business economics and managerial decision making (wiley)外语英文电子书

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1、BUSINESSECONOMICSANDMANAGERIALDECISIONMAKINGTreforJonesManchesterSchoolofManagementUMIST4PARTIgCORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDBUSINESSOBJECTIVESINTRODUCTIONFirmsaremajoreconomicinstitutionsinmarketeconomies.Theycomeinallshapesandsizes,buthavethefollowingcommoncharacteristics:gOwners.g

2、Managers.gObjectives.gApoolofresources(labour,physicalcapital,¢nancialcapitalandlearnedskillsandcompetences)tobeallocatedrolesbymanagers.gAdministrativeororganizationalstructuresthroughwhichproductionisorganized.gPerformanceassessmentbyowners,managersandotherstakeholders.What

3、everitssize,a¢rmisownedbysomeoneorsomegroupofindividualsororganiza-tions.Thesearetermedshareholdersandtheyareabletodeterminetheobjectivesandactivitiesofthe¢rm.Theyalsoappointtheseniormanagerswhowillmakeday-to-daydecisions.Theownersbeartherisksassociatedwithoperatingthe¢rmandh

4、avetherighttoreceivetheresidualincomeorpro¢ts.Whereownershiprightsaredispersed,controlofthe¢rmmaynotliewiththeshareholdersbutwithseniormanagers.Thisdivorcebetweenownershipandcontrolanditsimplicationfortheoperationandperformanceofthe¢rmisatthecentreofmanyoftheissuesdealtwithin

5、thisbook.OWNERSHIPSTRUCTURESThedominantmodelofthe¢rminWesterneconomiesisthelimitedliabilitycompanyownedbyshareholders,buttheformvariessigni¢cantlybetweencountries.Insomecountriesthecontrolrightsoftheownersarelimitedbypowersgiventostakeholderswhomayshareintheappointmentandsupe

6、rvisionofmanagersandinthedetermina-tionoftheenterprise’sobjectives.InGermany,forexample,largecompaniesrecognizetheroleofworkersandothergroupsbygivingthemhalfthepositionsonthesupervisoryboardthatoverseesthemanagementboard(Douma1997).Therearealso¢rmsownedbymembersandoperatedasc

7、o-operativeormutualenterprisesandsomeownedbynationalandlocalgovernment.Thenotionthatprivatelyownedenterprisesshouldberunintheinterestsofshare-holdersisnotacharacteristicofcompaniesinalladvancedeconomies.Yoshimori(1995)proposedthatshareholdercompaniescanbeclassi¢edasfollows:gM

8、onistic^wherethecompanyservesasingleinterestgroup,normallyshare-hold