资源描述:
《备战2023年高考英语一轮复习全国通用考点28 非应用文写作: 观点类、说明文(原卷版)》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
考点28非应用文写作:说明文(原卷版)【命题解读】短文类写作包括通知、倡议书、演讲稿、新闻报道、日记、约稿、宣传稿等类别。以下对观点类、说明文等提供对应的模板和基本写作技巧。说明文【布局思维导图】说明文用来解释或探讨各种问题,如机器的制造过程,自然现象或社会现象产生的原因,工程的规划或问题的解决方案等等。【说明事物的顺序】我们可以按以下三类顺序说明事物: 1、时间顺序,即按事物的发生、发展的先后顺序进行说明。 2、空间顺序,即按事物空间位置的顺序,由上至下,由近及远或由里至外地说明。3、逻辑顺序,即按人们认识事物的规律进行说明,如由概括到具体,由整体到部分,由现象到本质,由表及里,由原因到结果,由主要到次要,由特点到用途等。【说明事物的方法】学科网(北京)股份有限公司
11、定义法。定义法的目的是让不知此事物的人对此物有一个起码的了解,以利于下文的展开。如:Athermometerisaninstrumentusedformeasuringtemperature.就是对thermometer下了一个定义。有些事物也许不好下个明确定义,但我们可以交待这个事物的背景,来源,或列举出它的一些典型特征,以便让读者明白。这类事物可以是术语,也可以是外国人所不了的中国的传统事物,如龙舟节等。2、举例说明法。举出具有代表性的例子,能够真切地说明事物,化抽象为具体,使段落变得有血有肉,丰富起来。举例时常用的表达有:forexample(例如),forinstance(例如),asanexampleof(作为……的例子),take…forexample(以……为例)等。3、比较法。为了突出事物鲜明的特点,我们常把它与其他事物进行比较。比方说我们想向读者介绍什么是“电脑”,我们可以说“It’sakindofelectricalorartificial(人工的)brain.”这样把电脑和人脑进行了比较,从而使人们对“电脑”有更清晰的认识。[来源:学科网]4、细节描述法。介绍一种事物,仅用概述性的词语如beautiful,friendly,boring,good或bad是不够的。作者要提供一些细节,使被描述的对象更加形象具体,从而加深读者的印象。除上述几种方法外,我们还可以通过引经据典(即引用专家、名人等的话语)、列举数字等其他方法说明一件事物,从而使文章更加严密,内容更具有科学性,更有说服力。也可以综合运用多种方法。【写作模板】模板01(主题型)①________isamosteffective_______to_______.②Formostpeople,it’salmostimpossibleto______.③________isreally_________.④Withthefunctionsof_______,itenablesusto_______.⑤Itcaneven______.⑥Justimagine,allthiscanbedonewith_______.⑦Aconvenienttoolcancertainlymake_______,butitdoesn’talwayshelp_______.⑧Toomuch_________.⑨Toomany________.⑩Relyingtoomuchon_______makes________.①点明要介绍的事物的必要性②介绍该事物对多数人的重要意义③该事物优势或显著特点④该事物的作用⑤进一步说明该事物的作用⑥说明该事物的重要性⑦承上启下,介绍事物的另一方面⑧该事物的负面影响一⑨该事物的负面影响二⑩总结说明过分使用该物品给我们带来的负面影响。模板02(说明原因型) Nowadays,therearemoreandmore insomebigcities.Itisestimatedthat ____________________.(用具体数据说明某现象) Whyhavetherebeensomany ?Maybethereasonscanbelistedasfollows.Thefirstreasonisthat __________________.(原因一)Besides, __________________.(原因二)Thethirdreasonis __________________.(原因三)Tosumup,themaincauseof isdueto__________________ .(指出主要原因)学科网(北京)股份有限公司
2 Itishightimethatsomethingshouldbedone.Foronething, __________________.(解决建议一)Foranotherthing, .Allthesemeasureswillcertainly __________________.(解决建议二)模板03(描述事物型) WhatIhaveknownabout isthat _________________.(具体描述某事物) Firstly, __________________.(描述要点一)__________________.(具体阐述要点一)Secondly, __________________.(描述要点二)(具体阐述要点二)__________________.Asacollegestudent, __________________.(结合自身描述要点三)Allinall, __________________.(做出总结)Therefore,weshould __________________.(提出建议)模板04(问题解决型) Inrecentdays,therehasbeenaproblem ,whichisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.(说明问题及其现状)First, __________________.Second, __________________.(进一步阐释现状) Weshouldtakeaseriesofeffectivemeasurestocopewiththesituation.Foronething,________.Foranotherthing,________.Finally,________.(列举解决该问题的方法)Personally,Ibelievethat________/Consequently,I’mconfidentthatabrightfutureisawaitingusbecause________.(结尾段,指出"我"的信心及理由)模板05(说明利弊题型) Nowadays,manypeoplepreferAbecauseitisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinourdailylife.Generally/Generallyspeaking/Onthewhole,itsadvantagescanbeseenasfollows./ithasthefollowingadvantages.Firstofall,_________________(A的优点之一).Besides,/What’smore,_________________A的优点之二). However,everycoinhastwosides./Everythinghasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent./Itsdisadvantagesarealsoobvious.Oneoftheimportantdisadvantagesisthat_________________(A的第一个缺点).Tomakemattersworse,/Tomakethematterworse,/Tomakethingsworse/What’sworse,_________________(A的第二个缺点). Throughtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethatthepositiveaspectsoverweighthenegativeones./Theaboveanalysisshowsusthatithasmoreadvantagesthandisadvantages.Therefore,Iwouldliketo_________________(我的看法). (FromthecomparisonbetweenthesepositiveandnegativeeffectsofA,weshouldtakeitreasonablyanddoitaccordingtothecircumstanceswearein.Onlyinthiswaycanwe_________________(对前景的预测).)【高频词句】学科网(北京)股份有限公司
