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初中英语语法规则速查速记一、可数名词复数形式的规则变化变化规则例词boat寅boats/b藜尬ts/船一般名词后加鄄sbag寅bags/b覸gz/包bus寅buses/蓠b蘧sIz/公共汽车以/s/、/z/、/蘩/、/廾/、/t蘩/、box寅boxes/蓠b鬑ksIz/盒子/d廾/等音素结尾的名watch寅watches/蓠w鬑t蘩Iz/手表词后加鄄es；如果词尾rose寅roses/蓠r藜尬zIz/玫瑰为e,只加鄄s注意：stomach/蓠泽贼蘧皂藜噪/胃，结尾的音是/k/，所以复数为stomachs。baby寅babies/蓠beIbIz/婴儿以“辅音字母+y”结study寅studies/蓠st蘧dIz/书房尾的名词，变y为i再加鄄es；以“元音字day寅days/deIz/日子母+y”结尾的名词，boy寅boys/b蘅Iz/男孩直接加鄄stoy寅toys/t蘅Iz/玩具tomato寅tomatoes/t藜蓠m藁蘼t藜尬z/西红柿以“辅音字母垣o”结potato寅potatoes/p藜蓠teIt藜尬z/土豆尾的名词多数情况hero寅heroes/蓠hI藜r藜尬z/英雄下加鄄es；以“元音字Negro寅Negroes/蓠ni蘼gr藜尬z/黑人母垣o”结尾的名词一巧记：黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿。般加鄄s，但也有例外radio—radios/蓠reIdI藜尬z/收音机piano—pianos/责陨蓠覸灶藜尬扎/钢琴1
1变化规则例词life寅lives/造葬陨增扎/生命thief寅thieves/夼i蘼vz/小偷knife寅knives/n葬Ivz/刀子以鄄f或鄄fe结尾的名leaf寅leaves/造蚤蘼增扎/树叶词，大多数变鄄f或注意：以下几个词加鄄s：鄄fe为鄄vesroof寅roofs房顶belief寅beliefs信仰chief寅chiefs领袖mouth/m葬尬夼/寅mouths/m葬尬奁z/嘴注意：也有th的读音/夼/不变或两者皆可的。以鄄th结尾的名词，month/m蘧n夼/寅months/m蘧n夼s/一般加鄄s月份truth/tru蘼夼/寅truths/tru蘼夼s/或/tru蘼奁z/真理二、可数名词复数形式的不规则变化变化规则例词man寅men男子改变内部元音字母tooth寅teeth牙齿的情况goose寅geese鹅在词尾加（鄄r）en的child寅children儿童情况ox寅oxen公牛sheep绵羊deer鹿单复数同形的名词fish鱼means方式，方法species种类series连续；丛书2
2变化规则例词Chinese寅Chinese中国人“某国人”的复数形Japanese寅Japanese日本人式：表示“某国人”的Englishman寅Englishmen英国人名词变复数时遵循American寅Americans美国人规律：中日不变，英注意：German（德国人）的复数形式法变，其他要把鄄s添。为Germans。拓展一些英语外来词的不规则复数形式：analysis寅analyses分析basis寅bases基础crisis寅crises危机medium寅media媒介物三、复合名词的复数变化规则例词runner鄄up寅runners鄄up亚军复合名词变复数时，editor鄄in鄄chief寅editors鄄in鄄chief通常只将其中的主总编辑体名词变成复数brother鄄in鄄law寅brothers鄄in鄄law姐夫passer鄄by寅passers鄄by过路人如果没有主体名grown鄄up寅grown鄄ups成年人词，则将最后一部hang鄄up寅hang鄄ups障碍分变成复数go鄄between寅go鄄betweens中间人由man,woman构成mandoctor寅mendoctors男医生的复合名词，前后都womandriver寅womendrivers女司机变为复数形式3
3变化规则例词一部分以man,policeman寅policemen警察woman结尾的合gentleman寅gentlemen绅士成词，在变成复数注意：human寅humans（人类），German时与man,woman寅Germans（德国人）不是合成词，在变的变化形式相同成复数时只在词尾加鄄s。四、名词鄄’s所有格的构成规则情况构成例词theboy’sbike男孩的自行车Lucy’smother单数名词词尾加鄄’s露西的母亲Mary’sschool玛丽的学校theteachers’office以s结尾的老师的办公室词尾加鄄’复数名词myparents’home我父母的家thewomen’schangingroom不以s结尾女更衣室词尾加鄄’s的复数名词children’sfriend孩子们的朋友以s结尾的Engles’/Engles’sworks词尾加鄄’或鄄’s专有名词恩格斯的著作hisdaughter鄄in鄄law’scar复合名词末尾的词加鄄’s他儿媳妇的车4
