving使某人开始〜过去分词可作为感官动词及let,like,make,want,wouldlike,wish等动词后的受词补语1.Icouldn'tmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.我无法用英文表达我的意思Icouldn*tmakemyselfunderstandEnglish.
441.Iwould1ikethisworkfinishedbynoon.
45have+O+现在分词1.表允许〉用于否定句Ican'thavethechildrenplayinginmyroom,我允许小朋友玩,表达一种状态Ihadthechildrenplayinmyroom,我叫小朋友玩2.表［使］让コShehadthechildrenlaughingagain.她让小朋友又笑了起来,表达・种状态Shehadthechildrenlaugh.她让小朋友笑have+0+过去分词1.表［使得使役Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.2.表［被〜］》有被害之意Ihadmymoneystolen.五.分词构句A.分词构句的形成原则上,主要子句与分词构句主词一致1.WhenIopenedthedoor,Iheardastrangesound.Openingthedoor,Iheardastrangesound.主次相同,省略;连接词视情况省略2.AsIwasill,Icouldn'tgotoschool.Beingill,Icouldn'tgotoschool.B.分词构句的含义a.表时间意指when,while等1.Seeingtheaccident,shebegantocry.Whenshesawtheaccident,shebegantocry.2.Keepinghimwaitingoutside,shedidhershopping.doshopping在买,goshopping逛逛而已Whileshekepthimwaitingoutside,shedidhershopping.b.表原因,理由息指because,since,as等1.Becauseheisakindman,heislovedbyeveryone.Beingakindman,heislovedbyeveryone.2.BecauseIdidn'tknowwhattosay,Iremainedsilent.Notknowingwhattosay,Iremainedsilent.c,表附带状况1.Iranalltheway,andIarrivedjustintime.
46Iranalltheway,arrivingjustintime.1.IwashedthedishesasIlistentomyfavoritemusic.
47Iwashedthedishes,listeningtomyfavoritemusic.d,表条件if1.Ifyouturnleftafterthebank,youwillseeourhouseonyouright.Ifturningleftafterthebank,youwillseeourhouseonyouright.If不可省2.Ifyouarriveearlier,youwillhavetowaitforawhile.Ifarrivingearlier,youwillhavetowaitforawhile.e.表让步though,although1.ThoughIadmit(that)you'reright,Istillcan'tagreewithyou.Admittingyou'reright,Istillcan'tagreewithyou.子音+母音+子音〉双写加ing2.Althoughhelivesnearmyhouse,heseldomcomestoseeme.Livingnearmyhouse,heseldomcomestoseeme.分词构句的位置句首Hearingthenews,hegotangry.句中Romeo,believingthatJulietwasdead,decidedtokillhimself.句尾Theteacherwentoutoftheclassroom,mumblingsomething.六.分词构句的被动态,完成形,否定形A.被动态》(being)+p.p.being后是p.p.则可省略,若为名词,形容词,则不可1.Ashewasexhaustedbyhishardwork,hewenttobedearlierthanusual.(Being)Exhaustedbyhardwork,hewenttobedearlierthanusual.Heworkshard.Hishardwork2.AsitiswritteninsimpleEnglish,thebookiseasytoread.(Being)WritteninsimpleEnglish,thebookiseasytoread.B,完成形〉having+p.p.1.SinceIhaveseenhimbefore,Iknowhimwell.Havingseenhimbefore,Iknowhimwell.2.Afterhehadgraduatedfromcollege,hebecameajournalist.Havinggraduatedfromcollege,hebecameajournalist,had+p.p.>having+p.pC.完成形的被动(havingbeen)p.pSinceshehasbeenbroughtupinParis,shespeaksFrenchvery.(Havingbeen)BroughtupinParis,shespeaksFrenchvery.