31简要说明图表内容的句型: 从图表可以看出 The table/chart shows that … As can be seen from the chart…From the table/chart/forms we can see…The table tells us that…2表示变化/比较的句型: There was a great / slight increase/rise in … There has been a sudden /slow/rapid fall/ drop in… It is 20% lower /higher than… The number/rate has nearly doubled, as against that of last year.The number is … times as much as that of…It increases/rises/decreases/reduces by …times/ …percent/ 2/3. 3说明原因的句型: The reason for …is that… One may think of the change as a result of…The change in… largely results from the fact that…There are several causes for this significant growth in … First…This brings out the important fact that…4 结尾句型: In summary, it is important…. From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that… Obviously, if we want to…, it is necessary …. There is no doubt that attention must be paid…【真题1】(2016·浙江卷)“Planningisgood,butdoingisbetter”是一句英国名言。请以此为题用英语写一篇100~120词的短文。要求如下:1.简述你对这句名言的理解;2.用一个具体事例加以说明;3.给出恰当的结尾。注意:1.文章的标题已给出(不计词数):2.文中不得以任何形式透露地区、学校、老师或同学姓名等真实信息,否则按作弊行为认定。PlanningIsGood,ButDoingIsBetter______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________学科网(北京)股份有限公司
4__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题2】(2017·江苏)请认真阅读下面有关我国电影票房收入(box-officeincome)的柱状图及相关文字,并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。SaturdayAfternoon.InaShoppingCentre.LiJiang:Hi,SuHua.Whichmovieshallwesee?SuHua:Whatever.We’vegotsomanychoices,KungFuYoga,JourneytotheWest…Eachsoundsgreat!LiJiang:Yeah!Andsomemoviestarsarefantastic.SuHua:Andthehigh-tech!...LiJiang:Perfect!Let’sgetsomefoodfirst.Weonlyhave20minutesleft.SuHua:Nohurry.Thecinemaisonthesamefloor.OneDayin2016.AtHome.Son:Mum,shallwegoandseeafilmtonight?Mother:Whybother?Wecanstayathomeandwatchfilmsonline.It’sconvenientwithournewandfasternetworkSon:Butitfeelsgoodinacinema.Mother:Andtheprice…Wehavetopay50yuanaticket.Son:Only10yuanmorethanlastyear.Mother:Butstillwecannotgetthemoney’sworth.Somefilmsarejustboring…【写作内容】1.用约30个单词概述柱状图信息的主要内容;2.我国电影票房收入变化的原因有哪些,简要谈谈你的看法(上述对话仅供参考,原因不少于两点);3.谈谈你对我国电影票房收入走向的看法,并简要说明理由。【写作要求】1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句;2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称;3.不必写标题。【评分标准】内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。【真题3】(2015·江苏)请阅读下面文字及图表,并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章.学科网(北京)股份有限公司
5[写作内容]1.用约30个单词概述上述信息的主要内容;2.结合上述信息,简要分析导致交通问题的主要原因;3.根据你的分析,从社会规范(rulesandregulations)和个人行为两方面谈谈你得到的启示(不少于两点)。[写作要求]1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句;2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称;3.不必写标题。[评分标准]内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。【真题4】(2015·广东)Sallywalkedontotheplatform,pickedupapieceofchalkandwroteontheblackboard:“Rule1:Wearefamily!“Allstudentsstoppedtolookather.AndshecontinuedwithRule2,Rule3…Inthefollowingweeks,Sallyworkedout10classrulesandpostedthemonthewallsoftheclassroom.Shepatientlyexplainedalltherulestothestudentsandrequireeveryonetofollowthem.Surprisingly,Sallywasnotdrivenoutliketheformerteachers;instead,shewonrespectfromthestudents.Overtheyear,shewitnessedgradualchangeintheclass.Atthegraduationceremony,justassheexpected,shewasveryproudtostandwithaclassofcare,mannersandconfidence.[写作内容]1.用约30个词概括上文的主要内容。2.用约120个词就班规谈谈你的想法,内容包括:(1)你们班最突出的问题是什么?(2)针对该问题你会设计一条什么班规?学科网(北京)股份有限公司