4归纳构成不同节日时用鄄蒺s所有格：Valentine蒺sDay情人节Women蒺sDay妇女节Children蒺sDay儿童节Father蒺sDay父亲节Mother蒺sDay母亲节Teachers蒺Day教师节NewYear蒺sDay新年五、形容词、副词比较等级的构成规则1.规则变化类别构成方法原级比较级最高级一般在词尾加鄄er,鄄esttalltallertallest以不发音的e结尾largelargerlargest时，在词尾加鄄r,鄄stnicenicernicest单音节以“辅音字母+y”结easyeasiereasiest词和少尾的双音节词，变ybusybusierbusiest数双音为i，再加鄄er,鄄esthappyhappierhappiest节词以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的单音bigbiggerbiggest节词或少数双音节hothotterhottest词，双写末尾的辅音thinthinnerthinnest字母，再加鄄er,鄄est多音节moremostimportant词和部在原级前加more,importantimportant分双音mostmoremostquickly节词quicklyquickly5
52.不规则变化原级比较级最高级good（好的）/well（健康的；好）betterbestbad（坏的）/badly（坏）/ill（有病的）worseworstold（老的）older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many（多的）moremostlittle（少的）lessleastfar（远的/地）farther/furtherfarthest/furthest六、动词的各种形式1.规则动词的5种基本形式一般现在时第原形过去式过去分词现在分词三人称单数workworksworkedworkedworkingstudystudiesstudiedstudiedstudyingstopstopsstoppedstoppedstoppingplayplaysplayedplayedplaying2.第三人称单数形式的变化规则规则例词一般动词加鄄srun寅runslike寅likes以［泽］、［蘩］、［贼蘩］音素结尾和pass寅passeswash寅washes以字母鄄o结尾的动词加鄄esteach寅teachesgo寅goes以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，study寅studies变y为i再加鄄estry寅tries6
63.规则动词的过去式和过去分词的变化规则规则例词work寅worked寅worked一般动词加鄄edhelp寅helped寅helped以不发音的鄄e结尾的直接like寅liked寅liked加鄄dlive寅lived寅lived以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变carry寅carried寅carriedy为i再加鄄edstudy寅studied寅studied以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾stop寅stopped寅stopped只有一个辅音字母的，双写plan寅planned寅planned这个辅音字母再加鄄ed拓展在英式英语中，travel的过去式和过去分词为travelled,travelled，而在美式英语中为traveled,traveled。类似的动词还有quarrel,model,control,dial,signal,worship,focus等。七、现在分词的变化规则规则例词read寅reading一般情况下直接加鄄ingbuy寅buyinglive寅living以不发音的字母鄄e结尾的，去掉e再加鄄ingwrite寅writing以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅sit寅sitting音字母的，双写这个辅音字母再加鄄ingbegin寅beginningdie寅dying少数以鄄ie结尾的,先变ie为y,再加鄄inglie寅lyingsee寅seeing以鄄oe,鄄ee,鄄ye结尾的，直接加鄄ingagree寅agreeing7
7八、情态动词的形式情态动词否定式简略否定式备注cannot或cannot不用于英式cancan蒺tcannot英语。couldcouldnotcouldn蒺tmaymaynotmayn蒺tmayn蒺t现在不常用。mightmightnotmightn蒺tmustmustnotmustn蒺t口语中可用havehavetodonothavetodon蒺thavetogotto。oughtn蒺tto只用于oughttooughtnottooughtn蒺tto英式英语。willwillnotwon蒺twouldwouldnotwouldn蒺tshan蒺t只用于英式shallshallnotshan蒺t英语。shouldshouldnotshouldn蒺tneedneednotneedn蒺t可用作实义动词。daredarenotdaren蒺t可用作实义动词。hadbetterhadbetternotusednottousedn蒺tto主要用于书面语。usedtodidnotusetodidn蒺tuseto主要用于口语。8
