smart materials and new technologies：fundamental characterizations of materials

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1、2FundamentalcharacterizationsofmaterialsChapter1providedabriefinsightintohowsmartmaterialsandsystemsmightaffectourdesignthinking.Weidentifiedfive‘conceptual’characteristics–immediacy,transiency,self-actuation,selectivityanddirectness–thatdifferentiatedthesematerialsfrommoretraditionalmaterials,bu

2、tweneedfurtherinformationregardingthe‘physical’characteristicsofthesematerialsandtechnologies.Forexample,howdowemeasuretransiency?Orwhatdefinesdiscretioninanassembly?Asdesigners,weunderstandconceptualcharacteristicsasinten-tions,whereasengineersunderstandphysicalcharacteristicsastoolsinimplementa

3、tion.Thischapterwillbegintolayoutthetangibledefinitionsthatarenecessaryforbridgingthisgapinknowledgeandinapplication.Inordertoachievethiswemustdirectlyaddressthequestionofhowbesttoclassifythesematerials.Classificationsystemsandrelatedtaxonomiesareusefulnotonlyforsimplecategorizationanddescription

4、purposes,buttheycaninvariablysuggestmorefar-reachingfundamentalconstructsofafield.Thispreceptisparticularlyimportantinourcurrentcontextinwhichthesmartmaterialsfieldisjustemerging.Examiningthestructureofdifferentclassificationsformaterialswillhelpustoplacesmartmaterialswithinabroadercontext.Afterr

5、eviewingseveralexistingandcommonapproachesforclassification,wewilldevelopourownstructurethatmarriestheintentionsofthearchitectwiththetoolsoftheengineer.Thelatterhalfofthischapterwillprovidethenecessaryoverviewofmaterialsscience,beginningwithatomicstruc-tureandconcludingwithmaterialproperties.Fund

6、amentaltothedevelopmentofanewconstructfortheexploitationofthesematerialsinthedesignprofessionsisanunderstandingoftheoriginanddeterminantsoftheirbehaviors.Justastheresponsesofthesematerialsarediscreteanddirect,thenourinteractionwiththemmustultimatelyfunctionatthesamescale,whetheratomic,molecular,o

7、rmicro-structural.Designersareusedtomanipulatingmaterialsattheobjectscale,andwhilealarge-scaleinteractionwillinvariablyimpactsmaller-scalebehavior,wecanoperatemoreefficiently,predictablyandquicklyifweactdirectlyonthero