6(3)你认为班规会带来什么影响?【写作要求】1.作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事,也可以参照阅读材料的内容,但不得直接引用原文的句子。2.作文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称。【评分标准】概括准确,语言规范,内容合适,篇章连贯。【真题5】(2015·浙江)在班级活动中,当你的想法与大多数同学不一致时,你是坚持自己的观点并说服别人,还是尊重大多数同学的意见?请你以“WhenIHaveaDifferentOpinion”为题,用英文写一篇100~120个词“短文。要求如下:1.从以上两种做法中选择一种;2.以具体事例阐述你选择的理由。注意:短文中,不得以任何形式透露地区、学校、同学姓名等真实信息。否则,按考试作弊行为认定。WhenIHaveaDifferentOpinion_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题6】(2015·重庆)请就以下话题,按要求用英文写作。Ifyoucouldgiveyouryoungerselfonepieceofadvice,whatwouldyousay?要求:(1)作出回答并说出理由;(2)词数不少于60;(3)在答题卡上做答。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题7】[2014·福建卷]如何理解“成功”,不同的人有不同的看法。请认真阅读下面的引语(quotation),按要求用英语写一篇短文。“Successistheabilitytogofromonefailuretoanotherwithnolossofenthusiasm.”—SirWinstonChurchill内容要求:1.你对该引语的理解;2.你的相关经历;3.恰当的结尾。注意:1.短文开头已给出,不计入总词数;2.文中不能出现考生的具体信息;3.词数120左右。学科网(北京)股份有限公司
7ThisquotationfromWinstonChurchilltellsusthat___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题8】[2013·福建卷]孩子的成长和教育是社会热议的话题,现今父母包揽一切、孩子过度依赖等现象十分严重。请阅读下面的漫画,按要求用英文写一篇短文。内容要求:1.描述漫画内容;2.分析漫画所揭示的问题;3.提出你的看法。注意:1.短文开头已给出,不计入总词数;2.考生可适当发挥,使文章内容充实、连贯;3.词数120左右;4.文中不能出现考生的具体信息。参考词汇:铺路pavethewayFromthepicturewecanseeafamilyofthreewalkingonalongredcarpet.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题9】[2012·浙江卷]你校正在进行“英语读书周”活动。该活动要求学生摘录名言佳句(quote)并相互交流。以下是某同学摘录的句子:“Yourfuturedependsonmanythings,butmostlyonyou”。请按下列要求用英语写一篇100-120个词的短文:1.针对摘录句中的观点谈谈你的看法;2.举例说明理由。注意:短文的开头已给出(不计词数)。In_the_English_Reading_Week,_one_of_my_classmates_recommended_a_quote_to_us,_which_goes_like_this:“Your_future_depends_on_many_things,_but_mostly_on_you.”________________________________________________________________________学科网(北京)股份有限公司
8___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题10】[2012·湖北卷]请根据以下提示,并结合事例,用英语写一篇短文。Youcannotchoosewhatyouaregiven,butyoucanchoosehowyoumakeuseofit.注意:①无须写标题,不得照抄英语提示语;②除诗歌外,文体不限;③文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称;④词数为120左右。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题11】2021.3天津卷:假设你是晨光中学的李津。我市为外国友人提供生活信息的某英文网站新增了《最美中华》栏目,请你给该栏目投稿,介绍一个国内你喜欢或去过的地方。内容包括:(1)该地方的基本情况(如名称、地理位置等);(2)该地方的特色(如文化、景点等);(3)你对该地方的印象和感受。注意:(1)词数不少于100;(2)可适当加入细节,使内容充实、行文连贯。_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题12】2018全国3卷假定你是李华,你的英国朋友Peter来信询问你校学生体育运动情况。请给他回信内容包括:1.学校的体育场馆;2.主要的运动项目;3.你喜欢的项目。学科网(北京)股份有限公司
9注意:1.词数100左右;2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题13】2016年四川卷某中学生英文报正举办"TheSeasonILikeBest"的征文活动,请用英文写一篇短文投稿,内容应包括:1.你最喜欢的季节;2.你喜欢该季节的两条理由(如:气候、景色、活动、感受……)。注意:1.词数100左右;2.题目已为你写好;3.行文连贯,语篇完整;4.文中不得透露个人真实信息。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题14】2020.7全国二卷上周末,你和同学参加了一次采摘活动。请你为班级英语角写一篇短文,介绍这次活动,内容包括:1.农场情况;2.采摘过程;3.个人感受。注意:1.词数100左右;2.题目已为你写好。题目:MyWeekend学科网(北京)股份有限公司
10_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【模拟检测1】(2022·天津河西·一模)假设你是晨光中学的学生李津。你正在参加与英国友好校以“畅想奥运盛事”为主题的线上交流活动。友好校的学生Chris得知2022年北京冬奥会的主题口号是“一起向未来”,非常赞成。请你根据以下提示进行线上发言交流。(1)向Chris表示感谢并赞同他的看法;(2)你对口号的理解(奥运精神、同享共创未来、中国发出邀请等);(3)表达期望。要求:不少于100词:开头已给出,不计入总词数。参考词汇:主题口号officialmotto一起向未来TogetherforaSharedFutureHi,Chris,Iwanttoexpressmymostsincereappreciationtoyou._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________学科网(北京)股份有限公司