48分词构句是附属,并不注重时态,但要明确主被动D,否定形not/never+Vingornot/never+having+p.p1.Astheteacherdidn,thearthebell,theteacherkeptonteaching.Nothearingthebell,theteacherkeptonteaching.2.Becausehehadnotdonehishomework,hefeltuneasy.Nothavingdonehishomework,hefeltuneasy.七.独立分词构句主词不同1.Whenthesunhadset,westartedforhome,启程回家Thesunhavingset,westartedforhome.2.Because_itwasSunday,thestoreswereallclosed/allthestoreswereclosed.ItbeingSunday,thestoreswereallclosed.3.Becausetherewasnobridge,wehadtoswimacrosstheriver.Therebeingnobridge,wehadtoswimacrosstheriver,must没有过去式,其过去式用hadto表现4.We'11goonapicniciftheweatherpermits.We'11goonapicnic,theweatherpermitting,picnic-picnickingwe'11goonapicnic二we'11picnicハ.with+名词/代名词+分词用以表示附带状况1.Istoodtherewithmyheartbeatingviolently.主动2.Thetablewasratherdisorderlywithseveralmagazineslyingopenonit,有儿份杂志摊开在上面说谎lieTied-lied-lying躺,存在（vi.）lieTayTainTying不及物动词没有被动,故用!ying,open是形容词母鸡下蛋,放置（vt.）lay-laid-laid-laying3.Hecameinwithhisbootscoveredinmud.靴子上尽是泥巴4.Hestoodinfrontofuswithhisarmsfolded,双手交叉九,分词构句的惯用表现generallyspeakingstrictlyspeaking=tobestrictfranklyspeaking=tobefrankjudgingfromspeaking/talkingof〜谈到〜accordingto=accordingasS+Vconsidering"考虑到〜1.Franklyspeaking/tobefrank,Ifindthejobboring.2.Judgingfromthewaysheisdressed,shemustbegoingto（goto）theparty.她的穿着thewaysheisdressedIwillgotoamovie.Iamgoingtogotoamovie,begoingtoIamgoingtoamovie,bedoing3.Talkingoftheradio,what/whichprogramdoyoulike?
491.Accordingto(prep.)thepaper,therewasabigfireinthathotel.Accordingasthepapersaid,therewasabigfireinthathotel.被动语态(75-80)及物动词オ有被动语态被动语态beV+p.p.beV管时态p.P.管被动一、S+V+O的被动语态注意1By+受词可省的情形有三1.动作者为一般人或泛指一类人时在这个地区随处可看见野生猴子Wildmonkeysareseenaroundthisarea.2.动作者不清楚时这个座位有人坐了Thisseatistaken.3.从前后文的关系可清楚动作者是谁时报纸约在早上五点送达Thenewspapersaredeliveredaround5:00a.m.注意2当ー个动词加上,ー个介词有特定意义,可做被动语态Theballoonshadbeenblownawaybythewindbeforetheycome.二、S+V+O+O的被动语态1.Theysentallthecustomersacardaboutthesale.>A11thecustomersweresent(bythem)acardaboutthesale.Theysentacardaboutthesaletoallthecustomers.>Acardaboutthesalewassent(byihe册)(to)allthecustomers.2.Theembassygavemeanewpassport.>1wasgivenanewpassportbytheembassy.>Anewpassportwasgiven(to)mebytheembassy.3.Myfatherboughtmeamotorcycle.>1wasboughtamotorcyclobymyf&thor.>Amotorcyclewasboughtformebymyfather.注悬1:动网buy,get,make,read,sing,write,build,cook,pass,choose等,其被动语态,多不用间接受词(人)当主语注意2:用to时,可以省略S+V+0+C的被动语态1.HisgrandfathernamedthebabyDoris.ThebabywasnamedDorisbyhisgrandfather.
