smart materials and new technologies：smart products

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1、6SmartproductsForsometimesmartmaterialsfoundtheirprimaryuseininterestingbutspecializedengineeringandscientificapplica-tions,or,attheotherendofthespectrum,innoveltyapplications(e.g.,theendlessnumbersofthermochromiccoffeecupsthatchangecolorswhenfilled).Recently,

2、awholehostofnewproductshavefoundtheirwayintothemarket–someinteresting,somenot–asdesignersbeganto‘discover’them.Thischapterbrieflylooksatsmartmaterialsfromaproduct-orientedperspective.Inordertounderstandsmartmaterialuseinaproductcontext,wemustfirststepbackandlo

3、okatsmartmaterialsfromabroadphenomenologicalperspective.Whatdotheyactuallydointermsthatareofinteresttoadesigner?Whateffectsoractionsareneededorwanted?Afterthisreview,wewilllookmoredirectlyattheresultsofdramaticchangesthathaveoccurredinproductiontechnologiestha

4、thaveusheredinnewproductformsormadeexistingoneslessexpensive.Forexample,therehavebeenmanyamazingtechnologicalimprovementsintheproductionofthinfilms.Manyexcitingsmartproductshavebecomepossiblenotsomuchbecauseofinnovationsatthebasicmaterialslevel,butratherbecaus

5、eofimprovedmanufacturingtechnologies.Manyoftheproduc-tiontechnologiesdevelopedhaveallowedmanysmartmaterialsthatwereheretoforeonlylaboratorycuriositiestobecomeusabletothedesigncommunity.Thischapterthusfocusesonidentifyingtheactionsandeffectsthatarepossibleviasm

6、artmaterials,andthenonthetechnologiesthatallowthemtobeimplemented.Themarriagebetweenthesetwostreamshasindeedbecomeahappyone.6.1AphenomenologicalperspectiveAswehaveseen,mostsmartmaterialsactuallyworkatthemicro-scale(smallerthanamicron)andarethusnotvisibletotheh

7、umaneye.Nevertheless,theeffectsproducedbythesemechanismsareoftenatthemeso-scale(approximatelyacentimeter)andmacro-scale(largerthanameter).Whereasthephysicalmechanism–howthematerialworks–isentirely138SmartproductsSmartMaterialsandNewTechnologiesdependentuponthe

8、materialcomposition;thephenomen-ologicaleffects–theresultsproducedbytheactionofthematerial–aredeterminedbymanythingsindependentofthematerialcomposition–includingquantity,assemblyco