8九、各种时态的构成方式一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态时间一般现在现在进行现在完成进现在完成时时时行时现在is/am/arehave/hashave/hasbeendodoingdonedoing一般过去过去进行过去完成进过去完成时时时行时过去was/werehadbeendidhaddonedoingdoing一般将来将来进行将来完成进将来完成时时时行时将来willbewillhavewillhavebeenwilldodoingdonedoing过去将来过去将来过去将来完过去将来完过去时进行时成时成进行时将来wouldbewouldhavewouldhavewoulddodoingdonebeendoing注：铺灰底部分为初中阶段要求掌握的8种时态。十、被动语态的构成方式一般式进行式完成式时间am/is/are+过去am/is/are+being+has/have+been+现在分词过去分词过去分词was/were+过去was/were+being+had+been+过去过去分词过去分词分词shall/will+be+过shall/will+have将来去分词been+过去分词9
9十一、基数词的构成1.1~12的基数词是独立的单词，有各自的形式。one1two2three3four4five5six6seven7eight8nine9ten10eleven11twelve122.13~19的基数词由3~9的基数词加后缀鄄teen构成。thirteen13fourteen14fifteen15sixteen16seventeen17eighteen18nineteen193.20~90的整十数都是以鄄ty结尾。twenty20thirty30forty40fifty50sixty60seventy70eighty80ninety904.表示“几十几”时，在十位数与个位数之间加连字符“鄄”。twenty鄄one21forty鄄five45seventy鄄eight78ninety鄄nine995.三位数由“hundred+and+末尾数”构成。onehundredandtwo102fivehundredandtwenty鄄six5266.千位数以上的数字构成：从数字的右边往左边数，每三位数加一个逗号，从右往左第一个逗号读作thousand，第二个逗号读作million，第三个逗号读作billion。10
10twobillionthreehundredandforty鄄fivemilliontwohundredandtwelvethousandeighthundredandforty鄄one2,345,212,841十二、序数词的构成1.第一、第二、第三需特殊记忆：first,second,third。2.4~19的序数词是由其相对应的基数词后面加鄄th构成。eleven寅eleventh第十一thirteen寅thirteenth第十三注意：有4个词拼写不规则：fifth（第五）,eighth（第八）,ninth（第九）,twelfth（第十二）。3.整十的序数词由其对应的基数词变词尾字母y为ie，再加鄄th构成。twenty寅twentieth第二十fifty寅fiftieth第五十注意：ten的序数词为tenth。4.表示“第几十几”时，只将个位数变为序数词，十位数、百位数仍用基数词。thirty鄄one寅thirty鄄first第三十一fifty鄄six寅fifty鄄sixth第五十六5.序数词的缩写形式由阿拉伯数字加上序数词的最后两个字母构成。first寅1stsecond寅2ndthird寅3rdsixth寅6th11
11十三、不规则动词表原形过去式过去分词arise升起arosearisenawake醒awokeawokenbe（am/is/are）是was/werebeenbear忍受；生育boreborne,bornbeat跳动；打beatbeatenbecome成为becamebecomebegin开始beganbegunbend弯曲bentbentbid淤出价；投标bidbidbid于问候；命令bid,badebid,biddenbite咬bitbittenbleed出血bledbledblow吹blewblownbreak打碎brokebrokenbreed饲养bredbredbring带来broughtbroughtbroadcast广播broadcastbroadcastbuild建筑builtbuiltburn烧burnt，burnedburnt，burnedburst破裂burstburstbuy买boughtboughtcast投，掷castcast12