501.Johnpersuadedmetogotothedentist.Iwaspersuadedtogothedentistbyjohn.重点1.Theymadethestudentswaitinline.Thestudentsweremadetowaitinline.2.Heheardhisdogbark/barkingatacat.Hisdogwasheardtpbark/barkingatacat(byhim).3.Isawamanjump/jumpingintotheriver.Amanwasseentojump/jumpingintotheriverbyme.四、疑问句的被动语态1)YES/N0问句(beV或助动词为首的问句)1.Doesyourwifecookyourmeals?你太太帮你做三餐吗?Areyourmealscookedbyyourwife?2.Didyourfatherbakethispizza?Wasthispizzabakedbyyourfather?3.Willyoufinishtheworktomorrow?Willtheworkbefinished(byyou)tomorrow?2)WH问句1.WhoproducedthisCD?Who(m)wasthisCDproducedby?BywhomwasthisCDproduced?文章体2.Whodothepolicesuspect?Whoissuspectedbythepolice?3.WhatdoyoucallthisinEnglish?Whatisthiscalled(byyou)inEnglish?4.Whatkindofprogramdoyoufavor?Whatkindofprogramisfavoredbyyou?五、祈使句的被动语态1)(Don't/Never)+原形动词》Let〜1.Openthedooroftheroom.>Letthedooroftheroombeopened.注意let后使用be(原形)2.Don'tforgetthislesson.>Don'tletthislessonbeforgotten.>Letthislessonnotbeforgotten.2)Let+受词+原形动词1.Letmydaughterspackthethings.>Letthethingbepackedbymydaughters.重点:使役动词a.make/have+O+[
51(PP 1madehimtodoit.Imadeitdone.しget+。噥;Igothimtodoit.Igotitdone.c.let+O+Lヽ.(bep.p.Ilethimdoit.Iletitbedone.六、say,believe,expect,know,think,consider等的被动语态1.Theysaythatyawnsarecatching.打哈欠会传染>Itissaid(bythem)thatyawnsarecatching.お说>>Yawnsaresaidtobecatching.Itissaid+that+S+V=SissaidtoV2.Weexpectthattheplanewilllandontime.>Itisexpectedthattheplanewilllandontime.>>Theplaneisexpectedtolandontime.3.Theythinkthatheisthebestfootballplayeroftheyear.>Itisthoughtthatheisthebestfootballplayeroftheyear.>>Heisthoughttobethebestfootballplayeroftheyear.七、特别注意的被动语态1)被动语态行为者前不加by情绪动词如interestEnglishinterestsme.Englishisinterestingtome.IaminterestedinEnglish.beshockedat(by)besurprised/amazedat(by)beamusedat(by)bedisappointedat(by)+事对、(事)感到失望bedisappointedin(with,about)+人对~(人)感到失望besatisfiedwithbeexcitedaboutbeembarrassedaboutbeinterestedinbeknownto+人
52becoveredwith+物becrowdedwith+物with+道具,手段,物品as+身份by+动作者,行为者1.Shewasshockedattheman'sbadmanners.2.Herparentsweresatisfiedwithherschoolreport.3.Mr.Wangwasknowntomanyyoungstudents.注意4.Thelanguageisknownbyeveryoneknown+by+行为者everyone都实际学习了,是行为者beknownto为.・,所知beknownby通过...（了解到）5.Sheisknownasanexcellentpianist.身为~而闻名6.Theboxwascoveredwithablackclothbythemagician.7.Manypeoplewerekilledintheplanecrash.8.Heisabsorbedinbuyingandsellingrealestate.热衷于realestate不动产,房地产personalestate动产estateagent英/realtor美房屋中介2）具有被动语态功能的过去分词,有时可修饰名词1.Thesearehome-madecakes.2.Excitedspectatorrushedintotheplayground.3）不定词,动名词也可用于被动tobe>tobep.p.Ving>beingp.p.1.我不喜欢成为别人的话题Idon'tliketobetalkedabout.2.Nobodylikesbeingmadefunof.4）被动语态,有时表示动作,有时表示状态1.Thestreetlightsareswitchedonatsunset.动作Thestreetlightsareswitchednow.状态2.Mylittlebrotherisdressedbymymother.Mylittlebrotherisdressedinredpantstoday.bedressed/dressonself注意1有时为了强调动作,经常用become,get,grow代替be动词1.Shegotdressedveryquickly.穿衣服很快注意2有时为了强调状态,会用lie,stand,remain,stay等代替be动词2.Thecityliesburiedunderthesand.3.Thedoorremainedcloseduntilmorning.
