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1、licht.wissen03Roads,PathsandSquaresContentIn2005,2,143of5,361roadsdeathsinGermanyoccurredonquietroadsatnight;31.6%oftheroaduserswhowereseriouslyinjuredwereinvolvedinaccidentsattwilightorafterdark.1Goodroadlightingimprovesvisualperformanceandreducesaccidentsbyanaverageof30%.Asilluminanceincreases,t
2、heincidenceofcartheft,burglaries,physicalandsexualassaultandotherformsofnightcrimesharplydecreases.WithaconnectedloadSeeingandbeingseen2of13Wperperson,theBasesforplanning6electricityconsumedbyLightingmanagement9roadlightingworksoutatjust55kWhapersonRoadlightingandcosts10ayear.Roadlightingandtheenv
3、ironment12Roadlightingandsafety14A1,A2,A3lightingsituationroads16B1,B2lightingsituationroads18D3,D4lightingsituationroads20Roadlightingcosts17.15eurosperpersonConflictareas22ayear,only7.15eurosPedestriancrossings23ofwhichisforelectri-Traffic-calmedzones(E2)24city.2Cyclepaths(C1)25Pedestrianprecinc
4、tsandsquares(E1)26Parksandgardens28Outdoorcarparks(D2)30Stationforecourtsandbusstations(D2)31Tunnelsandunderpasses32Lamps34Luminaires36Standardsandliterature38Acknowledgementsforphotographs39Imprint40InformationfromFördergemeinschaftGutesLicht41431SeeingandbeingseenLightandvisionThereisasimplereci
5、peforpreventingaccidents:seeandbeseen.Butvisionisacomplexprocess.Roadlightingneedstotakeac-countofthat.Daylightilluminancerangesfrom5,000to100,000lux(lx).Onamoonlitnight,itreaches0.25lxatmost.Thefactthatwecan“see”overthisvastbrightnessrangeisduetotheeye’sabilitytoadapt.Atlowadaptationlevels,howeve
6、r,visualperformanceisim-paired.Conesforcolourvision,rodsforseeinginthedarkVisualperformanceisbestindaylight,whentheeye’scolour-sensitiveconere-ceptorsareactive:coloursareeasilydistinguished,objectsanddetailsclearlymadeout.Indarkness,differentreceptorstakeover.Thesearetherods,whicharefairlyinsensit
7、ivetocolourbuthighlysensi-tivetobrightness.Inthetransitionalstage,intwilight,bothreceptorgroupsareactive.IdentificationdependsoncontrastsContrastsaredifferencesinbrightnessandcolourinthevisualfield.Tobeper-ceived