12原形过去式过去分词catch捉住caughtcaughtchoose选择chosechosencome来camecomecost值，花费costcostcut切，割cutcutdeal分配；对待dealtdealtdig挖，掘dugdugdive跳水，潜水dived,（美）dovediveddo做diddonedraw拉；绘画drewdrawndream梦，梦想dreamt,dreameddreamt,dreameddrink喝，饮drankdrunkdrive驱赶，驾驶drovedriveneat吃ateeatenfall跌，落，降fellfallenfeed喂，饲养fedfedfeel感觉；触摸feltfeltfight战斗，打架foughtfoughtfind发现，找到foundfoundflee逃跑fledfledfly飞flewflownforbid禁止forbadeforbiddenforecast预测forecast,forecastedforecast,forecasted13
13原形过去式过去分词foresee预见foresawforeseenforget忘记forgotforgottenforgive原谅forgaveforgivenfreeze结冰，冻frozefrozenget得到gotgot,（美）gottengive给gavegivengo去wentgonegrow生长grewgrownhang淤悬挂hunghunghang于绞死hangedhangedhave有hadhadhear听见heardheardhide隐藏hidhiddenhit打击，碰撞hithithold握住；举行heldheldhurt损伤，伤害hurthurtkeep保持keptkeptknow知道knewknownlay放置；产卵laidlaidlead领导ledledlearn学习learnt，learnedlearnt，learnedleave离开；留下leftleftlend借出lentlent14
14原形过去式过去分词let让letletlie淤躺laylainlie于撒谎liedliedlight点燃，照明lighted，litlighted，litlose失去lostlostmake制造；使得mademademean意味着meantmeantmeet遇见；会晤metmetmistake误会，弄错mistookmistakenmisunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstood误解pay支付paidpaidprove证实provedproved,（美）provenput放putputread/则蚤蘼凿/读read/则藻凿/read/则藻凿/rebuild重建rebuiltrebuiltretell复述retoldretoldrewind倒带rewoundrewoundrid摆脱rid,riddedrid,riddedride骑，乘roderiddenring鸣，响rangrungrise升起roserisenrun跑ranrun15
15原形过去式过去分词say说saidsaidsee看见sawseenseek寻找soughtsoughtsell卖，销售soldsoldsend送，派遣sentsentset安置setsetsew缝合sewedsewn,sewedshake摇动，震动shookshakenshine淤发光，照射shoneshoneshine于擦亮shinedshinedshoot射击shotshotshow展示showedshowed,shownshrink收缩shrank,shrunkshrunkshut关shutshutsing唱sangsungsink下沉sanksunksit坐satsatsleep睡sleptsleptslide滑（动）slidslidsmell嗅，闻smelt,smelledsmelt,smelledsow撒播sowedsowed,sownspeak讲话spokespokenspeed淤急行spedsped16
16原形过去式过去分词speed于加速speededspeededspell拼写spelt,spelledspelt,spelledspend花费spentspentspin旋转；纺纱spunspunspit吐，唾spat，（美）spitspat，（美）spitsplit裂开，劈开splitsplitspread散布spreadspreadspring弹回，跳跃sprangsprungstand站立；忍受stoodstoodsteal偷stolestolenstick粘；刺；坚持stuckstuckstrike打，击struckstruckstring上弦；吊起strungstrungswear发誓sworeswornsweep扫sweptsweptswell膨胀swelledswelled,swollenswim游泳swamswumswing摇摆swungswungtake拿走tooktakenteach教taughttaughttear扯，撕toretorntell告诉toldtoldthink想，认为thoughtthought17
17原形过去式过去分词throw扔threwthrownunderstand理解understoodunderstoodundertake承担undertookundertakenwake醒wokewokenwear穿；磨损worewornweep哭泣weptweptwet使湿wet,wettedwet,wettedwin赢，获胜wonwonwind绕woundwoundwithdraw撤退withdrewwithdrawnwrite写wrotewritten18