535）主动语态表示被动bake烘焙sell销售keep保持cook烹调rent出租lock上锁eat吃起来wear耐用catch勾住feel摸起来wash清洗cut切掉read读起来tear弄破peel剥皮1.Chickendoesn'tbakewell.2.Yourpaperreadslikeanovel•你的报告3.Longusehaswornhisglovesatthetips.长久的使用使他手套的指尖部分磨损了4.Redwinestainsdon'twashouteasily.5.Thedoordoesn'tlock.6.Thistoughsteakdoesn'tcuteasily.6）经验性的被动语态have/get+O+p.p.＞被害1.Ihadmyhouseburneddowninthefire.我家在那场火灾中付之一炬2.Igotmypockedpicked.我的钱被扒了3.Igotmywristbroken.我弄折了我的手腕注意以下表示纯粹被动,无被害4.Igotmytoothpulledout.我牙被拔了/我拔牙了5.Ihadmyhaircut,我理发了7）惯用的被动语态a.bebornIwasbornin1975.注意生产（baby）;忍受bear-bore-borne出生bear-bore-born1.Mymomhasbornefourchildren.2.Youwerebornebyme.你是我生的3.HewasbornonJanuary1.他出生在一月一日b.bemarried结婚marry嫁;娶Theyhavebeenmarriedforsevenyears.c.beinjured/bewounded/behurt受伤hurt-hurt-hurtinjure（无限定）使〜受伤wound（以刀,枪）使、负伤hurt(精神上,肉体)伤害1.Shewasbadly/slightlyinjuredintheaccident.2.Hewaswoundedintheleftleg.3.Aren'tyouhurt?d.be/getacquaintedwith熟悉Theyareacquaintedwitheachother.e.beengagedin从事〜,忙于〜
54beengagedtosb.订婚1.Myfatherisengagedinbusiness.2.JohnisengagedtoMary.b.beused/accustomedto(prep.)习惯1.Theyareaccustomedtoforeignmanners.2.Iamusedtostayinguplateatnight.注意beusedtoN/Ving习惯〜usedtoV以前习惯,过去常常3.Myfatherusedtosmoke,(butnowhedoesn't.)4.Heusedtobeanaughtyboy.(现在不是了)c.beseated坐下Pleasebeseated.Pleaseseatyourself.Pleasesitdown.Pleaseseatyourself.助动词(81-85)一.助动词的特征1.其后须接原形动词2.现在式中,主词为第三人称单数,字尾不加sHecam〕spoakEnglish.3.形成否定句,助动词后加notHecannotspeakEnglish.4.形成疑问句时,直接将助动词置于主词前HecanspeakEnglish.>CanhespeakEnglish?5.两个助动词不能连用Youwillcanswimsoon.Youwillbeabletoswimsoon.二.助动词的用法1)can(could)［能力,许可,可能］a.表［能力］=beableto1.HecanspeakJapanese,buthecannot/can,twriteit.2.Shetriedtotietherope,butshecouldn,t(过去式).3.Iwillbeabletofinishthepaper,andgoouttoseetheexhibitiontomorrow.4.Ihaven,tbeenabletorecallhisname.b,表［可能］1.Itcannotbetrue.2.Thiskindofthingcanhappeneverynowandthen.3.Aquarrelcansometimescausetrouble.4.ThelightintheskycouldbeaUFO.过去式c.表［许可］
551.Youcancomeinifyouhaveaticket.2.I’mafraidyoucan'tparkyourcarhere.3.一一CanIleaveearlybecauseI'mnotwelltoday?--Certainly.d,表［请求］1.Canyoudomeafavor?Couldyoudomeafavor?更为客气注意一般来说,对自己的行为会用CanP?而对对方的行为则用Couldyou〜?2.Couldyourepeatyourcellphonenumber,please?2)may(might)a.表［许可］1.Youmaynotchewguminclass.2.--MayIinterruptyou?ーーSure.b.表［可能］1.YoumayberightbutIamagainstyouropinion.2.Hishealthmayormaynotturnforthebetter.3.Shemightnotknowthatyouarehere.might所表示的可能性较may低c.表［祈愿］1.MayIneverseeasightlikethatagain!愿我不会再看见那样的景象2.Mayyousucceed.祝你成功3)musta.表［义务,命令］1.YoumustreturnthisbookbynextFuesday.2.Youmustnottalkwithyourmouthfull.注意mustnot不可以,禁止3.MustIreallyattendthemeeting?ーーYes,youmust.ーーNo,youneednot.ーーNo,youdon'thaveto.注意must=havetomust只能用于现在式其过去式只能用hadto,未来式用willhaveto,完成式用havehadto代替
561.IhadtogotoseethedoctorbecauseIcaughtacold.IcaughtTom,scold,被Tom传染了感冒2.You’11havetoreplacethelightbulb.3.Wehavehadtostayherebecauseit'srainingheavily/catsanddogsoutside.我们必须一直待在这里,因为外面正在下大雨重点ロ语中,常用havegotto代替haveto其中have是准助动词1.You'vegottobemorepatient,Mary.由于have是准助动词,所以可以缩写b.表［推测］2.Youmustbekidding.3.Thatisanenormousanimal;itmustweighaton.重点表推测时的must,否定用cannot,mustnot是不可以,禁止1.She'sveryyoung.Shecannotbeovertwenty.c.表［必然］2.Allmanmustdie.人ー定会死4）willa.表［现在的推测］1.Momwillbedownstairsnow.妈妈现在应该在楼下吧2.Thatwillbehishouse.那应该是他家吧b.表［主词强烈的意志;固执］1.Thewindowswillnotopen.窗户怎么也打不开（人的感受,也许其他人感到可以打开）2.Hewillinsistonhisright.他要坚持他的权利c.表［习惯;倾向］1.Accidentswillhappen.事故总会发生2.Adrowningmanwillcatchatastraw.溺水者总会攀草求援d.表［请求;劝诱］1.Willyoubringmealadder?麻烦你拿个梯子给我好吗2.Willyouhaveonemorecoffee?你要不要再来杯咖啡呢?5)wouldwould为will的过去式,但其有特殊的用法a,表［客气的请求］1.WouldyoumindifIsitnexttoyou?
57Wouldyoumindme/mysittingnexttoyou?1.Wouldyoucallmebacklater?Wouldyoupleasecallmebacklater?Wouldyoucallmebacklater,please?b.表［过去的习惯/常常做的事情］常伴随sometimes,often等频率副词1.Beforetheyhadtelevision,peoplewouldlistentotheradio.Beforetheyhadtelevision,peoplelistenedtotheradio.语气没上去在有电视之前,人们常常听收音机2.Susanwouldoftenchatwithusatthiscoffeeshop.Susan以前经常和我们~，(现在不了)c.表［过去的意志］1.Youwouldn,teatcarrotswhenyouwereaboy.2.Therustyscrewwouldn'tcomeloose.这生锈的螺丝怎么也弄不开6)usedtoa,表［过去习惯］1.Johnusedtoworkpart-time(adv.)atarestaurantafterschool.2.Iusedtogoforaswimonmylunchbreak,butnowIdon't.3.IusedtogotothemovieseverySunday.1woundoftengotothemovieswhenIwasyoung.usedto表示过去相当长的习惯would表示过去动作的重复,其习惯意味较淡注意usedto的否定形usednotto(因其为助动词)/didn'tuseto疑问为Used+S+to~?或Did+S+useto?1.Heusednottodrink.Hedidn'tusetodrink.eatsoup喝汤2.Usedhetogotoschoolwithyou?Didheusetogotoschoolwithyou?3.Weusedtotalkaboutourfuture,［did?：we?lusedntweb.表［过去持续的状况］1.Thereusedtobeanoldtemplehere.这里曾经有一座古庙2.Heisn'twhatheusedtobethreeyearsage.他不再是三年前的他了重点物beusedtoV>(物)被用来~人beusedtoVing〉(人)习惯~人usedtoV>过去习惯于1.Theknifeisusedtocutbread.2.Iamusedtokeepinggoodhours,早冃垂早起7)shoulda,表［义务］
581.Youshouldexercisemoreandeatless.playsports有运动项目,takeexercise扭扭腰什么的2.Thegovernmentshouldspendmoremoneyoneducation.b.表［推测］应该会~吧1.Ourguestsshouldbeherewithinanhour.bemyguest别客气,请用;请便2.Isentyoue-mail/ane-mailyesterday,soyoushouldknowabouttheinvition.c,表［强烈的惊奇］1.Whoshouldmakesuchafoolishmistake?谁会犯如此愚蠢的错误呢?2.HowshouldIknowit?我怎么会知道呢?重点oughtto(应该)语气强于should,在口语中常用1.Mybicycleoughtto/should/wassupposedtobeherebecauseIleftitjustbesidethetelegraphpole.我的脚踏车应该在这里,因为我就把它停在电线杆旁2.Yououghtn*t(to)doso.3.Oughtwe(to)tellhimaboutit?在疑问和否定,美语常省to8)need(普通动词/助动词)助动词只在否定句,疑问句,肯定句直接用need(动词)1.Youdon'tneedtospeaksoloud.Ihearyouverywell,普通动词Youneednotspeaksoloud.1hearyouverywell»助动词2.--DoIneedtorecordtheprogramonthetape?普通动词--No,youdon'tneedto.--NeedIrecordtheprogramonthetape?助动词--No,youneedn't.--Yes,youmust.need作助动词不能用在肯定句9)dare(dare-dared)dare+VR助动词dare+(to)+VR一般动词1.Shedarenot/daren'ttellthetruth.助动词Shedoesnotdaretotellthetruth,一般动词Shedoesnotdaretellthetruth,一般动词2.Idarednotlaughathimatthattime.助动词Ididn'tdaretolaughathimatthattime.——般动l可Ididn'tdarelaughathimatthattime.一,般动词3.Howdareyouaskmeforhelp?4.Idaresayheisright.三.含助动词的惯用表现1)助动词+have+过去分词a)代替过去式表达一种［过去］
591.Youmayhaveheardthisjokebefore.mayhoard不存在,使用mayhaveheard代替,表达一种［过去］2.Thekeysmighthavefallenoutofyourpocket.表达一种［过去］3.Imusthavebeenasleep.Ididn'thearyourfootsteps,衣达~*种［过去］可能性must>may>might4.Hecannothavesurvivedintheaccident.b)表达责备:本应该,却没有;本不应该,去卩5.Youshould/oughttohaveappliedforthe,jobsooner.6.Sheneednothavecomesoearly.2)含有can的惯用表现1.cannothelp+VingIcannothelpcryingwheneverIhearthatsong.2.cannothelpbutVIcannothelpbutthinkso.3.cannot…to〇…无论再”也不为过Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyouchooseahusband.3)含may(might)的惯用表现1.maywell+V大可”;恐怕是〜Hemaywellsayso,他大可这么说Shemaywellbelost.Shehasapoorsenseofdirection.她恐怕迷路了2.may(might)aswell+V…不妨You'11neversolvethatproblem.Youmightaswellgiveup.3.may(might)aswellV(b)asV(a),,,与其(a)不如(b)Youmightaswellthrowyourmoneyintotheseaaslendittohim.与其借给他不如丢到海里4)should用于that子句a.表［感情因素］表达这很正常或他竟然、此句型中常用的有:surprising,strange,lucky,sad,regrettable,natural,apity等1.Itisnaturalthatsheshouldwanttohavechildren.她想要有小孩是很自然的事2.It'sapitythatheshouldbesickinbad.It'sapitythatheissickinbad他竟然卧病在床,实在可惜去掉should也可,不过加上更能表达情感b,表［当然;必要］
60此句型中常用的有:important,necessary,essential不可或缺,desirable期望,right等1.Itisnecessarythatyou（should）takethismedicinerightaway.2.Itisimportantthatheshouldrememberthisformula.Itisimportantthatherememberthisformula注思,不口JremembersC.表［提案,要求］此句型中常用的有:advise,decide,demand（要求）,insist（坚持要求）,order,propose提议,request要求,suggest1.Isuggestthatthemeetingshouldbepostponed.1suggestthatthemeetingbepostponed.注息原形2.Motherinsiststhatmybrothershouldgetupatfiveeverymorning.Motherinsiststhatmybrothergetupatfiveeverymorning.d.含would的惯用表现1.wouldratherVthanV宁愿~不愿1wouldrathergotodaythanyesterday.Ihadrathergotodaythanyesterday.2.wouldliketoV1wouldliketohaveadatewithhim.Iwanttohaveadatewithhim.Ifeellikehavingadatewithhim.
此文档下载收益归作者所有
